Physics

Investigatory
Project
On
Transforme
rs
Submitted By :- Submitted To:-
Subhananda sahoo Asiwini Kumar
Udgata
Class : XII
Roll No :

Certificate
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation work has
been carried out " To Study Transformers" and the related data collection and
investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily done by
Subhananda sahoo a student of class XII under the ROLL NO.-
for the academic session 2024-2025, Regarding the investigatory project
entitled "To study transformers and it objective ,principals and theory .To
study working of transformers with the use of diagram and uses of
transformer ", For physics department under direct supervision of the
undersigned as for requirement for the board examination.
EXAMINER’S SIGNATURE TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE

Acknowledgem
ent

I would like to thank my Physics teacher Mr. Ashwini Udgata for his
constant guidance, motivation, moral encouragement and
sympathetic attitude towards the success of this project.
I also want to thank the principal and the institution for providing
the necessary materials.
I would also like to extend my gratitude towards the lab attendant,
my parents and everyone who has helped me in completing the
project successfully.
 SUBHANANDA SAHOO

Index
I) CERTIFICATE

Ii ) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

01) Introduction
02) Objective
03) Principle
04) Construction
05) Theory and Working
06) Efficiency
07) Energy Losses
08) Apparatus
09) Circuit Diagram
10) Procedure
11) Uses of Transformer
12) Sources of Error
13) Conclusion
14) Precautions
15) Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a
high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.
It is a static electrical device that transfers energy by
inductive coupling between its winding circuits.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone
to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power
plant substations or to interconnect portions of the
power grid. All operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers
in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found
in many electronic devices. Transformers are essential
for high-voltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically
practical. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another
circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high
and low current circuits.

Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self

made transformer.
 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual

induction that is if a varying current is set-up
in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in
the neighbouring circuit. The varying current
in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux
which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring
circuit.
 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note
that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p 1p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s 1
s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus
there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as
the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume
that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding
is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic
the iron core is also negligible. For operation at low
frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core
is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with
varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by
eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And
the output circuit is called secondary.
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of
the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

 THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil

p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary.

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the

e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and
Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and, Dфь / dt = rate of change
of flux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np Dфь/dt (1)

Es = -Ns Dфь/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so

by dividing 2 by 1, we get

E s / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced
in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E – E p ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

I =E – Ep / Rp

E – E p = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be

neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as E s / Ep = Es / E =

output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then Input
power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the
same instant = Es I s

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power or

Ep Ip = Es I s Or

Es / E p = Ip / I s = K

In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown,
that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the

current & a step down transformer steps up the
current.
BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power

losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many
power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.

ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is
always less than the input energy, because energy
losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained
below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the
coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux
produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the
secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy
current may, however be small. And a part of energy is
lost as the heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the
transformer possess resistance. So a part of the energy
is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the
coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and
sound may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a
part of energy may be lost due to humming.

Apparatus
Iron Rod, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Copper Wire.

Circuit Diagram
 Procedure
1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper
and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of
the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input

voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers
by changing number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
  In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.
over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

Sources of Error

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with
respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output
coil of a transformer.

Precautions

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
 A Big Transformer

Bibliography

 NCERT Textbook Class 12

 NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12
 Google Website
The End