10/6/2024

Lecture 6: 80x86 Assembly

Programming II
Seyed-Hosein Attarzadeh-Niaki

Based on the slides by Hongzi Zhu

Microprocessors and Interfacing 1

Review
• Assembly statement
• Model definition
• Segments definition
• Building programs
• Control transfer instructions
– Short, near and far
• Data types and definition

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Outline
• Addition and subtraction
• Multiplication and division (unsigned)
• BCD arithmetic
• Rotate instructions

Microprocessors and Interfacing 3

Arithmetic Instructions
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division

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Unsigned Addition
• ADD dest, src ;dest = dest + src
– dest can be a register or in memory
– src can be a register, in memory or an immediate
– No mem-to-mem operations in 80X86
– Change ZF, SF, AF, CF, OF, PF
• ADC dest, src ;dest = dest + src + CF
– For multi-byte numbers
– If there is a carry from last addition, adds 1 to the
result
• INC
– adds 1 to any register or memory location

Microprocessors and Interfacing 5

Addition Example of Individual Bytes

Exercise: Draw the layout of the data

segment in memory

What’s this for?

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Addition Example of Multi-byte Nums

Microprocessors and Interfacing 7

Unsigned Subtraction
• SUB dest, src ;dest = dest - src
– Dest can be a register or in memory
– Src can be a register, in memory or an immediate
– No mem-to-mem operations in 80X86
– Change ZF, SF, AF, CF, OF, PF
• SBB dest, src ;dest = dest - src – CF
– For multi-byte numbers
– If there is a borrow from last subtraction,
subtracts 1 from the result
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Subtraction Example of Individual Bytes

• CPU carries out
1. take the 2’s complement of the src
2. add it to the dest
3. invert the carry
After these three steps, if
• CF = 0: positive result;

• CF = 1: negative result, left in 2’s complement

– Magnitude: NOT + INC (if a programmer wants the magnitude)

Microprocessors and Interfacing 9

Subtraction Example of Multi-byte

Nums

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Unsigned Multiplication
• MUL operand
• byte X byte:
– One implicit operand is AL, the other is the operand,
result is stored in AX
• word X word:
– One implicit operand is AX, the other is the operand,
result is stored in DX & AX
• word X byte:
– AL hold the byte, AH = 0, the word is the operand,
result is stored in DX & AX;

Microprocessors and Interfacing 11

Unsigned Multiplication Example

• Byte x byte (reg addr) • Byte x byte (reg ind)
addr)

• Word x word
• Word x byte

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Unsigned Division
• DIV denominator
– Denominator cannot be zero
– Quotient cannot be too large for the assigned register
• byte / byte:
– Numerator in AL, clear AH; quotient is in AL, remainder in AH
• word / word:
– Numerator in AX, clear DX; ; quotient is in AX, remainder in DX
• word / byte:
– Numerator in AX; quotient is in AL (max 0FFH), remainder in AH
• double-word / word:
– Numerator in DX, AX; quotient is in AX (max 0FFFFH), remainder in DX
• Denominator can be in a register or in memory

Microprocessors and Interfacing 13

Unsigned Division Example

• Byte/byte • Word/word

• Word/byte • Dword/word

Microprocessors and Interfacing 14

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Signed Multiplication and Division

(Read the Book)
• IMUL
CBW will copy
D7 (the sign
flag) to all
bits of AH.

• IDIV
CWD sign
extends AX. It
copies Dl5 of AX
to all bits of the
DX register.

Microprocessors and Interfacing 15

Logic Instructions
• AND
• OR
• XOR
• NOT
• Logical SHIFT
• ROTATE
• COMPARE

Microprocessors and Interfacing 16

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Basic Logic Operations

• AND dest, src • NOT operand
• OR dest, src – Bit-wise logic
• XOR dest, src – Operand can be a
register or in memory

• Bit-wise logic
• dest can be a register or
in memory; src can be a
register, in memory, or
immediate

Microprocessors and Interfacing 17

Logical SHIFT
• SHR dest, times
– dest can be a register or in memory
– 0->MSB->…->LSB->CF
– Fixed:
SHR xx, 1
– Variable:
MOV CL, times
SHR xx, CL
• SHL dest, times
– All the same except in reverse direction
Microprocessors and Interfacing 18

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Example: BCD & ASCII Numbers

Conversion
• BCD: Binary Coded Decimal
– Digits 0~9 in binary representation
– Unpacked, packed
• ASCII
– Code for all characters that you can read or write
– Digit characters ‘0’~’9’

Microprocessors and Interfacing 19

ASCII -> Unpacked BCD Conversion

• Simply remove the higher 4 bits “0011”

• E.g.,
asc DB ‘3’
unpack DB ?
-------------------------
MOV AH, asc
AND AH, 0Fh
MOV unpack, AH

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ASCII -> Packed BCD Conversion

• First convert ASCII to unpacked BCD
• Then, combine two unpacked into one packed
• E.g.,
asc DB ‘23’
unpack DB ?
-------------------------
MOV AH, asc
MOV AL, asc+1
AND AX, 0F0Fh
MOV CL, 4
SHL AH, CL
OR AH, AL
MOV unpack, AH

Microprocessors and Interfacing 21

ROTATE
• ROR dest, times
– dest can be a register, in memory
– Fixed:
ROR xx, 1
– Variable:
MOV CL, times
ROR xx, CL
• ROL dest, times
– All the same except in reverse direction

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ROTATE Cont.
• RCR dest, times
– dest can be a register, in memory
– Fixed:
RCR xx, 1
– Variable:
MCV CL, times
RCR xx, CL
• RCL dest, times
– All the same except in reverse direction

Microprocessors and Interfacing 23

Arithmetic Shift
• Used for signed numbers
– the sign bit is copied to the shifted bits
• SAR (shift arithmetic right)
– SAR destination, count

• SAL (shift arithmetic left)

– Same as SHL (shift left)

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COMPARE of Unsigned Numbers

• CMP dest, src
– Flags affected as (dest – src) but operands remain
unchanged

– E.g., CMP AL, 23

JA lable1 ; jump if above, CF = ZF = 0
Microprocessors and Interfacing 25

Jump Based on Unsigned Comparison

Microprocessors and Interfacing 26

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COMPARE of Signed Numbers

• CMP dest, src

– Same instruction as the unsigned case
– but different understanding about the numbers
and therefore different flags checked

Microprocessors and Interfacing 27

Jump Based on Signed Comparison

Microprocessors and Interfacing 28

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Given the ASCII table, write an algorithm to

convert lowercase letters in a string into uppercase
Example: letters and implement your algorithm using 8086
assembly language.

Microprocessors and Interfacing 29

Answer

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BCD Arithmetic
Addition Subtraction
• Addition of two BCD • Similar (but different)
numbers is not a BCD! problem
• DAA (decimal adjust for • DAS
addition) fixes this!

Read the book for

BCD multiplication
and division.

Microprocessors and Interfacing 31

Self-Learning
• Signed arithmetic
• XLAT Instruction & Look-up Tables
• Chapter 6

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Next Lecture
• Memory and IO interfacing

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