DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF POWER BACKUP

SYSTEM USING A SOLAR ENERGY

(A CASE STUDY OF DSPZ COMPUTER SCIENCE LAB)

ABSTRACT

A model of the origin of the solar system is described based on equations

obtained from a complex electromechanical stress tensor applied to a rotating
spherical primeval protoshpere containing a low density plasma. Ionization of
the protosphere stems from a supernove displaced far from the sphere but,
sufficiently intense to ionize the sphere. The sphere collapses under gravity to a
dislike domain. The lowest order results of the expansion of the
electromechanical relations yield an inhomogeneous, differential equation for
the electromechanical potential function. The solutions are shown to reduce to
Bessel functions. A localized perturbation of a matter ring in a trough of the
electromechanical potential grows to a proto planet. The resulting planets out to
Pluto are all found to have mean radii to the sun in good agreement with
measured values. The related magnetic field components are normal to the
ecliptic plane. A number of properties, including orbital resonance between
adjacent planets, are proposed to lend stability to able orbits.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page - - - - - - - - - - - -i
Declaration- - - - - - - - - - - -ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - - -iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - -iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - -v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - -vi
Table contents- - - - - - - - - - vii

List of figure - - - - - - - - - - xi

Chapter One

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study - - - - - - -

1.2 Statement of the problem - - - - - - -

1.3 Aim and objectives of the study - - - - - -

1.4 Scope and limitations of the study - - - - - -

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of solar- - - - - - - - -

2.2 Usefulness of power - - - - - - - -

2.3 Brief history of solar -- - - - - - - -

2.4 Types of solar - - - - - - - - -

ii
2.5 Components of a solar - - - - - - - -

2.6 Importance of solar power system - - - - - -

2.7 Solar system - - - - - - - - -

2.8 Challenges in setting up solar power system - - - -

2.9 Review of related research work - - - - - -

2.10 Proposed solar power system - - - - - -

CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 Design process - - - - - - - - -

3.2 Components of solar inverter system - - - - -

3.3 panels - - - - - - - - - - -

3.4 Monitoring equipment - - - - - - - -

3.5 Dc – to – AC inverters - - - - - - - -

3.6 Tracking mount - - - - - - - - -

3.7 Disconnect switches - - - - - - - -

3.8 Wiring and fuse box connections - - - - - -

3.9 Utility power meters - - - - - - - -

3.10 Battery - - - - - - - - - -

3.11 Solar panel - - - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Meaning of solar implementation - - - - - -

4.2 Tools needed for installation - - - - - - -

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4.3 Implement process - - - - - - - -

4.4 Installation of the inverter - - - - - - -

4.5 Solar charge controller - - - - - - - -

4.6 Testing the installed solar system - - - - - -

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - -

5.2 Problems encountered and solution - - - - -

5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - - -

5.4 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - -

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 Chapter One

Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Electricity is an essential amenity in our society. It is needed by everyone
including the manufacturing company to break even in institutions of higher
learning it is needed amongst others by students to run programs in computer
laboratories. However, the supply of this essential amenity by the power
holding company of Nigeria (PHCN) is with incessant power failure, hence the
need for alternative power backup system, especially the solar power system.

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity either directly using
photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power system use lenses or mirror or
tracking system to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic
covert light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect.

According to Brandon (2010), Photovoltaic were initially and still are used to
power small and medium sized applications from calculator power by a single
solar cell to off-grid homes power by a photovoltaic array. They are an
important and relatively inexpensive source of electrical energy where grid
power is inconvenient, unreasonably expensive to connect, or simply
unavailable. However as the cost of solar electricity is falling, solar power is
also increasing being used even in grid-connected situations as a way to feed
low-carbon energy into grid.

v
Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in 1980s.The
392 mw ISEGS CSO installation is the largest solar power plant in the world,
located in the Mojave Desert of California.There have been concerns about
having transformerless electrical systems feed into the public utility grid. The
concerns stem from the fact that there is a lack of galvanic isolation between the
DC and AC circuits, which could allow the passage of dangerous DC faults to
be transmitted to the AC side.

The need for alternative power supply in the software laboratory, Delta State
Polytechnic, Ozoro is in the increase on daily basis due incessant power failure
and increased number of students who need constant power supply to run
programs in the laboratory.

In view of the above, this research is designed to implement alternative

installable power backup system in the software laboratory.

1.2 Statement of the problem

This research work is particularly designed to address the following problems

associated with the case study:

• It is also designed to address the problem of insufficient electricity

problem in the department for student practical’s.

• Reduce the rate at which many students graduate without having

adequate knowledge of solar power system and how such could be
install into a functional system.

1.3 Aim and objectives of the study

The aim of this research is to:

vi
 • install solar power system for the software laboratory, Delta State
Polytechnic, Ozoro.
The objective is to:
• address the problem of inadequate proficiency of computer science
students in identifying, installation of renewable power backup
system.
• It also helps to enlighten the student on the rule governing the
installation of various component of the renewable power backup
system.

The project “installation of solar power backup system” is carryout base on the
give specification: solar-power photovoltaic (PV),a grid tie inverter,
inverter(electrical),solar module, solar cell, battery charger, fill factor, power
optimizer, electro-mechanical wear.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this project work elaborate on the following:
• Definition of solar system using power back up
• How to design the solar system
• Materials used for designing solar system
• Implementation of a solar system
Limitation that are faced in course of this project is the gathering of resources
materials, also another limitation is cost of implementation and also it requires
adequate sunlight.

1.5 Significance of the study

• To provide adequate reference materials for future researcher in the area.

vii
 • It enable student to be familiar with the component of the installation of
renewable power backup system.
• It serves as a source of providing electricity to the department.

1.6 Research methodology

The research Methology use during the course of this project are from two
source which are as follows:
• PDF files on solar system design and implementation, (this has to do
with files downloaded from the internet which are on solar system)
• Internet research: in the internet research all source where from a web
site by name or address http://www.google.com.

viii
 REFERENCES
• Brandon J, (2010). "A Single-Phase Photovoltaic Inverter Topology with
a Series-Connected Power Buffer". IEEE: 2811.

• David J, (2011) "How Inverters Work". Solar.gwu.edu. p. 3. Retrieved-

06-10.

• Larry Pertain, (2011) "Invert your thinking: Squeezing more power out of
your solar panels". Scientificamerican.com. Retrieved 2011-06-09.

• Wiley (2010)”Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition”,

2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1 , Section10.2.
• Benanti, Travis L.; Venkataraman, D. (25 April 2005). "Organic Solar
Cells: An Overview Focusing on Active Layer
Morphology". Photosynthesis Research 87 (1): 77.doi:10.1007/s11120-
005-6397-9. Retrieved 27 August 2013.

ix
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of Solar

Some of the major characteristics of solar system that should be taken

into consideration before defining solar system itself are discussed below:

It must serve as source of electric power. A solar is an upper chamber in

a medieval house, relating to or determined by the sun (Partain, Wiley.
2008).

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly

using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power
(CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and
tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photovoltaic
effect. Photovoltaic were initially, and still are, used to power small and
medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar

x
cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array. They are an
important and relatively inexpensive source of electrical energy where
grid power is inconvenient, unreasonably expensive to connect, or simply
unavailable. However, as the cost of solar electricity is falling, solar
power is also increasingly being used even in grid-connected situations as
a way to feed low-carbon energy into the grid(Perlin2001):.

2.2 Usefulness of Power

Electric power, like mechanical power, is the rate of doing work,

measured in watts, and represented by the letter P. The term wattage is
used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts." The electric power in
watts produced by an electric current I consisting of a charge of Q
coulombs every t seconds passing through an electric potential (voltage)
difference of V is

P = \text{work done per unit time} = \frac {QV}{t} = IV \,

Where

Q= is electric charge in coulombs

T= is time in seconds

I= is electric current in amperes

V= is electric potential or voltage in volts

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 Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an
electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be
supplied by sources such as electric batteries. Electric power is generally
supplied to businesses and homes by the electric power industry. Electric
power is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (3.6 MJ) which is the product
of power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours. Electric
utilities measure power using an electricity meter, which keeps a running
total of the electric energy delivered to a customer (Yergin 1991):.

2.3 Brief History of Solar

The very first traceable use of the sun was back in 7th century BC, when man
used crystals to magnify the Sun's rays for starting fires.

Around 300 BC, the Egyptians used mirrors to reflect the light from the Sun
into their tombs to illuminate the way. The reflecting of the Sun's rays with
mirrors was also used to light torches. They also used the sun to dry mummified
bodies after they had died, and built houses which trapped the Sun's heat,
allowing for lower day time and higher night time temperatures. It is believed
that the Egyptians also used a form of passive solar power to heat water.
Although there is no solid proof, it is believed that the Greeks, led by
Archimedes, used large bronze shields to set Roman ships alight in the battle at
Syracuse in 212 BC. The Chinese recorded using mirrors once again in 20 AD
to light torches for religious purposes. The Romans began to build "bath
houses" with south facing windows between 100 and 400 AD to let the Sun's
warmth in. Sunrooms begin being built on houses and public buildings, and
become so popular that "sun rights" are established by the Justinian Code
around 600 AD to ensure that all buildings have access to the sun.

xii
Between 1000 AD and 1400 AD, Native Americans were known to build
houses on cliffs, positioned and designed to allow for trapping of heat during
the day and release at night. The very first recorded Solar Collector was made in
1767 by Swiss inventor Horace de Soussare. He made a rectangular box, which
he insulated and covered with glass. He placed two smaller boxes inside and put
it out in the Sun. The bottom box heated to over 100 degrees C. This is now
known as a hotbox and was used throughout the 18th and 19th centuries to test
how much of the Sun's heat could be trapped. The first person to observe the
Photovoltaic Effect, in 1839, was French physicist Edmond Becquerel, although
he did not fully understand the principle. In 1861, AugusteMouchet
manufactured the first solar powered motor, which ran on steam. The first solar
PV cells were made in the 1880's and had an efficiency of around 2%. In 1891,
the first commercially viable Solar Geyser was patented. It comprised of a
copper tank painted black, and was set at an angle to obtain the optimal heat.
Aubrey Eneas opened the first solar company in Boston, US, in 1900 and called
it The Solar Motor Co. William J. Bailley invented a solar collector in 1908,
which comprised of copper coils feeding an insulated box. This is very similar
to the ones used today. Though John Ericsson invented the parabolic trough in
the 1870's, the first traceable use of them was in 1912, when Frank Schuman set
up a farm of troughs for a small community in Meadi, Egypt. They were used to
create steam which powered a steam generator, which in turn powered a water
pump, providing the community with 6000 gallons of water per minute.
Following his success with the invention, Schuman planned to build 20 250
square miles of parabolic troughs, enough to provide 270 million horse-power;
enough to power the whole planet at that time. He had much support, and was
granted 200 000 Deutschmarks to support his venture. World War 1 broke out,
though, and changed everything. Schuman died before the war ended, and
Germany lost its African colonies, leaving no chance of going through with the

xiii
project. The basic design of parabolic troughs has not changed since its
invention, and it remains one of the most efficient forms of solar energy today

2.4 Types of Solar

Solar energy technologies use the sun's energy and light to provide heat, light,
hot water, electricity, and even cooling, for homes, businesses, and industry.

There are a variety of technologies that have been developed to take advantage
of solar energy.

Solar Energy Technologies:

• Photovoltaic Systems: Producing electricity directly from sunlight.

• Solar Hot Water: Heating water with solar energy.
• Solar Electricity: Using the sun's heat to produce electricity.
• Passive Solar Heating and Day lighting: Using solar energy to heat and
light buildings.
• Solar Process Space Heating and Cooling: Industrial and commercial
uses of the sun's heat.

2.5 Components of a Solar

The Basic Components of a Home Solar Power System include the following:

• Panels: there are panels, which collect the sunlight and turn it into
electricity. The DC signals are fed into an inverter, which converts the
DC into grid-compatible AC power (which is what you use in your
home).

Various switch boxes are included for safety reasons, and the whole thing
is connected via wires and conduit.PV panels, which cost between $2.40

xiv
 per watt to over $5 per watt, are the single biggest expense of a PV
system. Their placement and mounting affect your system performance
more than any other facet of the job.

• Mounting equipment: Mounting your PV panels is of critical

importance. First, you need to mount the panels where they'll get
maximum sunshine over the course of a year. But the more difficult
problem is to mount them with enough integrity that they'll stay put for
25 years or more.

• DC-to-AC inverters: Inverters take the low-voltage, high-current signals

from the PV panels and convert them into 120VAC (or 240 VAC), which
is directly compatible with grid power. Inverters cost around $0.70 per
watt, or around $2,600 for a typical application. From a reliability
standpoint, they are generally the weak link in any PV system, so quality
is a must.

• Tracking mounts: Tracking mounts mechanically move the PV panels

over the course of a day so that they directly face the sun at all times.
Dual axis trackers change both azimuth and elevation, while single axis
trackers only match the azimuth.

• Disconnect switches: Disconnect switches are of critical importance, and

they need to be mounted within easy reach. Every member of your family
should know exactly how to turn the PV system off for safety reasons. If
any abnormal behavior occurs in your home's electrical system, shut off
the solar system first.

• Wiring and fuse box connections: Wiring, conduit, and connections to

your household main fuse box are minor hardware expenses, but they
comprise a big chunk of the labor when you're installing a PV system.

xv
 • Utility power meters: Conventional power meters are capable of
spinning backward, but utility companies usually change to a special
digital meter when you connect to the grid because most solar customers
go to the TOU (time-of-use) rate structure, which requires more
intelligent processing than a mechanical device is capable of.

• Battery: the battery is used to store the converted solar power for use in
the night when solar energy source must have been cut-off.

Fig. 4: The Battery System

2.6 Importance of Solar Power System

Solar power doesn't pollute or cause any type of harm to the environment,
unlike other resources like oil and coal and nuclear power. It is renewable and
free and many people believe solar power is the best energy of the future. Plus it
does not need any special thing or formula from the Earth's environment. Solar
panels are important to humans because they are a collector of a renewable
energy source and easy to use. They collect light and transfer it into energy.
They are the technology of tomorrow that will allow us to have a greener earth.
Without solar energy, we wouldn't live.

2.7. Solar System Implementation Procedure

• Project Planning

xvi
Every Sunlight Electric project starts with a plan, a day-by-day, week-by-week
detailed plan.

• Securing Permits

Though we have a 100% track record of always being able to secure the
necessary permits, this item typically has the longest lead-time, so it's a critical
path item that gets early attention.

• Schedule Review

At this point, with a schedule in hand and permits on the way, it's time to sit
down with our customers and their operations and facilities staff and review the
schedule.

• Construction

Our licensed, bonded, and insured contractor partners have decades of

experience and know how to run PV installation projects.

• Municipality Sign-Off

After construction is completed, it's time for the governing municipality to

inspect the system, the quality of the work, and the construction. Sometimes
there might be additional work required and if it is, it's done quickly and to the
inspectors' satisfaction.

• Utility Sign-Off

This is the final step of the installation process, and Sunlight Electric always
paves the way with the local utility.

• Ongoing Performance Monitoring (for systems over 30 kW with

performance monitoring software installed)

xvii
Now that your PV system is fully operational, Sunlight Electric begins a year-
long effort on your behalf to track your PV system performance. For the first
three months, you'll receive monthly reports comparing production to forecasts.
For the next six months, bi-monthly reports, and at the end of the first 12
months, an annual summary.

2.8 Challenges in Setting up Solar Power System

These are some Challenge’s face when setting up solar power system:

• Wrong selection: Some loads cannot be used with stand-alone PV

systems.

• House wiring: Inadequate or low quality wiring and protection devices

can affect the system's response.

• Low efficiency: Low efficiency loads may increase energy consumption.

• Stand-by loads: Stand-by mode of some loads waste energy.

• Start-up: High current drawn by some loads during start-up. Current

spikes during the start-up can overload the system temporarily.

• Reactive power: The circulating current can differ from the current

consumed when capacitive or inductive loads are used.

• Harmonic distortion: Non-linear loads may create distortion of the

inverter waveform.

• Mismatch between load and inverter size: When a higher rated inverter

is used for a lower capacity load, overall efficiency is reduced.

xviii
2.9 Review of Related Research Works
Here are some previous projects and the limitation they have is comparison with
the current research work.
• Design and implementation of solar panel installation system
(case study jupad,plc Warri).
• Design and implementation of solar power inverter system
(case study of Ighofose plc. Ughelli)
• Design and installation of renewable power backup system
(case study of DSPZ computer science lab)
• Design and implementation of solar system using photostatic panel

2.10 Proposed Solar Power System

In view of the above finding, the following proposed improvements of

Photovoltaic Systems use for producing electricity directly from sunlight.

xix
 Reference

Partain, Wiley.(2008) "Concentrated Solar Thermal Power – Now"

Retrieved 19 August 2008.
Perlin (2001):"Concentrating Solar Power in 2001 – An IEA/SolarPACES
Summary of Present Status and Future Prospects" (PDF). International
Energy Agency – SolarPACES.Retrieved 2 July 2008.
Butti and Perlin (2008):"An Assessment of Solar Energy Conversion
Technologies and Research Opportunities" (PDF). Stanford University –
Global Climate Change & Energy Project.Retrieved 2 July 2008.
Yergin (1991): Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition, Lewis
Fraas, Larry Partain, Wiley, 2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1 ,Section10.2.

xx
 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 Design process

System Design, comprise of component which are to be put together in their

appropriate position makes it possible for the system to function properly.

Various component involved in producing the function solar system form a

design. It could also be solar system from a design. It could also be referred to

as a specific way in which some parts of solar system is made to fulfill its

function. Therefore, solar system design has to do with bringing different parts

of solar component together to perform a complete solar system. This is

achieved by using this component, solar panel, mounting frame, marshaling

enclosure. Ac & DC isolation enclosure, inverter, main switch box, energy

meter, mounting rack, charge controller that makes up renewable system.

xxi
• Components of solar inverter system

Components of solar inverter system, different component that involved in

the process of design the solar system.

Fig: 5 component of solar inverter system

• Panels: there are panels, which collect the sunlight and turn it into

electricity. The DC signals are fed into an inverter, which converts the DC

into grid-compatible AC power (which is what you use in your home).

Various switch boxes are included for safety reasons, and the whole thing is

connected via wires and conduit.PV panels, which cost between $2.40 per watt

to over $5 per watt, are the single biggest expense of a PV system. Their

placement and mounting affect your system performance more than any other

facet of the job.

• Mounting equipment: Mounting your PV panels is of critical importance.

First, you need to mount the panels where they'll get maximum sunshine

xxii
 over the course of a year. But the more difficult problem is to mount them

with enough integrity that they'll stay put for 25 years or more.

Fig. 7:Mounting equipment.

• DC-to-AC inverters: Inverters take the low-voltage, high-current signals

from the PV panels and convert them into 120VAC (or 240 VAC), which is

directly compatible with grid power. Inverters cost around $0.70 per watt, or

around $2,600 for a typical application. From a reliability standpoint, they

are generally the weak link in any PV system, so quality is a must.

xxiii
Fig. 8: The Inverter

3.6 Tracking mounts: Tracking mounts mechanically move the PV panels over

the course of a day so that they directly face the sun at all times. Dual axis

trackers change both azimuth and elevation, while single axis trackers only

match the azimuth.

Fig. 9: The Tracking mounts

xxiv
3.7 Disconnect switches: Disconnect switches are of critical importance, and

they need to be mounted within easy reach. Every member of your family

should know exactly how to turn the PV system off for safety reasons. If any

abnormal behavior occurs in your home's electrical system, shut off the solar

system first.

Fig. 10: Disconnect switches box

• Wiring and fuse box connections: Wiring, conduit, and connections to

your household main fuse box are minor hardware expenses, but they

comprise a big chunk of the labor when you're installing a PV system.

xxv
 Fig. 11: The Wiring and fuse box connections

• Utility power meters: Conventional power meters are capable of spinning

backward, but utility companies usually change to a special digital meter

when you connect to the grid because most solar customers go to the TOU

(time-of-use) rate structure, which requires more intelligent processing than

a mechanical device is capable of.

Fig. 12: The Utility power meters

xxvi
3.10 Battery: the battery is used to store the converted solar power for use in

the night when solar energy source must have been cut-off.

Fig. 13: Battery

• Solar panel

A solar panel is set of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules electrically

connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A PV module is

packaged. Connected assembly of solar cell solar panels can be used as a

component of a large photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity

in commercial and residential application. Each module is rated by its DC

output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges

from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the rate of a

output –an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16%

efficient 230 watt module. there are a few solar panels available that are

exceeding 19% efficiency, a single module can produce only a limited

amount of power; most installation contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic

xxvii
 system typically include a panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter,

and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

Fig. 14: Solar panel

Chapter Four

4.1 Meaning of solar Implementation

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using

photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and

xxviii
tracking system to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam, photovoltaic

convert light into electric

Solar energy is, simply, energy provided by the sun. This energy is in the form

of solar radiation, which makes the production of solar electricity possible.

Electricity can be produced directly from photovoltaic, PV cells.

4.2 Tools need for Installation

This are the different tools involved and they are listed below

• Hand gloves (pair)

• Eye google

• Wire stripper

• Digital multimeter

• Screw drivers (set)

• Spanners (set)

• Pliers

• Hand gloves: this is a pair of leather gloves that you wear in your hands

during the installation process to avoid in built chargers that may touch

your palm.
xxix
 • Eye google: this tool serves as a protector to the eye and also serves as

magnifier for the small tiny components and tiny wares that are to be

connected.

• Wire stripper: this is another tool with sharp edge which is mainly use for

removing wires/ cables coverings.

• Digital multimeter: this is a device with a display switch and additional

button, it also have two wires with little irons that makes it easy in testing

of any component for it’s resistance, capacitance and voltage (ie) current)

that passes through a conductor.

• Screw drivers: this is also a set of metal tool with rubber handle that is

used to either drive the screw inward or outward.

• Spanners: this is a set of metallic hand help tools that are used for loosing

and frightening of nuts and bolts in order to make components of the

system firmly seated in the casing.

• Pliers: this is a hand help tool with plastic handle, this is mostly used in

cutting wires/cables it is also used to grab or hold bolt tightly for

screwing.

4.3 Implement process

There are three phases of implementing solar power system and they are as

follows:
xxx
• The introduction phase

• The large scale integration phase

• The 100 percent solar energy phase

• The introduction phase: This phase represents a situation in which no or

share of solar energy is present in the existing energy system. This phase

is characterized by marginal proposal for the introduction of solar energy

for example during the raining season when the amount of sunlight is very

small to charge the battery bank. The system will respond in the same way

during all hours of the year and the technical influence of the integration

on the system is easy to identify in terms of saved energy on an annual

basic.

• The large scale integration phase: This phase represent a situation in

which a large share of the solar energy already exist in the system for

example when more sunlight heat is on the system that already has a large

amount of energy stored in the battery bank in this phase, further increase

in the solar energy to recharge the battery bank will have influence on the

system which will vary from one hour to another depending on the system

for example whether an energy stored in full or whether the current

demand is high or low during the giving hour.

xxxi
 • The 100 percent solar energy phase: This phase represents a situation in

which the energy system has been or is being transformed into a system

based 100 percent on solar energy. The system is characterized by the fact

that new investments on solar energy must be compared not just ordinary

power backup but to other sorts of renewable energy system technology.

These technology include conversion, efficiency improvement as well as

storage and conversion technology. The definition of these three

implementation phase can be used in the selection and design of a proper

tools for the technical analysis. In the first phase, the technical

calculations are rather simple and do not require complex models.

Typically, annual energy saving, can be calculated without models on by

using simple model based on duration curves or similar data, however in

the next phase which was the large scale integration phase, it becomes

essential to make hour by hour calculation due to the fluctuation in most

renewable energy sources. In the third phase, it also becomes essential to

include proper analysis of advanced conversion and storage technologies

in the system.

4.4 Installation of the Inverter

the major function of the inverter in this system is to decide the amount of

power each computer system can consume at a time since the battery bank are

the source of the electric current that the computer system will be using to

xxxii
power up the inverter is therefore mounted very close to the computer systems

as the inverter is connected to the battery banks, while the computer systems are

connected to the inverter.

in as much as the battery banks are connected directly to the inverter, the

following guidelines should be followed:

• the distance of the inverter from the battery banks should not be too far in

order not to stress the wired cables that are used for the connections.

• the wires and cables that are used for the connections must be the

specified ones so that there will be no problem in voltage flow of current

to the computer system.

• inverter should be placed in a stable position in the casing with proper

protection of nuts, screws and bolts if possible.

• make sure the connection between the battery banks and the inverter

shows that they are working perfectly.

A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output

of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current

(AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-

grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system,

allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar inverters have

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special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum

power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.

Diagram of how the inverter is connected to the panel

4.5 Solar charge controller

A typical solar charge controller kit,a charge controller may be used to power

DC and stores excess energy in a battery as well as monitoring the battery

voltage to prevent under/over charging. More expensive units will also perform

maximum power point tracking. An inverter can be connected to the output of a

charge controller to drive AC loads.

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Fig15: solar charge controller

4.6 Testing the Installed Solar System

this is the testing of the different component required for the solar power

system. the ammeter and voltmeter are used to test the battery bank and the

various component to see that the component are working efficiently and

effectively.

after testing the different component a general testing is done by powering the

case study to see how the general system is working.

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 Chapter Five

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

• Summary

This research work was designed to install solar inverter system for

computer science department. Through the process, a solar system was

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 install which also provided the participating students the opportunity to

acquire knowledge and skill needed to install solar system.

• Problems encountered and solution

Several setback and problems were encountered and some of the problems

were encountered and some of the problems are as follow:

• Non availability of research materials

• Ability to install solar system

• Time factor

• Problem of data collection

• Financial Constraint

The major problem encountered by this group during research was money,

firstly every members of the group was asked to pay a setting amount of

money to enable us carry out sufficient research which are agreed upon by

every member of the group.

• Recommendation

Having carried out research work on the installation of inverter solar system

we strongly believe that the following suggestion still be held to.

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 The computer and information technology department should make

provision for standard laboratory were student can be exposed to all kind of

practical involving solar such installation and repairing of hardware

component as well as the maintenance.

• Conclusion

This project is to reveal the major parts of installation of solar system. the

intension is to provide electricity for computer science department ,a

complete knowledge and understanding of how solar work and what the

issue are, in designing and building solar is will be source of light to the

department.

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