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CE-31016, Fluid Mechanics

Chapter-5
The Momentum Equation and its Applications

Contents
Introduction
Objectives
Momentum and Fluid Flow
Momentum equation for two-and three-dimensional flow
along a streamline
Force exerted by a jet striking a flat plate

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Contents

Force due to the deflection of a jet by a curved vane

Force exerted when a jet is deflected by a moving curved vane

Force exerted on pipe bends and closed conduits

Main References: A textbook of Hydraulics, Fluid

Reaction of a jet Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines (SI units) by
R.S. KHURMI

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The Momentum Equation and its Applications 3

INTRODUCTION

The momentum equation relates the sum of the forces

acting on a fluid element to its acceleration or rate of change of
momentum in the direction of the resultant force. The
application of the momentum equation to determine engine
thrust as a result of changes to fluid momentum.

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OBJECTIVES

Identify the various kinds of forces and moments acting on a control volume.

Use control volume analysis to determine the forces associated with fluid flow.

Use control volume analysis to determine the moments caused by fluid flow.

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The Momentum Equation and its Applications 5

MOMENTUM AND FLUID FLOW

In mechanics, the momentum of a particle or object is defined as the product of its
mass m and its velocity v:

Momentum = m v

To determine the rate of change of momentum in a fluid stream consider a

control volume ABCD ( Fig ).

Figure. Momentum in
a flowing fluid

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𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝑚ሶ

i.e. there is no storage within the control volume and 𝑚ሶ is the fluid mass flow.
The rate at which momentum exists the control volume across boundary CD
may be defined as
𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑣2

Similarly the rate at which momentum enters the control volume across AB may
be expressed as
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 𝑣1

The rate of change of momentum across the control volume may be seen to
be
𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑣2 - 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 𝑣1

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The Momentum Equation and its Applications 7

or, from the continuity of mass flow equation,

𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 (𝑣2 - 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣2 - 𝑣1 )
= Mass flow per unit time x Change
of velocity

Note that this is the increase of momentum per unit time in the
direction of motion, and according to Newton’s second law will be
caused by a force F, such that
F = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣2 - 𝑣1 )

This is the resultant force acting on the fluid element ABCD in the
direction of motion. By Newton’s third law, the fluid will exert an
equal and opposite reaction on its surroundings.

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MOMENTUM EQUATION FOR TWO- AND THREE- DIMENSIONAL FLOW

ALONG A STREAMLINE
The momentum equation was derived for one-dimensional flow in
straight line, assuming that the incoming and outgoing velocities 𝑣1 and
𝑣2 were in the same direction. Figure shows a two-dimensional problem
in which 𝑣1 makes an angle θ with the x-axis, while 𝑣2 makes a
corresponding angle ∅ . Since both momentum and force are vector
quantities, they can be resolved into components in the x and y directions
and equation applied. Thus, if 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 are the components of the
resultant force on the element of fluid ABCD,
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The Momentum Equation and its Applications 9

Figure. Momentum equation

for two – dimensional flow

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𝐹𝑥 = Rate of change of momentum of fluid in x direction

= Mass per unit time x Change of velocity in x direction
= 𝑚ሶ (𝑣2 cos ∅ - 𝑣1 cos θ)
= 𝑚ሶ (𝑣𝑥2 - 𝑣𝑥1 )

Similarly,
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣2 sin ∅ - 𝑣1 sinθ)
= 𝑚ሶ (𝑣𝑦2 - 𝑣𝑦1 )

These components can be combined to give the resultant force,

F= (𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2 )

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The Momentum Equation and its Applications 11

For three-dimensional flow, the same method can be used, but the fluid
will also have component velocities 𝑣𝑧1 and 𝑣𝑧2 in the z direction,
𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣𝑧2 - 𝑣𝑧1 )

To summarize the position, in general,

Total force exerted on Rate of change of momentum

the fluid in a control = in the given direction of
volume in a given direction the fluid passing through the
control volume,

𝐹 = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 - 𝑣𝑖𝑛 )
The value of F is positive in the direction in which 𝑣 is assumed to be
positive.
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For any control volume, the total force F which acts upon it in a given
direction will be made up of three component forces.
𝐹1 = Force exerted in the given direction on the fluid in the
control volume by any solid body within the control
volume or coinciding with the boundaries of the control
volume.
𝐹2 = Force exerted in the given direction on the fluid in the
control volume by body forces such as gravity.
𝐹3 = Force exerted in the given direction on the fluid in the
control volume by the fluid outside the control volume.
F = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 - 𝑣𝑖𝑛 )
The force R exerted by the fluid on the solid body inside or coinciding with
the control volume in the given direction will be equal and opposite to 𝐹1 so that R = -
𝐹1 .
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The Momentum Equation and its Applications 13

Example 5.1. Water flows through a pipeline 60 m long at a velocity of 1.8 m s−1 when the
pressure difference between the inlet and outlet ends is 25 kN m−2. What increase of pressure
difference is required to accelerate the water in the pipe at the rate of 0.02 m s−2? Neglect
elasticity effects.

Solution

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FORCE DUE TO THE DEFLECTION OF A JET BY A CURVED VANE

Figure. Force exerted on a curved vane

P= F /A , F =P/A
F1 = P1 A1 , F2 = P2 −1
A2
tan θ = Ry / Rx , θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ry / Rx
R = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 - 𝑣𝑖𝑛 )
Rx = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣2 - 𝑣1 ) , Ry = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣2 - 𝑣1 )

R = (𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2 )
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The Momentum Equation and its Applications 15

Example 5.3. A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through an angle θ = 60° from its
original direction by a curved vane which it enters tangentially (see Figure) without shock
with a mean velocity ν1 of 30 m s−1 and leaves with a mean velocity ν of 25 m s−1. If the
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discharge A from the nozzle is 0.8 kg s−1, calculate the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force on the vane if the vane is stationary.

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Solution

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FORCE EXERTED ON PIPE BENDS AND CLOSED CONDUITS

Figure shows a bend in a pipeline containing fluid. When the fluid is at rest,
it will exert a static force on the bend because the lines of action of the forces
due to pressures 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 do not coincide. If the bend tapers, the magnitude
of the statics forces will also be affected.
When the fluid is in motion, its momentum its momentum will change as
it passes round the bend due to change in its direction and, if the pipe tapers,
any consequent change in magnitude of its velocity. There must, be an
additional force acting between the fluid and the pipe.

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Consider two sections (1) & (2), as shown in fig.

Let 𝑣1 = velocity of flow at section (1)
𝑝1 = pressure intensity at section (1)
𝐴1 = area of cross section of pipe at section (1)
𝑣1 , 𝑝1 , 𝐴1 = corresponding values at section (2)
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Newton 2nd Law of Motion

𝑑𝑃
𝐹Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑣
𝐹Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑣Ԧ
𝑑𝑡

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣Ԧ , 𝑚ሶ = mass flow rate

𝐹Ԧ = ρ Q 𝑣Ԧ , ρ = m /v , m = ρ v
ρ A L / t = m / t = 𝑚ሶ
𝑚ሶ = ρ A v = ρ Q

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The Momentum Equation and its Applications 21

𝐹Ԧ = ρ Q 𝑣Ԧ
For Horizontal direction,
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹1 - 𝐹𝑥 - 𝐹2 cos θ = ρ Q (𝑣2 cos θ - 𝑣1 )
- 𝐹𝑥 = [ρ Q (𝑣2 cos θ - 𝑣1 ) + 𝐹2 cos θ - 𝐹1 ]
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹1 - 𝐹2 cos θ - ρ Q (𝑣2 cos θ - 𝑣1 )

For Vertical direction,

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹1 - 𝐹𝑦 - 𝐹2 sin θ = ρ Q (𝑣2 sinθ - 𝑣1 ) ∴ [𝐹1 = 0]
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹2 sin θ + ρ Q (𝑣2 sinθ - 𝑣1 )

𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2 ) , tan θ =
𝐹𝑥

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Example 5.5.
A pipe bend tapers from a diameter of d1 of 500 mm at inlet shown in Figure (1) to a
diameter of d2 of 250 mm at outlet and turns the flow through an angle θ of 45˚.
Measurements of pressure at inlet and outlet show that the pressure p1 at inlet is 40 kN m-
2 and the pressure p at outlet is 23 kNm-2. If the pipe is conveying oil which has a density
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ρ of 850 kg m-3, calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend
when the oil is flowing at the rate of 0.45 m3s-1. The bend is in a horizontal plane.

Figure. Force on a tapering bend

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Solution

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REACTION OF A JET

Whenever the momentum of a stream of fluid is increased in a given direction

in passing from one section to another, there must be a net force acting on the fluid in
that direction, and, by Newton’s third law, there will be an equal and opposite force
exerted by the fluid on the system which is producing the change of momentum. A
typical example is the reaction force exerted when a fluid is discharged in the form of
a high-velocity jet, and which is applied to the propulsion of ships and aircraft
through the use of propellers, pure jet engines and rocket motors. The propulsive
force can be determined from the application of the linear momentum equation to
flow through a suitable control volume.

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Example 5.6.

Figure. Reaction of a jet

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Solution

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