Grammar

Term 1 Portions

Name :- Preetham Gowda M

Grade :- 9 ‘A’

Guided By :- Mrs. Keerthika ma’am

Date :- 27/09/2021
 Grammar syllabus
1. Tenses
2. Modals
3. Subject-Verb Concord
4. Determiner
5. Reported Speech
● Commands and Requests
● Statements
● Questions

01. Tenses :- Verbs come in three tenses: past,

present, and future. The past is used to
describe things that have already happened
(e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week,
three years ago). The present tense is used to
describe things that are happening right now,
or things that are continuous. The future tense
describes things that have yet to happen (e.g.,
later, tomorrow, next week, next year, three
years from now).
PAST TENSE :-
1) Simple Past Tense- Indicates an action took place before the

present moment and that has no real connection with the present

time.

For example, "He danced in the function."

2) Past Perfect Tense- Indicates an action in the past that had

been completed before another time or event in the past.

For example, "He had exercised before it started to rain."

3) Past Continuous Tense- Indicates an action going on at some

time in the past or an action in the past that is longer in duration

than another action in the past.

For example, "It was getting darker."

4) Past Perfect Continuous Tense- Indicates an action in the past

that took place before another time or event in the past and

continued during the second event/time point in the past.

For example, "At that time, he had been writing a novel for two

months."
PRESENT TENSE :-
1) Simple Present Tense- Indicates an action that is generally

true or habitual. That is, it took place in the past , continue to

take place in the present, and will take place in the future.

For example, "He walk to school."

2) Present Perfect Tense-

Indicates an action that has been completed sometime before

the present moment, with a result that affects the present

situation.

For example, "He has finished the work."

3) Present Continuous Tense- Indicates an action that is

taking place at the moment of speaking.

For example, "She is walking."

4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense- Indicates an action that

started in the past and is continuing at the present time.

For example, "He has been sleeping for an hour."

FUTURE TENSE
1) Simple Future Tense- Indicates an action that will take place

after the present time and that has no real connection with the

present time.

For example, "She will visit her ailing grandmother soon."

2) Future Perfect Tense- Indicates an action in the future that will

have been completed before another time or event in the future.

For example, "By the time we arrive, he will have studied."

3) Future Continuous Tense- Indicates an action in the future that

is longer in duration than another action in the future.

For example, "He will be walking when it starts to rain."

4) Future Perfect Continuous Tense- Indicates an action in the

future that will have been continuing until another time or event in

the future.

For example, "He will have been exercising an hour at 2:00."

 02. Modal Verbs :-Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs (also

called helping verbs, like can, will, could, shall, must, would,

might, and should) that express necessity or possibility .

After a modal verb, the root form of a verb is generally

used. The word to should not appear after a modal verb. An

exception is the phrase ought to, which is considered a modal

verb.

CAN -Ability, doubt, astonishment, permission, polite, request

MAY -Permission, supposition, with doubt, if not prohibition

MUST -Obligation, firm necessity, logical, conclusion, probability

SHALL -Intention, supposition

WILL -Wish, desire, will, confidence,in the future

OUGHT TO -Moral duty, insistent advice, strict recommendation

NEED -Necessity

HAVE TO -Unwillingness, forced circumstances

WOULD -Wish (wish “to like”), polite request, a habit of the past
 03. Subject-Verb Concord :-Subject-verb
agreement refers to the relationship between the
subject and predicate of the sentence. Subjects and
verbs must always agree in two ways: tense and
number. For this post, we are focusing on number, or
whether the subject and verb are singular or plural.

Here are some examples of subject-verb agreement in singular

subjects and verbs (the subject is bolded and the verb
underlined):

● My dog waits for the postal carrier.

● I understand the assignment.
● Peter likes vegetables.

Subject-verb agreement examples with plural subjects and

verbs include:

● Basketballs roll across the floor.

● These clothes are too small for me.

● The cats meow at the door.

04. Determiner :-A determiner is a word
placed in front of a noun to specify quantity (e.g., "one
dog," "many dogs") or to clarify what the noun refers to
(e.g., "my dog," "that dog," "the dog"). All determiners
can be classified as one of the following:

● An Article (a/an, the)

● A Demonstrative (this, that, these, those)

● A Possessive (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
● A Quantifier (common examples include many,
much, more, most, some)

Examples :-

● All nations want to be independent.

● These are cats. (Used when singular and plural.)
● Your family is a very happy people.
● You have a lot of people on Instagram.
● You have two days left to complete that project.
● Sorry, I’m too busy, I have other work to do.
● That is the best food you have ever had in a long
while. (‘the’ is used as a superlative.)
● What a wonderful city! (It is used for astonishing
phrases created with ‘such‘ and ‘what’ patterns.)
 05. Reported Speech :-
● Commands and Requests
● Statements
● Questions

Reported speech is when we tell someone what

another person said. To do this, we can use direct

speech or indirect speech. It is often used when talking

about a conversation that happened in the past.

Examples :-

Direct speech - “I've been to London three times”.

Reported speech - ‘She said “she’d been to london three

time’
Types of Reported Speech :-

01.Reported Commands and Requests

The reporting verbs for the

orders/commands/requests are: order, shout,

demand, warn, beg, command, tell, insist,

beseech, threaten, implore, ask, propose,

forbid…Commands and requests are usually

reported using a to-infinitive. When we change

from direct to indirect speech, the pronoun and

tense changes are also needed.

Examples :- 1.Direct speech: “Open the door!”

Reported speech: He ordered me to open the

door.
 2. Direct speech: “Don’t answer the

phone.”Reported speech: She told me not to answer

the phone.

02. Reported Statements - Reported

statements are one form of reported speech.

We usually introduce reported statements with

"reporting verbs" such as "say" or "tell". Typical

reporting verbs for statements: say, tell,

mention, inform

● He told me...

● He said...

● He told me that...

● He mentioned that…
 03. Reported Questions :- We usually

introduce reported questions with the verb

"ask":

● He asked (me) if/whether…

● He asked (me) why/when/where/what/how...

In fact, it's not so different from reported

statements. The tense changes are the same, and

we keep the question word. The very important

thing though is that, once we tell the question to

someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we

need to change the grammar to a normal positive

sentence. We may need to change pronouns and

tense as well as time and place in reported

questions.