Lecture 41

1 Integral theorems
1.1 Green’s theorem in the plane

Theorem 1.1.1 Let R be a closed bounded region in IR2 whose boundary C consists of finitely
→
−
many smooth curves. Let F (x, y) = F1 (x, y)î + F2 (x, y)ĵ be continuous and has continuous
partial derivatives everywhere in some domain containing R. Then
ZZ  
→
− →
I
∂F2 ∂F1
− dA = F · d−r,
R ∂x ∂y C

where the line integral is along the boundary C of R such that R is on the left as we advance
on the boundary. 

Proof. We omit the proof. A proof in special case can be found in the reference/text book.


R →− → − →
− 2 2 2
Example 1.1.1 Evaluate C F · d r for F = (y − 7y)î + (2xy + 2x)ĵ and C : x + y = 1.

Solution: ZZ  
→
− →
Z ZZ
∂F2 ∂F1
F · d−
r = − dA = 9 dA = 9π.
C R ∂x ∂y R

Greens theorem can be applied to non simply connected domains like annular regions for
example

Example 1.1.2 Let R be the domain {(x, y) : 1 < x2 + y 2 < 2} and let C be the (positively
oriented) boundary of the domain R. Then evaluate C ydx−xdy
R
x2 +y 2
.

Solution: Boundary of R consists of two circles x2 + y 2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 2. Therefore

→
− 1
Green’s theorem can be applied. Take F = F1 î + F2 ĵ = x2 +y 2 (y î − xĵ). Then

ZZ
∂F2 ∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F1
− = 0 =⇒ − dA = 0.
∂x ∂y R ∂x ∂y

Therefore by Green’s theorem

ydx − xdy →
− →
Z Z ZZ
− ∂F2 ∂F1
2 + y2
= F ·dr = − dA = 0.
C x C R ∂x ∂y

However the following we give an important example

1
Example 1.1.3 Let the region R be the punctured disc {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}\{0}. and let
→
− y x ∂F2 ∂F1 RR  ∂F2 ∂F1 
F =− 2 î+ ĵ. Then = and R ∂x − ∂y = 0. But the line integral
x + yZ2 x2 + y 2 ∂x ∂y
2π
→
− →
Z
F ·d−r = sin2 θ+cos2 θ = 2π. (taking the parametrization x = cos θ, y = sin θ, 0 varies
C 0
from 0 to 2π )

Another application of the Green’s theorem is

Problem 1.1.1 Let C be the closed curve defined as C = C1 + C2 where C1 : y + |x| =

2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and C2 : x2 + y 2 = 4, − 2 ≤ y ≤ 0, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Suppose
→
− y x
R →− → −
F = − x2 +y 2 î + x2 +y 2 ĵ. Then find C F ·dr.

Solution: Let R1 be the region bounded by C. Consider the annural Region R defined as
R1 \B1 (0). Note that
ZZ  
∂F2 ∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F1
= =⇒ − = 0.
∂x ∂y R ∂x ∂y

Now by Green’s theorem

→
− →
Z
F · d−
r = 0.
C∪∂B1 (0)

Therefore
→
− → →
− →
Z Z
F · d−
r = F · d−
r = 2π.
C ∂B1 (0)

Area of plane region:

Using Green’s theorem, we can write area of a plane region as a line integral over the boundary.
Choose F1 = 0, F2 = x and then F= − y, F2 = 0. This gives
ZZ Z ZZ Z
dA = xdy and dA = − ydx
R C R C

respectively. The double integral is the area A of R. By addition we have

Z
1
A= (xdy − ydx)
2 C

x2 y2
Example 1.1.4 Area bounded by ellipse a2
+ b2
= 1.

solution: Take x = a cos t, y = b sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then by above formula

Z 2π
1 1
(xy 0 − yx0 )dt = ab cos2 t − (−ab sin2 t) dt = πab


A=
2 0 2

2
1.2 Gauss and Stokes theorems
Let S be a smooth surface and we may choose unit normal n̂ at P of S. The direction of n̂
is called positive normal direction of S at P . We call a smooth surface S orientable surface
if the positive normal at P can be continued in a unique and continuous way to the entire
surface. For example the Mobius strip is not orientable. A normal at a point P of this strip
is displaced continuously along a closed curve C, the resulting normal upon returning to P is
opposite to the original vector at P .

Theorem 1.2.1 Gauss Divergence Theorem

Let Ω be a closed, bounded region in IR3 whose boundary is a piecewise smooth orientable
→
−
surface S. Let F (x, y, z) be a continuous function that has continuous partial derivatives in
some domain containing Ω. Then
→
−
ZZZ ZZ
∇ · F dV = F · n̂dS
Ω S

where n̂ is the outer unit normal vector of S.

Proof. We omit the proof. A proof in special case can be found in the reference/text book.


→
−
ZZ
Example 1.2.1 Evaluate F .n̂dA where ∂Ω is the boundary of the domain inside the
∂Ω
→
−
cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 and between the planes z = 0, z = x + 2 and F = (x2 + yez )î + (y 2 +
ze2 )ĵ + (z 2 + xey )k̂.
→
− →
−
Solution: With the given F , it is not difficult to obtain, ∇· F = 2x+2y +2z. By Divergence
theorem
Z x+2 
→
−
ZZ ZZZ ZZ
F · n̂dS = 2(x + y + z)dV = 2 (x + y + z)dz dxdy
∂Ω Ω x2 +y 2 ≤1 z=0

Theorem 1.2.2 Stokes’s theorem

Let S be a piecewise smooth oriented surface with boundary and let boundary C be a simple
→
−
closed curve. Let F be a continuous function which has continuous partial derivatives in a
domain containing S. Then
→
− →
− →
ZZ Z
(∇ × F ) · n̂dS = F · d−
r
S C

where n̂ is a unit normal vector of S and, depending on n̂, the integration around C is taken
in the way that S lies in the left of C. Here n̂ is the direction of your head while moving along
the boundary with surface on your left.

Proof. We omit the proof. A proof in special case can be found in the reference/text book.


3
 R →
− →
−
Example 1.2.2 Evaluate C F · d→ −
r where F = x2 y 3 î + ĵ + z k̂ and C The intersection of
the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4 and the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16, z ≥ 0.

Solution: The intersection of cylinder and sphere is the boundary of cylinder on the plane
√
z = 12. The unit normal to the surface is n̂ = 14 (xî + y ĵ + z k̂). The projection R of S on
→
− |∇f | 4
the xy-plane is the disc x2 + y 2 ≤ 2 , ∇ × F = −3x2 y 2 k̂ and |∇f ·p̂| = z . Hence by Stoke’s
theorem
− →
→ −
I ZZ
3 4
F · dr = (− )x2 y 2 z dA
C R 4 z
Z 2π Z 2
=−3 (r2 cos2 θ)(r2 sin2 θ)rdrdθ = −8π.
θ=0 r=0

Suppose S1 , S2 be two surfaces having the same boundary curve C. An important conse-
quence of Stoke’s theorem is that flux through S1 or S2 is same.

Example 1.2.3 Suppose S is a surface of a light bulb over the unit disc x2 + y 2 = 1 oriented
→
− z 2 −2z xî + (sin(xyz) + y + 1)ĵ + ez 2 sin(z 2 )k̂.
with outward
Z Z pointing normal. Suppose F = e
→
−
Compute (∇ × F ) · n̂dS.
S

Solution: Enough to take any surface with boundary x2 + y 2 = 1. So we take the unit disc
→
− →
− →
− R →− −
x2 +y 2 ≤ 1, z = 0. Then F on this is F = xî+(y+1)ĵ. Then ∇× F = 0. Hence C F ·d→
r = 0.

References
1. Thomas’ Calculus, Chapters 15, 16
2. Advanced engineering Mathematics, E.Kreyszig, Chapter 9