Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts

3.40 Comprehensive Algebra I for JEE Main and Advanced

From (3) – (4) ....... + tn – tn – 1 – tn

Sn (1 – 5) – 5 (1 ◊ 5) Sn = Sn (1 – 5) 2 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + .....
⇒ tn = 1 + 
( n - 1) terms are in A. P .
32.52 + 32.53 + .....
= 1 + 23 ◊ 5 +   n - 1ˆ 3n2 - n
( n - 2) term = 1 + ÊÁ [2 × 4 + (n – 1) – 1) 3] =
Ë 2 ˜¯ 2
– 8(4n – 1) 5n + (4n + 1)2 ◊ 5n + 1    ...(5)
n n Ê 3r 2 - r ˆ
32.52 (5n-2 - 1) ∴ Sn = Â tr = Â Á
= 1 + 23 ◊ 5 + r =1 r =1 Ë 2 ˜¯
5 -1
1 È 3.n(n + 1)(2 n + 1) n(n + 1) ˘
– 8(4n – 1) 5n + (4n + 1)2 ◊ 5n + 1 = -
2 ÍÎ 6 2 ˙˚
(4 n + 1)2 ◊ 5n+1 + 16.5n - 40 n.5n - 84
⇒ Sn = n3 + n 2
(1 - 5)2 =
2
3.12 Method Of Subtraction Case 2 : If t2 – t1, t3 – t2, ......, (tn – 1 – tn) are in G.P. For
If the differences of the successive terms of a series are in example the series
A.P. or G.P., we can find nth term of the series by the follow- a, a + b, a + b + br, a + b + br + br2, ................ ;
ing steps: the differences of consecutive terms are b, br, br2...............
Step I : Denote the nth term and the sum of the series upto which are in G.P.
n terms of the series by Tn and Sn respectively. Example 2: Evaluate 2 + 6 + 22 + 86 + 342 + ..........
Step II : Rewrite the given series with each term shifted by to n terms
one place to the right. Solution Sn = 2 + 6 + 22 + 86 + 342 + .... tn ...(1)
Step III : Subtracting the above two forms of the series, find
Sn = 2 + 6 + 22 + 86 + ... + tn–1 – tn ...(2)
Tn.
From (1) – (2); 0 = 2 + 4 + 16 + 64 + 256 + ...
Let u1, u2, u3...... be a sequence, such that
u2 – u1, u3 – u2, ............. is either an A.P. or a G.P. then nth ........ + tn – tn–1 – tn
term un of this sequence is obtained as follows 4 + 16 + 64 + 256 + ..... t n - t n -1
⇒ tn = 2 +   
S = u1 + u2 + u3 + ........... + un ...(i) ( n - 1) terms are in A.P.

S = u1 + u2 + .......... + un – 1 + un ...(ii) n -1
= 2 + 4(4 - 1) = 1 (2 + 4 n )
(i) – (ii) n -1 3
⇒ un = u1 + (u2 – u1) + (u3 – u2) + ..... + (un – un – 1) n 1È n n ˘
∴ Sn = Â t r = Í Â 2 + Â 4r ˙
where the series (u2 – u1) + (u3 – u2) + .... + (un – un – 1) r =1 3 Îi =1 i =1 ˚
is either in A.P. or in G.P. then we can find un and hence sum
k (4 n+1 + 3n2 + 3n - 4)
=
of this series as S = Â ur 9
r =1
Case 3 :
Case 1 : If (t2 – t1), (t3 – t2), ....., (tn–1 – tn) are in A.P. e.g.
It is not always necessary that the series of first order of dif-
the series
ferences i.e. u2 – u1, u3 – u2 ...... un – un – 1 is always either in
x, x + y, x + 2y + z, x + 3y + 3z, x + 4y + 6z, ... ; A.P. or in G.P. In such case let
the differences of consecutive terms are
u1 = T1, u2 – u1 = T2, u3 – u2 = T3 ......., un – un – 1 = Tn.
y, y + z, y + 2z, y + 3z, ....... which are in A.P.
Example 1: Evaluate 1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + 35 + ............ So un = T1 + T2 + ....... + Tn .... (i)

Solution Sn = 1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + 35 + ......... + tn ...(1) un = T1 + T2 + ........ + Tn –1 + Tn .... (ii)

(i) – (ii)
Sn = 1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + ......... + tn–1 + tn ...(2)
⇒ Tn = T1 + (T2 – T1) + (T3 – T2) + ...... + (Tn + Tn – 1)
From (1) – (2);  0 = 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + ......
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
Sequence and Series 3.41

Now, the series (T2 – T1) + (T3 – T2) + ..... + (Tn – Tn – 1) is Hence
series of second order of differences and when it is either in
S = Σ(n2 + n + 1) = Σ n2 + Σ n + Σ 1
A.P. or in G.P., then un = u1 + Σ Tr
Otherwise in the similar way we find series of higher order n(n + 1)(2 n + 1) n(n + 1)
= +
of differences and the nth term of the series. 6 2
n 2
__
Example 3: Evaluate = ​   ​(n + 3n + 5)
3
2 + 5 + 12 + 31 + 86 + ............. to n terms Example 5: Find the sum of n-terms
Solution 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + .......
S = 2 + 5 + 12 + 31 + 86 + ......... tn ... (1)
Solution Let
S = 2 + 5 + 12 + 31 + ......... tn–1 + tn ... (2)
S = 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + ...... + Tn ... (i)
__________________________________________________________
S = 1 + 4 + 10 + ........+ Tn – 1 + Tn ... (ii)
From (1) – (2);
(i) – (ii) ⇒ Tn = 1 + (3 + 6 + 12 + ... + Tn – Tn – 1)
2 + 3 + 7 + 19 + 55 + ...... + tn – tn–1 – tn
Ê 2 n-1 - 1ˆ
⇒ tn = 2 + 3 + 7 + 19 + 55 + ..... + ( tn – tn – 1) ... (3) Tn = 1 + 3 Á ˜
Ë 2 -1 ¯
tn = 2 + 3 + 7 + 19 + ..........
+ ( tn – 1 – tn – 2) – ( tn – tn – 1)   ... (4) Tn = 3 . 2n – 1 – 2
__________________________________________________________ Ê 2 n - 1ˆ
So S = Σ Tn = 3 Σ 2n – 1 – Σ2 = 3 . Á ˜ – 2n
Ë 2 -1 ¯
0 = 2 + 1 + 4 + 12 + 36 + ..... (.....) - Tn = 3.2n – 2n – 3

( n - 2) term
Example 6: Find the nth term and the sum of n term of
⇒ Tn = 2 + 1 + 4 + 12 + 36 + .......... the series 2, 12, 36, 80, 150, 252.

n - 2 term
Solution Let
⇒ Tn = 2 + 1 + 4 (1 + 3 + 32 + ........) = 1 + 2 . 3n – 2
S = 2 + 12 + 36 + 80 + 150 + 252 + ..... + Tn ...(i)
n 2.(3n-1 - 1) S = 2 + 12 + 36 + 80 + 150 + 252 + ....... + Tn – 1 + Tn
Now, t n = 2 + Â Tr = 2 + (n - 1) + ...(ii)
r =1 3 -1
(i) – (ii)
= n + 3n–1
n n ⇒ Tn = 2 + 10 + 24 + 44 + 70 + 102 + .... + (Tn – Tn – 1)
∴ Sn = Â tr = Â (r + 3r -1 ) ...(iii)
t =1 r =1
Tn = 2 + 10 + 24 + 44 + 70 + 102 + .........
n(n + 1) 1(3n - 1) 1 2 + (Tn – 1 – Tn – 2) + (Tn – Tn – 1)     ...(iv)
= + = [n + n + 3n – 1]
2 3 -1 2 (iii) – (iv)

Example 4: Find the sum of n terms ⇒ Tn – Tn – 1 = 2 + 8 + 14 + 20 + 26 + .......

3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + ...... n
= __
​   ​[4 + (n – 1) 6] = n [3n – 1] = Tn – Tn – 1 = 3n2 – n
2
Solution Let
∴ The general term of given series is
S = 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + ........ + Tn ...(i)
Σ Tn – Tn – 1 = Σ 3n2 – n = n3 + n2.
S = 3 + 7 + 13 + ........+ Tn – 1 + Tn ...(ii) Hence sum of this series is
(i) – (ii) n2 (n + 1)2 n(n + 2)(2 n + 1)
S = Σ n3 + Σn2 = +
⇒ Tn = 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ....... + (Tn – Tn – 1) 4 6
n–1
= 3 + ​ _____
 ​[8 + (n + (n – 2)2] n(n + 1)
2 = ​ _______
 ​(3n2 + 7n + 2)
= 3 + (n – 1) (n + 2) = n2 + n + 1 12
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
3.42 Comprehensive Algebra I for JEE Main and Advanced

1
​ ___ ​n(n + 1) (n + 2) (3n + 1) Solution a1 = 1
12
a2 = a1 + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5
Example 7: Find the general term and sum of n terms
of the series 9, 16, 29, 54, 103 a3 = a2 + 6 = 5 + 6 = 11
Solution Let a4 = a3 + 8 = 11 + 8 = 19 and so on hence
S = 9 + 16 + 29 + 54 + 103 + .... + Tn ... (i) S = 1 + 5 + 11 + 19 + ........ + an
S = 9 + 16 + 29 + 54 + 103 + .... + Tn – 1 + Tn ... (ii) S = + 1 + 5 + 11 + ........ + an – 1 + an
(i) – (ii) ( – ) ————————————————
⇒ Tn = 9 + 7 + 13 + 25 + 49 + .... + (Tn – Tn – 1) ... (iii) 0 = 1 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ........ + (an – an – 1) – an
Tn = 9 + 7 + 13 + 25 + 49 + ........ +
an = 1 + 2 (2 + 3 + 4 + ....... + (an - an-1 ))
 
(Tn–1 – Tn – 2) + (Tn – Tn – 1) ...(iv) ( n -1) terms

(iii) – (iv) n–1

an = 1 + 2. ​ _____
 ​[4 + (n – 2)] = 1 + (n – 1) (n + 2)
+ 12 + 24 + .......
⇒ Tn – Tn – 1 = 9 + (–2) + 6 2
( n- 2)terms = n2 + n – 1.
n–2
= 7 + 6 [2 – 1] = 6(2)n – 2 + 1. sum  an =  n 2 +  n -  1
∴ The general term is Tn = 6(2)n – 1 + n + 2
n(n + 1)(2 n + 1) n(n + 1)
Also sum S = ΣTn = 6Σ2n – 1 + Σn + Σ2 + -n
6 2
(2 n - 1) n(n + 1) n(n + 5) n
= 6. + + 2 n + 2n = 6(2n – 1) + ​ __ ​[(n + 1)(2n + 1) + 3(n + 1) – 6]
2 -1 2 2 6
n
Example 8: The nth term, an of a sequence of numbers = __
​   ​[2n2 + 3n + 1 + 3n + 3 – 6]
6
is given by the formula an = an – 1 + 2n for n ≥ 2 and a1 = 1.
Find an equation expressing an as a polynomial in n. Also find n n(n2 + 3n - 1)
= __
​   ​[2n2 + 6n – 2] =
the sum to n terms of the sequence. 6 3

Find the nth term and the sum of n terms of the series: 5. 9, 16, 29, 54, 103,....
2 3
1. 2 + 7x + 25x + 91x + .... 6. 2, 5, 12, 31, 86,.....
2 3 4 5
2. 1 + 2x + 6x + 20x + 66x + 212x + .... 7. Let x = 1 + 3a + 6a2 + 10a3 + .........., |a| < 1;
3. 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ..... y = 1 + 4b + 10 2
+ 20 b3 + ........., |b| < 1.
4. 2, 12, 36, 80, 150, 252,.... Find S = 1 + 3(ab) + 5(ab)2 + .... in terms of x and y.

3.13 Method of differences then Sn

n n n
 tn =  f (n) -  f (n ± 1)
If the rth term of a series can be expressed as the difference of n =1 n =1 n =1
two quantities one which is the same function r that the other = { f(1) + f(2) + ..... + f(n)} – {f(2) + f(3)
is of r – 1, the sum of the series may be readily found.
For let the series be denoted by t1 + t2 + t3 + ..... + tn, and + .... + f(n + 1)} when ‘+’ sign is taken
its sum by Sn, and suppose that any term tr can be put in the or {f(1) + f(2) + .... + f(n)} – {f(0) + f(1) + ... + f(n + 1)}
form vr – vr – 1; then
when ‘–’ sign is taken
Sn = (v1 – v0) + (v2 – v1) + .... + (vn – 1 – vn – 2) = f(1) – f(n + 1) when ‘+’ sign is taken
+ (vn – vn – 1) = vn – v0.
or f(n) – f(0) when ‘–’ sign is taken.
In other words, if the nth term of a series can be written as
tn = f(n) – f(n ± 1)
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
Sequence and Series 3.43

Example 1: Find the sum to n-terms of the series Example 3: Sum the series
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ........ 1 1 1 1
+ + + ..... +
Solution Let Tr be the general term of the series 1.4 2.5 3.6 n(n + 3)
So Tr = r(r + 1) 1Ê 1 1 ˆ
Solution   un = - ;
To express tr = f(r) – f(r – 1) multiply and divide tr by 3 n n + 3 ˜¯
Á
Ë

[(r + 2) – (r – 1)] ∴ 3sn = 1 + 1 + 1 + ..... + 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - ...

r 1 2 3 n 4 5 6
So Tr = __
​   ​(r + 1) [(r + 2) – (r – 1)]
3 1 1 1
- -
1 n +1 n + 2 n + 3
= __
​   ​[r (r + 1) (r + 2) – (r – 1) r (r + 1)].
3
1 1Ï 1 1 1 1 1 ¸
Let f(r) = __​   ​r(r + 1) (r + 2) ∴ sn = Ì1 + + - - - ˝
3 3 Ó 2 3 n +1 n + 2 n + 3˛
so Tr = [f(r) – f(r – 1)]. 11 1 Ê 1 1 1 ˆ
= - Á + + ;
n 18 3 Ë n + 1 n + 2 n + 3 ˜¯
Now S = Â Tr = T1 + T2 + T3 + ...... + Tn
r =1 Example 4: Sum to n terms of the series
1
T1 = __
​   ​[1 · 2 · 3 – 0] 1 1 1
3 + +
(1 + x )(1 + 2 x ) (1 + 2 x )(1 + 3 x ) (1 + 3 x )(1 + 4 x )
1
T2 = __
​   ​[2 · 3 · 4 – 1 · 2 · 3]
3 Solution Let Tr be the general term of the series
1 1
T3 = __
​   ​[3 · 4 · 5 – 2 · 3 · 4] Tr =
3 (1 + rx )(1 + (r + 1) x )

1 1 È[1 + (r + 1) x ] - (1 + rx ) ˘
Tn = __
​   ​[n(n + 1) (n + 2) – (n – 1)n (n + 1)] So Tr =
3 x ÍÎ (1 + rx )(1 + (r + 1) x ) ˙˚
1
∴ S = __
​   ​n (n + 1) (n + 2) 1È 1 1 ˘
3 = -
x Î1 + rx 1 + (r + 1) x ˙˚
Í
Hence sum of series is f(n) – f(0).
Example 2: Sum the following series upto n-terms Tr = f(r) – f(r + 1)
1 · 2 · 3 · 4 + 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 + 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 + ............. ∴ S = Σ Tr = T1 + T2 + T3 + ........ + Tn
Solution 1È 1 1 ˘
= -
Sn = 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 + 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 + 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 + ........ x Î1 + rx 1 + (r + 1) x ˙˚
Í
1
Tn = __ ​   ​n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) [(n + 4) – (n – 1)] =
n
5 (1 + x )[1 + (n + 1) x ]
1
∴ T1 = __​   ​[1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 – 0]
5 Example 5: Prove that
1
__
T2 = ​   ​[2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 – 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5] 3 5 7 9
5 + + + + ....
2 2 2 2 2 2
............................................................ 1 1 +2 1 +2 +3 1 + 2 + 32 + 42
2 2

1
Tn = __ ​   ​[n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4) 6n
to n terms = _____
​   ​
5 n+1
– (n – 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)]
1 Solution Also find the sum to infinite terms of the series
∴ Sn = S Tn = __ ​   ​[n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)] on the left hand side.
5
1
__
Sn = ​   ​n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4). 3 + (n - 1)2
5 tn =
1 + 22 + 32 + .... + n2
2
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
3.44 Comprehensive Algebra I for JEE Main and Advanced

2n + 1 4 n2 + 1 1 È 1 1 ˘
= Tn = + -
n(n + 1)(2 n + 1)/6 16 32 Î 2 n - 1 2 n + 1 ˙˚
Í

6 Ï1 1 ¸ 1 2 1 1 È 1 1 ˘
= = 6Ì - ˝ = n + + -
n(n + 1) Ó n n + 1˛ 4 16 32 Î 2 n - 1 2 n + 1 ˙˚
Í
n
Ê 1ˆ Ê 1 1ˆ ∴ Sn = Â Tn
∴ t1 = 6 Á 1 - ˜ , t2 = 6 Á - ˜ , n =1
Ë 2¯ Ë 2 3¯
1 1 1 È 1 1 ˘
= __
​   ​Σn2 + __
​   ​Σ 1 + S –S
Ê 1 1ˆ Ê1 1 ˆ 4 6 32 ÍÎ 2 n – 1 2 n + 1 ˙˚
t3 = 6 Á - ˜ , ............., tn = 6 Á -
Ë 3 4¯ Ë n n + 1˜¯
1 n(n + 1(2n + 1) 1 1
= + n+
Ê 1 ˆ 6n 4 6 16 32
Adding, Sn = 6 Á 1– =
Ë n + 1˜¯ n + 1 ÈÊ 1 1 1 1 ˆ
ÍÁË 1 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 7 + .... + 2 n – 1˜¯
∴ Sum of infinite terms Î

Ê 1 ˆ Ê1 1 1 1 1 ˆ˘
= lim Sn = lim 6 Á 1– 6 – Á + + + .... + + ˙
n Æ• n Æ• Ë n + 1˜¯ Ë3 5 7 2n – 1 2 n + 1¯˜ ˚

Example 6: Find the sum to n terms of the series 1 n(n + 1(2 n + 1) 1 1 È 1 ˘

= + n+ 1-
4 6 16 32 ÍÎ 2 n + 1 ˙˚
È 1 2 3 n(n + 1)(2 n + 1) n n
Í 2 4
+ 2 4
+ + ..... = + +
ÍÎ1 + 1 + 1 1+ 2 + 2 1 + 3 + 34
2
24 16 16(2 n + 1)
2
n ˘ = n(4 n + 6 n + 5) + n
+ ˙ 48 16(2 n + 1)
1 + n2 + n 4 ˙˚
Solution Tn =
n
=
n Partial Fractions
2 4 2 2 2
1+ n + n (1 + n ) - n When numerator of the nth term tn of the series is a con-
n stant and denominator is a polynomial in n which has linear
=
(1 n 2  n)(1 n 2  n) factors.
1. Find the nth term tn of the series and break it into partial
1 1 1 
fractions.
=  – 
2
 1  n 2
– n 1  n 2
 n

 2. Then write down t1, t2, t3,..... tn by putting n = 1, 2, 3,....
n
Sn =  tr n and then add.
r =1 3. If sum to infinity is to be determined, first of all find Sn
1Ê 1 1 1 1 1 ˆ (sum to n terms of the series) and then find Lim Sn
= Á 1 – + – + ........... + 2
– 2 ˜ Method to find the partial fractions of tn.
nƕ
2Ë 3 3 7 1 + n – n 1 + n + n¯
1
1 1  n(n + 1) If tn =
(an + b)(cn + d )( pn + q )
then
⇒ Sn = 1– 
 =
2 1 n  n  2(n2 + n + 1)
2
A B C
tn = + +
Example 7: Show that an + b cn + d pn + q
1
14 2 4 34 44 where, A = value of
(cn + d )( pn + q )
when
+ + + .... +
1.3 3.5 5.7 (2n - 1)(2n + 1)
b
an + b = 0 i.e. n = – __
​ a ​
n(4 n2 + 6 n + 5) n
= + 1 d
48 16(2 n + 1) B = value of when n = – __
​ c ​
(an + b)( pn + q )
Solution The nth term of the given series is 1 q
C = value of when n = – ​ __
p​
n4 (an + b)(cn + d )
Tn =
(2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
Sequence and Series 3.45

Example 8: Find the sum of the following series to È1 1 1 ˘ __ 1

∴ S∞ = Lim Sn = Lim Í - + ˙ = ​   ​
1 1 1 nÆ• nÆ• Î 4 2( n + 1) 2( n + 2) ˚ 4
infinity: + + + ........
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
1 1 1
Example 9: Sum to n terms + + + .....
Solution Let tn be the nth term and Sn the sum to n terms 1.3.5 3.5.7 5.7.9
of the given series.
1
Solution Here
∴ tn = × 1
(n th terms of seq. 1, 2, 3,....) un =
(2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)
1
Ê n term of theˆ Ê n th term of theˆ
th 1 (2 n + 3) - (2 n - 1)
=.
ÁË seq. 2, 3, 4, ... ˜¯ × ÁË seq. 3, 4, 5,.... ˜¯ 4 (2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)
 
1 1 1 1 1
= ...(1) ∴ un = . - .
n(n + 1)(n + 2) 4 (2 n - 1)(2 n + 1) 4 (2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)
A B C = vn – 1 – vn,
Let tn = + +
n n +1 n + 2
1 1
1 vn = . ;
then A = value of when n = 0 4 (2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
1 1 1
1 1 ∴ sn = v0 – vn = - .
∴ A= = __
​   ​ 12 4 (2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)
(0 + 1)(0 + 2) 2
1
Example 10: Sum the following series to infinity
B = value of when n + 1 = 0 i.e. n = –1 1 1 1
n(n + 2) + + + ...........
1·4·7 4·7·10 7·10·13
1 1
∴ C= = __
​   ​ 1
- 2(- 2 + 1) 2 Solution Tn =
1 1 1 [1 + (n - 1)3] [1 + 3n] [4 + 3n]
From (1), tn = - +
2 n n + 1 2(n + 2) 1
=
putting n = 1 2, 3,...., n, we get (3n - 2)(3n + 1)(3n + 4)
1 1 1 1È 1 1 ˘
t1 = - + Tn = –
2.1 2 2.3 6 ÍÎ (3n – 2)(3n + 1) (3n + 1)(3n + 4) ˙˚
1 1 1
t2 = - + 1È 1 1 ˘
2.2 3 2.4 T1 = –
1 1 1 6 Î1·4 4·7 ˙˚
Í
t3 = - +
2.3 4 2.5 1È 1 1 ˘
................................. T2 = –
6 ÍÎ 4·7 7·10 ˙˚
.................................
1 1 1   
tn – 2 = - +
2(n - 2) n - 1 2 n 1È 1 1 ˘
Tn = -
tn – 1 =
1 1
- +
1 6 Î (3n - 2)(3n + 1) (3n + 1)(3n + 4) ˙˚
Í
2(n - 1) n 2(n + 1)
——————————————————
1 1 1
tn = - + 1È 1 1 ˘
2 n n + 1 2(n + 2) ∴ Sn = STn = -
6 Î1·4 (3n + 1)(3n + 4) ˙˚
Í
Adding we get,
È1 1 ˘
1 1 1 1 1 1 = Í - ˙
Sn = - + + - + Î 24 6(3 n + 1)(3 n + 4) ˚
2.1 2 2.2 2(n + 1) n + 1 2(n + 2)
as n→∞
1 1 1
= - + 1
4 2(n + 1) 2(n + 2) ∴ S∞ = ___
​   ​.
24
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
3.46 Comprehensive Algebra I for JEE Main and Advanced

Example 11: Sum to n terms of the series Example 13: Find the sum of n terms of the series
4 5 6 1 2 2 3 3
+ + + ........ .2 + .2 + .2 + ...
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 2.3 3.4 4.5
r +3 n
Solution Let Tr = Solution Here un = .2 n
r (r + 1)(r + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)
1 3 n A B
= + Let = + ,
(r + 1)(r + 2) r (r + 1)(r + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2) n + 1 n + 2
or, n = A(n + 2) + B(n + 1).
È 1 1 ˘ 3È 1 1 ˘
= Í
r + 1
–
r + 2 ˙ + 2 Í r (r + 1) – (r + 1)(r + 2) ˙ Equating the coeffs. of like powers of n,
Î ˚ Î ˚
A + B = 1, 2A + B = 0. ∴ A = – 1, B = 2.
È1 1 ˘ 3 È1 1 ˘
∴ S= Í – ˙ + Í – ˙ n +1
2n
Î 2 n + 2 ˚ 2 Î 2 (n + 1)(n + 2) ˚ Now we may write un = 2 -
n + 2 n +1
5 1 È 3 ˘ Putting n = 1, 2, 3,...., n, we have
= – 1+
4 n + 2 Î 2(n + 1) ˙˚
Í
22 2 23 2 2
5 1 u1 = - , u2 = - ,
= - [2n + 5] 3 2 4 3
4 2(n + 1)(n + 2)
2 4 23 2 n +1 2n
Example 12: Sum of the series
u3 = - , ..... un = - .
5 4 n + 2 n +1
n n - 1 n - 2 .... + 1
+ + + 2 n +1
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 n(n + 1)(n + 2) By addition, Sn = – 1.
n+2
n2 + 3
is ​ ________ ​
12(n + 1) Example 14: Sum to n terms of the series
1 2x 3x2
Solution tr, the rth term of the series is given by + + + ...
x + 1 ( x + 1)( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
n – r +1
tr =
r (r + 1)(r + 2) Solution Here
1 1 nx n -1
= (n + 1) – - un =
r (r + 1)(r + 2) (r + 1)(r + 2) ( x + 1)( x + 2) .... ( x + n)
È1 1 1 ˘ È 1 1 ˘
= (n + 1) Í – + ˙ –Í – ˙ ( x + n) x n -1 - x n
Î 2r r + 1 2(r + 2) ˚ Î r + 1 r + 2 ˚ =
( x + 1)( x + 2) .... ( x + n)
[resolving into partial fractions]
x n -1
=
È1 Ê 1 1 ˆ 1Ê 1 1 ˆ˘ ( x + 1)( x + 2) .... ( x + n - 1)
= (n + 1) Í Á – ˜ – Á – ˜˙ xn
Î 2 Ë r r + 1¯ 2 Ë r + 1 r + 2 ¯ ˚ -
( x + 1)( x + 2) .... ( x + n)
È 1 1 ˘ x
-Í - ˙ u1 = 1 – ,
Îr + 1 r + 2 ˚ x +1
n + 1Ê 1 1 ˆ Ê n +1 ˆ Ê 1 1 ˆ x x2
= – - + 1˜ Á -
u2 = - ,
2 ÁË r r + 1˜¯ ÁË 2 ¯ Ë r + 1 r + 2 ˜¯ x + 1 ( x + 1)( x + 2)
x2 x3
n u3 = - , ......
Ê n + 1ˆ Ê 1 ˆ Ê n + 3ˆ Ê 1 1 ˆ ( x + 1)( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
⇒ Â tr = Á ˜ Á 1- ˜ -Á ˜ -
r =1 Ë 2 ˯ n + 1¯ Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 n + 2 ˜¯
Á
x n -1
un =
n n+3 n+3 n(n + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2) ... ( x + n - 1)
= - + =
2 4 2(n + 2) 4(n + 2)
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
Sequence and Series 3.47

On equating coefficients we have three equations involving

xn
- the two unknowns A and B, and our assumption will be correct
( x + 1)( x + 2) .... ( x + n) if values of A and B can be found to satisfy all three.
xn Equating coefficients of n2, we obtain A = 0.
∴ Sn = 1 . 1
( x + 1)( x + 2) .... ( x + n) Equating the absolute terms, –1 = 2B; that is B = – ​ __ ​; and
2
it will be found that these values of A and B satisfy the third
Example 15: Find the sum of n terms of the series equation.
5 1 7 1 9 1 11 1 1 1 1 1
. + . 2+ . + . + ... ∴ un = . - . ;
1.2 3 2.3 3 3.4 33 4.5 34 2 3.7...(4 n - 5) 2 3.7...(4 n - 5)(4 n - 1)
2n + 3 1 1 1 1
Solution Here un = . hence Sn = - .
n(n + 1) 3n 2 2 2.7.11....(4 n - 1)
2n + 3 A B Example 18: Sum to n terms
Assuming = +
n(n + 1) n n + 1
È 1 2 3 4 ˘
Í1.3 + 1.3.5 + 1.3.5.7 + 1.3.5.7.9 + ....˙
we find A = 3, B = –1. Î ˚
n
Ê3 1 ˆ 1 1 1 1 1 Solution tn =
Hence un = Á - = . - . , and there- 1.3.5..........(2 n + 1)
Ë n n + 1˜¯ 3n n 3n -1 n + 1 3n
1 1 1 (2 n + 1) - 1
fore Sn = 1 – . = .
n + 1 3n 2 1.3.5......( 2 n + 1)

Example 16: Find the sum of n terms of the series 1È 1 1 ˘

= -
2.2 + 6.4 + 12.8 + 20.16 + 30.32 + ....
Í
2 Î1.3.5...........(2 n - 1) 1.3.5.........(2 n + 1) ˙˚
In the series 2, 6, 12, 20, 30,.... the nth term is n2 + n; hence
1
tn = (n2 + n)2n. = __
​   ​(Tn –1 – Tn)
2
Assume (n2 + n) 2n = (An2 + Bn + C) 2n – {A(n – 1)2 +
B(n – 1) + C}2n – 1; dividing out by 2n – 1 and equating coef- ∴ 2tn = Tn – 1 – Tn
ficients of like powers of n, we have Ê 1 ˆ
2 = A, 2 = 2A + B, 0 = C – A + B; ÁË where Tn = 1.3.5.......(2 n + 1) ˜¯

whence A = 2, B = – 2, C = 4. n
2Sn = Â 2tn + 2t1 = (T1 – T2) + (T2 – T3)
∴ tn = (2n2 – 2n + 4)2n – {2(n – 1)2 – 2(n – 1) n= 2
n –1 + ........ + Tn –1 – Tn
+ 4}2 ;
and Sn = (2n2 – 2n + 4)2n – 4 = (n2 – n + 2)2n+1 – 4. 1 1 1
⇒ 2Sn = 2 . + -
1.3 1.3 1.3.5.......(2 n + 1)
Example 17: Find the sum of n terms of the series
1È 1 ˘
1 3 5 7 ⇒ Sn = 1-
+ + + + .... 2 Î 1.3.5..........(2 n + 1) ˙˚
Í
3 3.7 3.7.11 3.7.11.15
2n - 1 Example 19: Find the sum of
The nth term is
3.7.11....(4 n - 5)(4 n - 1) 2 3
3 1 4 Ê 1ˆ 5 Ê 1ˆ
. + . . . + ... to n terms.
2n - 1 1.2 2 2.3 ÁË 2 ˜¯ 3.4 ÁË 2 ˜¯
Solution Assume
3.7....(4 n - 5)(4 n - 1)
n n
A(n + 1) + B An + B Solution tn = 3 + (n - 1) ÊÁ 1 ˆ˜ = n + 2 ÊÁ 1 ˆ˜
= - n(n + 1) Ë 2 ¯ n(n + 1) Ë 2 ¯
3.7...(4 n - 1) 3.7...(4 n - 5) n
Ê2 1 ˆ Ê 1ˆ
∴ 2n – 1 = An + (A + B) – (An + B) (4n – 1). tn = Á -
Ë n n + 1˜¯ ÁË 2 ˜¯
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
3.48 Comprehensive Algebra I for JEE Main and Advanced

Solution Let Sn = 8 + 16 + 24 + ..... to n terms

n n r
∴ Ê 2ˆÊ ˆ 1 1
Sn =  tr =  ÁË - ˜¯ ÁË 2 ˜¯ 5 65 325
r =1 r =1 r r + 1
n Ê 8rˆ
Ê 21 - r
n 1 ˆ = ÂÁ ˜
= Â Á - r ˜
4
r =1 Ë 4r + 1¯
i =1 Ë r 2 (r + 1) ¯
n 8r
n Ê 1 1 ˆ
= ÂÁ - = Â
2˜ 2
r -1 r =1 (2r - 2r + 1)(2r 2 + 2r + 1)
i =1 Ë r .2 (r + 1).2 ¯

Ê 1 ˆ Ê 1 1 ˆ n Ê 1 1 ˆ
= Á 1 - 1 ˜ + Á 1 - + = 2Â Á 2 -
Ë 2.2 ¯ Ë 2.2 3.22 ˜¯ 2 ˜
r =1 Ë (2r - 2r + 1) (2r + 2r + 1) ¯

Ê 1 1 ˆ Ê 1 1 ˆ
ÁË 2 - 3 ˜¯
+ .........+ Á n -1 - n˜ È1 1 1 1 1 1
3.2 4.2 Ë n.2 (n + 1).2 ¯ = 2 Í - + - + - .... + 2
ÍÎ1 5 5 13 13 (2 n - 2 n + 1)
1
= 1 - n 1 ˘
2 (n + 1) - ˙
2
(2 n + 2 n + 1) ˙˚
Example 20: Evaluate sum of n terms of the series
È 1 ˘ 4 n2 + 4 n
8 16 24 = 2 Í1 - ˙ =
+ + + ..... Î 2 n2 + 2 n + 1 ˚ 2 n2 + 2 n + 1
5 65 325

Sum the following series to n terms and to 6. Find the sum of n terms of the series whose nth terms
infinity are:
1 1 1 2n + 3 1
1. + + + ..... (i) . , (ii) n! . n,
1. 4 . 7 4 . 7 . 10 7 . 10 . 13 n(n + 1) 3n
1 3 5 7 n+2 n2 (n2 - 1)
2. + + + + ... (iii) (iv)
1. 2 . 3 2 . 3 . 4 3 . 4 . 5 4 . 5 . 6 n(n + 1)(n + 3) 4 n2 - 1
n
Sum the following series to n terms (v)
1.3.5.....(2 n + 1)
3. 1 . 5 . 9 + 2 . 6 10 + 3 . 7 11 + ... 7. Find the sum of the infinite series
1 1.3 1.3.5 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
4. + + + ...... + + + + ...
2.4 2.4.6 2.4.6.8 3 32 33 34
32 52 72 8. Find the sum of n terms of the series
5. 12 + + + + ..... 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1
2 2 2 23 . + . 2+ . 3+ . + ....
1.2 2 2.3 2 3.4 2 4.5 2 4

We may write
3.14 summation of terms
u [{a + (n + r )b} - {a + (n - 1)b}]
having factors in a.p. un = n
(r + 1)b
1. To find the sum of n terms of a series in which each term
is the product of r factors in A.P. and also the first factors of un {a + (n + r )b}
If we put vn = ,
all terms are in the same A.P. (r + 1)b
Let tn (nth term) = (a + nb) {a + (n + 1)b} .... un -1{a + (n + r - 1)b}
vn -1 =
{a + (n + r – 1)b}, where a, b and r are constants. (r + 1)b
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
Sequence and Series 3.49

un {a + (n - 1)b} To determine C, we put n = 1.

= .
(r + 1)b 1.2.3. 4 9.1.2.3 21.1.2
1.5.9 = + + +C
∴  un = vn – vn–1. 4 3 2
n or, 45 = 45 + C   or,   C = 0.
∴  Sn = Â un = vn – v0.
n =1 È n2 + 5n + 6 21 ˘
∴ Sn = n(n + 1) Í + 3n + 6 + ˙
Here v0 is independent of n. For this we can write. ÎÍ 4 2 ˙˚

Rule to write: n(n + 1) 2

  = [ n + 17n + 72]
u .{a + (n + r )b} 4
Sn = vn + C = n +C.
(r + 1)b n(n + 1) (n + 8) (n + 9)
  = .
C is determined by taking some particular values of n. 4
Example 1: Show that the sum to n terms of the series 2. To find the sum of n terms of a series in which each term
whose rth term is is the reciprocal of the product of r factors in A.P. and the
first factors of the denominators of all terms are also in
12(3r – 1) (3r + 2) (3r + 5) is (3n – 1)(3n + 2) (3n + 5)
the same A.P.
(3n + 8) + 80.
Solution Here un = 12(3n – 1) (3n + 2) (3n + 5). The 1
Let un = .
three factors 3n – 1, 3n + 2 and 3n + 5 are in A.P. with c.d. 3. (a + nb) {a + (n + 1)b}
Moreover the first factors of the terms from the beginning are ....{a + (n + r - 1)b}
2, 5, 8, ..... . These are also in A.P. with the same c.d. 3.
1
We may write un =
12(3n - 1) (3n + 2) (3n + 5) (3n + 8) (r - 1)b
∴ Sn = +C
(3 + 1).3 {a + (n + r - 1)b} - (a + nb)
To find out C, we put n = 1 and we have S1 = u1. (a + nb) {(a + (n + 1)b}...{a + (n + r - 1)b}

12 . 2 . 5 . 8 . 11
∴ 12 . 2 . 5. 8 = +C 1
4.3 =
(r - 1)b
Ê 11 ˆ
or, C = 12 . 2 . 5. 8 Á 1 - ˜ = 80. È a + (n - 1)b
Ë 12 ¯ Í{a + (n - 1)b} (a + nb) .... {a + (n + r - 2)b} -
Î
Thus the sum of n terms
= (3n – 1) (3n + 2) (3n + 5) (3n + 8) + 80. a + nb ˘
(a + nb) {a + (n + 1)b}....{a + (n + r - 1)b} ˙˚
Example 2: Find the sum of n terms of the series 1.5.9
+ 2.6.10 + 3.7.11 + .... . = vn–1 – vn,

Solution Here un = n(n + 4) (n + 8). where

The factors of un are in A.P. with the c.d. 4 but the first factors a + nb
vn =
of all terms are not in the same A.P. Thus the sum of this series (r - 1) b(a + nb) {a + (n + 1)b}
cannot be found out directly. ...{a + (n + r - 1)b}
   un = n{(n + 1) + 3} {(n + 2) + 6}
∴ Sn = v0 – vn.
= n(n + 1) (n + 2) + 6n(n + 1) + 3n(n + 2) + 18n
= n(n + 1) (n + 2) + 6n(n + 1) + 3n{(n + 1) + 1}+ 18n v0 is independent of n, so we can write
= n(n + 1) (n + 2) + 9n(n + 1) + 21n. (a + nb)un
Sn = C – .
n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (r - 1)b
Now Sn = +
4.1
The constant C is found out by taking some particular value
9n(n + 1) (n + 2) 21n(n + 1) of n.
+ + C.
3.1 2.1 Rule to write:
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
3.50 Comprehensive Algebra I for JEE Main and Advanced

Ê first factor of the ˆ 3 1

ÁË ¥ un =C– +
deno. of un ˜¯ n + 3 (n + 2)(n + 3)
Sn = C -
Ê number of factors inˆ 4 3 1 2
ÁË the deno. of u - 1˜¯ ¥ c.d. Putting n = 1, _____ ​   ​= C – __
​   ​+ ___
​   ​= C – __
​   ​, or,
n 2.3.4 4 3.4 3
1 __
__ 2 __ 5
C = ​   ​+ ​   ​= ​   ​
Example 3: Find the sum of the following series 6 3 6
1 1 1 5 3n + 5
+ + + ..... to infinity. ∴ Sn = -
1.3.5 3.5.7 5.7.9 6 (n + 2)(n + 3)
Solution First factor of the denominator of Example 5: Find the sum of the series
un = 1 + (n – 1)2 = 2n – 1 and 1 1 1
+ + + ...... to n terms
1 1.3.7 3.5.9 5.7.11
un =
(2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3) 1
Solution Here un =
The denominator consists of three factors which are in A.P. (2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 5)
with the c.d. 2. Moreover the first factors of the denominators 2n + 3
of all terms are also in the same A.P. =
(2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)(2 n + 5)
2n - 1 1 2n + 5 - 2
Thus Sn = C – .
(2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3) 2.2 =
(2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)(2 n + 5)
1 1
=C– =
4(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3) (2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)
1 1 1
Putting n = 1, _____
​   ​= C – _____
​   ​ -
1.3.5 4.3.5 (2 n - 1)(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)(2 n + 5)

1 Ê 1 ˆ ___ 1 1
or, C = 1 + ˜ = ​   ​ Now Sn = C -
3.5 Á
Ë 4 ¯ 12 (2 n + 1)(2 n + 3).2.2
2
1 1 +
∴ Sn = ___
​   ​– (2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)(2 n + 5).3.2
12 4(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)
Putting
1
Now lim Sn =
n Æ• 12 1 1 1
n = 1, =C- +
1 1.3.7 3.5.4 3.5.7.3.
Hence the sum of the infinite series is ___
​   ​.
12 17
  = C - 3.3.4.5.7
Example 4: Find the sum to ‘n terms of the series
3r + 1 1 17 11
whose rth term is or + =
(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3) 1.3.7 3.3.4.5.7 180
4 7 10 11 6 n + 11
Solution The series is + + + ... ∴ Sn = -
2.3.4 3.4.5 4.5.6 180 12(2 n + 1)(2 n + 3)(2 n + 5)
3n + 1 If should be noticed that the above rule is only applicable to
un =
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) cases in which the factors of each terms form an arithmetical
progression, and the first factors of the several terms are in the
3n + 3 - 2
   = same arithmetical progression,
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
Thus the sum of the series
3 2 1. 3. 5 + 2. 4. 6 + 3.5.7 + .... to n terms, may be found as
= -
(n + 2)(n + 3) (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) follows:
Here un = (n + 2) (n + 4) = {(n +1) + 1}{(n + 2) + 2}
3 2
Sn = C – + = n (n + 1) (n + 2) + 2n (n + 1) + n (n + 2) + 2n
(n + 3)(2 - 1).1 (n + 2)(n + 3)(3 - 1).1
= n (n + 1) (n + 2) + 3n (n + 1) + 3n.
 Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts
Sequence and Series 3.51

The rule can now be applied to each term; thus f(n) = A + Bn + Cn (n + 1) + Dn(n + 1) (n + 2) + ....,
1 where A, B, C, D,..... are undetermined constants p + 1 in
Sn = __
​   ​n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) + n (n + 1) (n + 2)
4 number.
3
+ __
​   ​n (n + 1) + 0 This identity being true for all values of n, we may equate
2 the coefficients of like powers of n; we thus obtain p + 1
1
__ simple equations to determine the p + 1 constants.
= ​   ​n (n + 1) (n + 4) (n + 5),
4
the constant being zero. Example 6: Find the sum of n terms of the series whose
general term is n4 + 6n3 + 5n2.
 Note: To find the result of such summations the fol-
lowing result is useful: Solution Assume n4 + 6n3 + 5n2 = A + Bn + Cn ( + 1)
Consider the sum of terms having r consecutive natural + Dn (n + 1) (n + 2) + En(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3);
numbers as factors Equating coefficients of like powers of n, since this is an
identity, gives A = 0, B = 0, C = – 6, D = 0, E = 1.
Sn = 1 · 2 · 3 · · · r + 2 · 3 · 4 · · · (r + 1)
Thus n4 + 6n3 + 5n2 = n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) – 6n
+ 3 · 4 · 5 · · · (r + 2) + .............upto n terms
(n + 1).
1
Tn = _____
​   ​n(n + 1)(n + 2)· · · (n + r – 1) [(n + r) Hence
r+1
– (n – 1)] 1
Sn = ​ __ ​n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
1 5
∴ T1 = _____
​   ​[1 · 2 · 3 · · · (r + 1) – 0] – 2n (n + 1) (n + 2)
r+1
1
__ 2
1 = ​   ​n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 7n + 2).
T2 = _____
​   ​[2 · 3 · 4 · · · (r + 2) – 1 · 2 · 3 · · · (r + 1)] 5
r+1
............................................................... Example 7: Sum to terms the series
1 6.9 + 12.21 + 20.37 + 30.57 + 42.81 +.....
Tn = _____
​   ​[n(n + 1)(n + 2)· · · (n + r)
r+1 Solution We find that the nth term of the series
– (n – 1)n(n + 1)· · · (n + r – 1)]
6, 12, 20, 30, 42,.... is n2 + 3n + 2,
1
_____
∴ Sn = STn = ​   ​[n(n + 1)(n + 2)· · · (n + r)] and the nth term of the series
r+1
1 9, 21, 37, 57, 81,.... is 2n2 + 6n + 1.
Sn = _____
​   ​n(n + 1)(n + 2)· · · (n + r).
r+1 Hence t = (n + 1) (n + 2) {2n (n + 3) + 1}
n
When the nth term of a series is a rational integral function = 2n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) + (n + 1) (n + 2);
of n it can be expressed in a form which will enable us readily
2
to apply the method given above. ∴ Sn = ​ __ ​n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
5
For suppose f(n) is a rational function of n of degree p, and 1
assume + ​ __ ​(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) – 2
3

1. Find the sum to n terms of 4. Find the sum of the following series
1.3 + 4.7 + 9.13 + 16.21 + 25.31 +........ 1 1 1 1
+ + + ..... to infinity.
2. Find the sum to n terms of 1.4 2.5 3.6 4.7
1.5.9 + 2.6.10 + 3.7.11 +........
5. Find the sum to n terms and to infinity :
3. Find the sum to n terms of
1 1 1
1.3.22 + 2.4.32 + 3.5.42 +........ + + + .......
2 . 4 . 8 4 . 6 . 8 6 . 8 . 12