GIT

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RABBI INNI LIMA ANZALTA ILAYYA MIN KHAYRIN
FAQEER

GIT 2017 (44/99)

• Adverse effects of cimetidine is reversible gynecomastia

• Niacin is formed by tryptophan
• Porta hepatis does NOT have hepatic vein

• Inferior epigastric artery is medial to deep inguinal ring

• Celiac disease: patients have to avoid gluten containing diet
throughout the life, chronic fatigue, chronic diarrhea, bloating and
malabsorption. wheat precipitates the clinical features
• Lacunar ligament(gimbernats lig.) forms the medial boundary of the
femoral ring
• Glucose-6-phosphatase(G6P) is deficient in von gierke disease
• Liver biopsy is taken from 8-10 intercostal space at mid-axillary line
• Hepatitis A virus belongs to picornaviruses class of RNA virus
• Ph of saliva Is 6-7
• Submucosal glands are present in duodenum(brunners glands)
• Hemorrhage is the most common complication of peptic ulcers
• Celiac artery gives rise to hepatic artery

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• Cystic duct and common hepatic duct joins to form the common bile
duct
• The hexose monophosphate shunt(HMP) occurs in cytosol
• Inf. Mesenteric artery does not supply the anal canal below the anal
valve
• Achalasia: lower esophageal sphincter is defective
• Gastroparesis: impaired GIT motility
• Peyers patches are lymphoid aggregates in ileum
• Presence of hepatitis B surface antibodies in routine blood test
indicates past infection and vaccination to hepatitis B
• Alcohol and gallstones cause acute pancreatitis
• Splenomegally can be assessed through x-ray
• Fissure for ligamentum teres does not form the boundary of the
caudate lobe of the liver
• H. pylori causes cancer in peptic ulcers
• H. pylori is the most common cause of chronic gastritis
• Stool antigen test is the most accurate test for H.pylori infection
• MALT lymphoma is associated with the H.pylori
• Swallowing relaxes gastro esophageal and pharyngoesophageal
sphincter, inhibits respiratory center
• 3rd part of the duodenum is crossed by the root of the mesentery of
the small intestine
• barrets esophagus has velvety red patches
• HMG-CoA reductase is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol
synthesis(major regulatory enzyme)
• acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the rate limiting enzyme of fatty acid
synthesis
• Acini of all salivary glands is the source of primary salivary secretion
• Transversus abdominis is originated by the lateral part of the inguinal
ligament
• Informational continuity: aspect of health care that deals with the
communication of patient care, diagnosis, management, drugs
between doctor and patient
• Epigastric hernia is between xiphisternum and umbilicus
• 12 ATPS are produced as a result of acid cycle

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• Na2co3(sodium bicarbonate) antacid is responsible for causing
metabolic or systemic alkalosis
• Paneth cells are present in the depths of intestinal glands
• Enteroendocrine cells present throughout the length of the small
intestine
• Parietal (oxyntic) cells present throughout deeper parts of the gland
• M (microfold) cells overlying the lymphoid follicles of Peyer patches
• Cystic artery supplies the gallbladder
• Lysosomal storage disease occurs due to decrease in enzyme function
• Pepsin digests protein in stomach
• Familial hypercholesterolemia is autosomal dominant
• Pancreatic amylase is responsible for the digestion of carbs in
duodenum
• Trypsin is responsible for digesting protein in the duodenum
• Transversus abdominis covering the superficial ring does not
compensate for the weakness of the anterior abdominal wall
• Glucuronate is a product of uronic acid pathway
• Left gastric artery does not supply the pancreas
• IVC drains into right atrium
• Superior mesenteric and splenic vein combine to form hepatic portal
vein
• Blood from the kidneys do not directly drain into the hepatic portal
vein
• Splenic flexure of colon is not anterior to the right kidney
• Indirect inguinal hernia is subcutaneous swelling in the groin of a
multipara women
• Cholelithiasis: dark urine, clay colored stool, scleral icterus, and yellow
skin
• Crigler-najjar syndrome is responsible for pathologically high levels of
unconjugated bilirubin in a new borns blood
• Physiological jaundice of the new born occurs due to temporarily low
glucornyl transferase activity
• Diazotized sulfanilic acid serves as a medium for measurement of
bilirubin in serum
• Succinyl CoA to succinate involves substrate level phosphorylation

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• T-cell lymphoma is a common complication of the celiac disease
• Propionate can be used to make glucose via gluconeogenesis
• RBC cannot oxidize fatty acids
• Jaundice is not associate with portal hypertension
• Hyperlipidemia is most likely to be found with DM
• Glycogen phosphorylase is responsible for cleaving off glucose-1-
phosphate from the peripheral end of a long branch of glycogen during
glycogenolysis
• Whipple disease is caused by a pathogen that invades the small
intestine
• b/w the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer of small
bowel is the myenteric plexus located
• auerbachs plexus is located in muscularis externa of GIT
• lumen is not part of GIT wall
• broad based ulcers is a feature of ulcerative colitis
• lysine does not take part in transamination
• the ilioinguinal nerve passed through superficial inguinal ring
• gallbladder can hold upto 50ml of bile
• parietal cells secrete HCL and intrinsic factor
• IVC hiatus lies at T8
• External anal sphincter is affected when the inferior rectal vessels are
damaged
• Haustra is in large intestine
• Large intestine does not have plicae circulares (not a feature of colon)
• Bile canaliculi arise from intercellular spaces between hepatocytes, not
a part of extrahepatic biliary system
• Gliadin peptides is the major cause of celiac disease
• Enterokinase activates trypsinogen
• Trypsin activates most other GIT enzymes
• Saliva is the only neutral GIT secretion
• Enteric nervous system controls GI secretion and motility
• Villi in large intestine absorbs materials
• LFT is used to test for non alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)
• Alanine aminotransferase predominantly increase during liver failure
• Barium sulphate compound is commonly used as radiocontrast dye

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• Upward and anterior movement of larynx during swallowing
• GERD: contents from the stomach move up into the esophagus
• Inferior pancreaticoduodenal vein(ant) does not directly drain into the
portal vein
• McArdle disease - muscle glycogen phosphorylase
• Pompe disease - lysosomal-a-1,4-glucosidase
• Hers disease - liver glycogen phosphorylase

RABBI INNI LIMA ANZALTA ILAYYA MIN KHAYRIN

FAQEER

2018(99)

• Avg. life span of intestinal epithelial cells is 5 days

• Sup and inf salivatory nucleus controls the secretion of the salivary
glands
• CCK influences the pancreatic secretion of digestive enzymes
• Contents of bile canaliculi drains into canal of hering
• Caudate lobe is the autonomous zone of the liver
• Metoclopramide can cause extrapyramidal side effects
• Hepatic artery delivers oxygenated blood to liver
• Index case is the first identified case
• Function of liver: storage of glycogen, vitamin and mineral,
metabolism of fat, protein and carbs, detoxification of chemicals and
bile production and secretion
• Normal BMI: 18.5-24.9
• Bicarbonate ion is a predominant ion in the pancreatic juice
• Parietal cells have fried egg appearance
• Phosphoglycerate kinase is involved in both glycolysis and
gluconeogenesis
• H20 is needed for the conversion of fumarate into malate during krebs
cycle
• Treatment of hyperammonemia is limit protein in diet

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• Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of G cells
• People with barretts esophagus has an increase risk of developing
adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
• Space of disse does NOT have kupffer cells
• Glycogenin is involved in the formation of glycogen
• Non-compliance:patient who is not adhering to the treatment
• Compliance -> doctor patient relationship
• Von-gierkes disease has hyperglycemia
• Ileocolic artery gives rise to a branch that supplies the appendix
• G6PD is the rate limiting enzyme in the oxidative phase of HMP shunt
• Albumin is exclusively synthesized by the liver
• Avg peak age for the onset of IBD is early 20s
• In the cytosol,HMG CoA synthase is involved in the synthesis of
cholesterol as well as ketone bodies
• Sup. Mesenteric artery does not supply superior region of the head of
the pancreas
• Left gastric artery provides blood supply to the abdominal esophagus
• Ligamentum venosum does not form the boundary of the quadrate
lobe of the liver
• In choledochoduodenostomy , the anastomosis is created between a
portion of the duodenum and common bile buct
• Stomach lies anterior to spleen
• Chylomicrons have the most triglycerides and the least density
• Omeprazole largely suppresses the gastric acid secretion
• Steatosis is abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver cells
• Lesser omentum extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the
stomach
• Gastroduodenal artery is most likely to bleed in duodenal ulcer
• 1st step of cholesterol synthesis occurs in cytosol
• trypsinogen is present in the secretion of pancreas
• creatinine is a metabolite of phosphocreatine
• third stage of starvation is depletion of the muscle tissue

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• esophageal varices is caused by alcoholic hematemesis
• misoprostol is effective against NSAID-induced peptic ulcer
• hyperactive ->peristaltic waves were heard after every 3 seconds
• normal gut sounds are heard after 5-10 seconds
• massive necrosis in centrilboular area will occur as a result of
acetaminophen overdose
• simple branched tubular gland is in body of stomach
• 2 molecules of co2 are produced in each krebs cycle
• sigmoid colon is not present at the level of L1 vertebrae
• pentose phosphate pathway occurs in cytosol
• gallbladder has perimuscular dense ct, no muscularis mucosa and
submucosa, epithelium with folds, and thin smooth muscles oriented
diagonally
• LDL transports cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues
• NADPH is the direct end product of HMP shunt
• Stomach has longitudinal folds on its inner lining and submucosal
glands are absent
• Iron is in haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome and transferrin
• Primary case: first case of a communicable disease in a population
• Myosin light chain phosphatase is required to stop contraction in
smooth muscles
• Cremasteric reflex is L1-L2
• Ilioinguinal nerve is not among the constituents of the spermatic cord
• Gastric carcinoma is associated with H. pylori infection

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• 300-400g/day is the normal protein turnover in the adults
• lesser curvature is the most common site for gastric ulcer
• liver biopsy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is done to
confirm NAFLD
• urease in H.pylori creates an alkaline environment
• sinusoidal obstruction is in sickle cell disease
• antacids give quick relief from gastric irritation
• hepatic sinusoidal space is in direct contact with hepatocytes
• citrulline and arginine are not incorporated in cellular proteins because
there is no codon for them
• bile salts acts as a detergent
• superior mesenteric artery is anterior to 3rd part of duodenum just
above the root of mesentery
• urinary bladder is found at the level of sacroiliac joint
• complexes 1,3 and 4 are proton pumps
• NADPH and glutathione peroxidase serves to protect erythrocytes
• RES degrade haemoglobin
• Insulin activates acetyl carboxylase by dephosphorylation on fatty acid
metabolism
• Mucous secreting cells and gastrin secreting cells are present in pyloric
glands
• Mutations in MEN1 gene can be a possible cause of peptic ulcer
disease
• During gluconeogenesis, the firs step is the conversion of pyruvate to
phosphoenolpyruvate , the enzyme catalysing the reaction is pyruvate
carboxylase
• A patient with decompensated chronic liver disease presents with
abdominal distention, he has moderate ascites, fluid thrill can confirm
the examination
• Inferior coronary ligament is formed by the peritoneum connecting the
diaphragm with the diaphragmatic surface of the liver
• Subhepatic recess is between the right lobe of liver and right kidney

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RABBI INNI LIMA ANZALTA ILAYYA MIN KHAYRIN
FAQEER

2019(76-116)

• Weight gain is NOT a hallmark of malabsorption

• The abdominal aorta descends anterior to T12-L4
• H+ ions is pumped into the intermembrane space from the matrix of
mitochondrion
• Hyperammonemia has symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy, slurring
of speech, and blurring of vision
• Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate, furing krebs cucle is
catalysed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
• Liver glycogen decreases in starvation
• Dereased glutamate,GABA, and alpha ketoglutarate will be the lab in
hyperammonemia
• 0.1-1.2 mg/dl is the normal serum bilirubin concentration
• HMG CoA reductase activity is increased by insulin
• In smooth muscles troponin is replaced by calmodulin
• Exocrine pancreas has serous secretory unit
• Trypsin is abundantly released by pancreas
• Leptin secreted by adipose tissue increases insulin sensitivity
• Indirect inguinal hernia is lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
• H.pylori gastritis presents with increased intraepithelial neutrophils
and lymphoid aggregations deep into gastric tissue
• 10th thoracic nerve supplies the dermatome that is involved in
referring the pain from the appendix to the umbilical region
• epithelium of esophagus has protective and secretory function
• gastrin promotes stomach emptying
• colon has columnar epithelium and intestinal glands
• chronic gastritis: vomiting, nausea, upper abdominal discomfort, but
no hematemesis
• thiocyanate ion is present in saliva to kill microbes

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• lysozymes are antimicrobial in saliva
• secretin stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate ions in the intestine
• the neck of the pancreas where the portal vein is formed is at L2
• the bile salts are absorbed at terminal ileum by active transport
• meckels diverticulum is formed at ileo-cecal junction, also at the
mesenteric border of the ileum
• a barium swallow test is done, following the pylorus of the stomach
there is triangular structure and a c-shaped loop, this structure is
duodenal cap
• esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (vomiting after first
feed and unable to breath in a new born)
• aluminium hydroxide impairs the absorption of tetracyclines
• indirect inguinal hernia has hernia sac within the spermatic cord
• glucokinase is involved in the phosphorylation of glucose in the beta
cells of pancreas
• in smooth muscles the cycling of myosin heads is slower than in
skeletal muscles because myosin heads have less ATPase activity
• cancer from right breast can spread through lymph to the liver via
lymph vessels draining bare area
• IV drug abuse is the most common means of spread of hepatitis C in
western countries
• Pain in the back and infrascapular region due to gallstones is
transmitted through C3-C5
• Omeprazole is the quickest treatment for ulcer
• Too much anaerobic respiration -> lactic acidosis
• Krebs cycle generates energy by generating ATP and electron carriers
• The apparatus required for krebs cycle is present only in mitochondria
• Oxaloacetate regulates the krebs cycle because it is the starting point
of the cycle
• Anaerobic respiration occurs in strenuous exercise
• Head of the pancreas lies in the curve of the duodenum
• The left gastric artery originates from celiac trunk
• Fumarase is needed for the conversion of fumarate into malate during
krebs cycle
• High urea levels -> blood sugar level will increase

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• Most common cause of gastric ulcer in antrum is H. pylori
• Splenic artery supplies blood to the pancreas
• Suprarenal glands are not present anterior to the kidney
• Villous atrophy is seen in celiac disease
• An increase in SGPT occurs in liver disease
• Right colic artery supplies the superior ascending colon and the right
colic flexure
• In the wheel mode of disease causation the central core represents
genetic makeup of host
• Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in synthesis of
glycerol for triglyceride synthesis
• Gastric impression on the visceral surface of liver is formed by
anterior-superior surface of stomach
• In DM liver is most affected
• Hematoma, below the umbilicus in the rectus sheath is due to the
rupture of inferior epigastric artery
• Acetyl-CoA is the common intermediate in carb, fat and protein
metabolism
• The carbon skeleton of glycerol is made from glucose
• Diuresis best explains the cause of dehydration in Diabetics
• Pompes disease is the lysosomal storage disease characterized by the
accumulation of complex sugars in the body tissues
• Chylomicrons enter the blood through intestine
• Bone disease does not cause an increase in gamma-glutamyl
transpeptidase
• Case report diagnosis, treatment, novel, occurrence, and demographic
of a patient
• Short gastric arteries are branch of the splenic artery
• Hepatits C is single strant RNA with envelope
• Root of mesentery is reflected off duodenum
• Iliohypogastric nerve carries sensation for lower anterior abdomen
• Superior mesenteric artery supplies the jejunum
• Cilia is not an absorptive feature of the small intestine
• Complex 1 of ETC carries NADH to NAD+
• Travellers are most commonly affected with hepatitis A

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• Nasogastric tube is inserted 56cm
• The ability of food to increase blood glucose level is the glycemic index

RABBI INNI LIMA ANZALTA ILAYYA MIN KHAYRIN

FAQEER

2020

• Insulin decreases gluconeogenesis

• Superior mesenteric artery does not give rise to left colic artery
• In the final step of glycolysis, the production of pyruvate from
phosphoenolpyruvate is an example of substrate level
phosphorylation
• The development of midgut has rapid elongation, herniation, and
rotation of the midgut loop, the rotation of the midgut loop tkes
place around superior mesenteric artery
• Hepatogastric ligament forms the lesser ommentum
• Gallbladder concentrates and stores bile by absorbing sodium,
chloride and water
• Reflux from cecum plays a role in feedback control of the ileocecal
valve
• Descending colon is a retroperitoneal structure
• An accessory hepatic duct, if accidentally cut during
cholcystetectomy will cause biliary leakage
• Celiac artery gives blood supply to foregut derivatives
• Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is the rate limitng enzyme of the
urea cycle
• The dietary fats after absorption are transported as chylomicrons
• Uncinate process of the pancreas is behind the superior mesenteric
vessels
• Goblet cells are not in stomach
• Pancreas forms the bed of the stomach, right kidney DOES NOT

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 • Midgut loops 270degrees counter clockwise
• The generation of one molecule of succinate in krebs cycle yields
GTP
• Uncinate process is projection from the inferior part of the
pancreatic head extending medially to the left
• NG tube is used to administer charcoal as antidote in barbiturates
poisoning

RABBI INNI LIMA ANZALTA ILAYYA MIN KHAYRIN

FAQEER

2021

• raised serum amylase level is often seen in alcohol abuse patients

• plicae: permanent folds in the wall of intestine, containing a core of
submucosa

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• pectineus is not a muscle of the posterior abdominal wall
• the dilalatation felt in external haemorrhoids is due to the
tributaries of inferior rectal vein
• SMA gives rise to iliocolic artery that supplies the cecum
• Vermiform appendix: appendicular artery is a branch of the
posterior cecal artery, its commonest point is rectocecal, arises
from the posteromedial side of the cecum, and is an intraperitoneal
structure

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 • Anterior wall of the first inch of the duodenal ulcer perforates into
the greater sac
• At transpyloric plane: hilum of kidney, neck of pancreas,
duodenojejunal junction, pyloru of the stomach
• Iliohypogastric nerve is NOT a component of the rectus sheath
• Mcburneys point: junction of lateral 1/3rd and medial 2/3rd joining a
line between the right anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus
• Pectinate line is a point of demarcation bw the somatic and visceral
portions of the anal canal, venous drainage into the caval system is
present below the pectinate line
• Spleen is most likely to be damaged as a result of trauma in left
hypochondrium
• Blood is transported into the liver by the hepatic portal vein from
intestine
• Hepatic portal system carries blood from digestive system to the
liver
• Pyloric part of the stomach has deep pits
• Small intestine does not have kupffer cells( has microfold goblet
paneth and absorptive cells)
• Goblet cells: mucus secreting cell of the gut that originate from
pluripotent stem cells
• Normal herniation of gut in a fetus is : accompanied by the counter-
clockwise rotation of herniated gut loop
• H+ ions in the antrum decreases gastric secretion
• Salivary cells secrete kalikren that activates a vasodilator present in
the blood , allowing for increased nutrition to the salivary glands
• Inhibiton of H-K ATPase will suppress gastric acid secretion
maximally
• CCK may be responsible for pain in RUQ after taking a fat meal
• Gastrin promotes gastric emptying
• Cck will be released by intestine after a fatty meal
• Gallstones are more common in females, frequent constituent is
cholesterol
• Zymogen granules from pancreatic acinar cells are released by CCK

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 • Mucus, major constituent of large intestinal secretion contains a lot
of HCO3- ion
• Bicarbonate from pancreas helps neutralize chymes acidity
• Liver predominatly maintains blood glucose, as it contains glucose 6
posphatase while muscles donot contain this enzyme
• Glycerol is a precursor of gluconeogenesis
• Phosphoglycerate kinase is a glycolytic enzyme that’s used in
gluconeogenesis
• Succinate dehydrogenase of TCA is located in the inner
mitochondrial membrane
• In TCA acetyl Co A is formed from pyruvate by oxidative
decarboxylation
• Our body can get pentoses from HMP shunt
• Glycogen synthesis needs UTP as a prerequisite
• Liver and muscle have highest total glycogen content
• Citric acid is a regulator of the enzyme glycogen synthase
•

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RABBI INNI LIMA ANZALTA ILAYYA MIN KHAYRIN
FAQEER

2022

• The superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein forms the portal
vein
• Abdominal esophagus is supplied by left gastric artery
• Nerves and blood vessels are not present in gallbladder
• 5 concentric layers can be visualised in esophagus in Hight
resolution transducer
• strangulated hernia: sudden onset of pain an dswelling becomes
tense and tender
• ascites secondary to an increase in hydrostatic pressure solely
occurs in cirrhosis
• child pugh score > 9 is the primary prophylaxis in spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis
• meckels diverticulum is present on the anti mesenteric border of
the ileum, ileal diverticulum, ectopic pancreatic tissue, due to
persistent vitelline duct, 2% of population
• CHRONS DISEASE: chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, apthous ulcer,
deep linear fissures, non caseating ranuloma in the lamin propria.
And SKIPPED areas of affected tissue .wheres as ulcerative colitis
has continuous inflammation
• Omphalocele is the failure of physiological herniation of the gut in
the yolk sac
• Duodenum has villi and submucosal glands(brunners)
• Colon has taenia coli, crypts of lieberkuhn, numerous goblet cells
and glands in the muscosa
• Cystic vein is not a tributary of the portal vein
• Filtered blood exits the liver via hepatic vein
• Spleen is most vulnerable to trauma on the left side in 9-11 ribs
• Tail of pancreas is intraperitoneal and rest is retroperitoneal

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 • Cystic duct does not open into the 2nd part of duodenum
• Ampulla of vater, pancreatic duct, bile duct and accessory
pancreatic duct open into 2nd part of duodenum
• Internal oblique and transversus abdominis resists the herniation of
inguinal hernia
• Incisura angularis is between body and pyloric part of stomach
• Superior 2/3rd of stomach drains into enlarged gastric nodes
• Pancreatico splenic nodes are located along the short gastric and
left gastro omental arteries
• Transversus abdomins is innervated by t5-t12
• Cremasteric reflex: stroking the medial aspect of the thigh in reflex
contraction and retraction of the testis
• The reflected inguinal ligament receives fibers from the
contralateral aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique
• Medial inguinal fossa is a site for direct inguinal hernia
• Para umbilical vein when dilated produces caput medusa
• Pelvic splanchnic nerves convey preganglionic parasympathetic
fibers to the inferior hypogastric plexus
• Hypertrophic pancreatic tissue can be seen in meckels diverticulum
• Pancreas: serous glands of compound tubuloaacinar variety,
pyramidal serous cells and specialized pale, low cuboidal epithelial
cells, numerous spherical cell clusters are also scattered
• Parenchyma of the liver is the derivative of hepatic bud
• Dorsal pancreatic duct: head, body, neck and tail
• A new borns failure to pass meconium within the first 24hours after
birth may indicate hirchsprungs disease
• Double bubble gas shadow, bilious vomiting, polyhydromainos is
duodenal atresia
• Esophageal atresia with distal TEF is most common
• Increase in motility and tone by stimulation of PSNS
• Secretion of gastric hormone is increased by products of protein
digestion
• Cholinergic receptor stimulation causes max gastric acid secretion
• PgE inhibits gastric acid secretion by action on the parietal cells
• Hepcidin prevents absorption of IRON

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 • Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate is a reaction that
occurs in gluconeogenesis but not in glycolysis
• During ET a pair of electron is accepted by NADH by NADH-
coenzyme Q reductase
• Chemosmotic theory for oxidative phosphorylation proposes ATP
generation via proton gradient
• Phophofructokinase is an enzyme of the glycolysis pathway that is
activated due to low levels of cellular ATP
• Enzymes of TCA in eukaryotes are located in mitochondria
• Accumulation of glutamine and glutamate causes hepatic
encephalopathy
• Digestion of lipids, amylopectin, complex carbs and amylose start in
mouth
• Storage of vit B12 is one of the functions of the liver related to
blood formation
• Liver glycogenolysis is done during fasting
• Android Is more than 0.8 waist to hip ratio(apple shaped), gynoid is
less than 0.8(pear shaped)
• Upper body obesity is linked with health risk becs of adipose
deposits release FFA into portal vein
• Number is not affected during voluntary weight loss
• Ghrelin inc food intake and physical acivity
• Hepatic vein thrombosis in caput medusa
• Intestinal metaplasia in barrrets, metaplasia
• Hcv episodic elevation of serum aminotransferase levels
• Antibodies against hep B suface antigen in blood indicats a
complete recovery or immunity
• Staph aureus. Nonspecific bacterial sialedenitis frequently involving
submandibular glands
• Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common tumor of the parotid
gland
• Acute gastritis: superficial mucosal defect and mucosal neutrophilic
infiltrate
• Chronic gastritis has lymphocytic infiltrates and glandular atrophy
• Cholestasis is a reversible hepatic response ot injury

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 • Transverse mesocolon forms the stomach bed
• Histamine stimulates gastric acid secretion
• Vagally mediated gastric acid secretion is partially mediated by GRP
• Hydrogen ion secretion by parietal cells occur through H-K atpase
• Left gastric artery supplies blood to lesser curvature of the stomach
and most likely to be eroded in an ulcer of lesser curvature
• Parietal cells in normal mucosa of stomach
• The pain in epigastric region in peptic ulcer is referred through
greater splanchnic
• Duodenal alkalinity increase gastric acid secretion
• The appendicular artery is a branch of ileocolic artery
• Paneth cells in small intestine
• Cremasteric muscle is supplied by genital branch of genitofemoral
nerve
• Stomach has 3 LAYERS and not so deep pits(inner oblique, middle
circular and outer longitudinal
• Leucine and lysine are ketogenic,aa that that are converted to
acetyl coA cannot be used for gluconeogenesis becs acetyl coa can
not be converted to pyruvate
• Cirrhosis:hematemesis, fluid wave indicating abdominal distention
(esophageal varices and ascites)
• Gallbladder has no submucosa
• acetylcoA us used in the synthesis of cholesterol, rate limitng step is
synthesis of mevalonate
• rectus abdominis is supplied by lower six thoracic nerves
• in TS imaging of the peritoneal cavity the splenorenal ligament
(omental bursa)connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall
and the left kidney
• hepatic stellate cells(ITO) are in space of disse
• marasmus is lack of calorie more than protein
• the hepatic artery proper passes through hepatoduodenal ligament
before entering the liver it is a branch of common hepatic artery
• the coronary ligament attaches the liver to diaphragm
• most vit b12 is absorbed in ileum

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 • rectum has comparatively smooth muscularis externa as compared
to descending colon
• gallbladder secretes its secretion in hartmans pouch present
between it neck and the cystic duct
• posterior boundary of the omental foramen or foramen of winslow
is formed by peritoneum of IVC
• the rectus abdominis muscle originates from the pubic crest, pubic
tubercle and pubic symphysis and inserts on the costal cartilage of
5-8 and flexes the trunk
• bradykinin and pg are responsible for causing pain in inflammation
• gallbladder receives its innervaton by c3-c5
• mesoderm gives rise to the muscularis externa of the gut
• MMC activity in git during periods of fasting

RABBI INNI LIMA ANZALTA ILAYYA MIN KHAYRIN

FAQEER

2023

• Endoscopy with tissue biopsy and culture is the gold standard for
the diagnosis of H. pylori infection
• Spleen: intraperitoneal, sup border is notched, lies along the axis of
left 10th rib, ant end reaches the left mid axillary line
• Storage of bile will be e=affected with cholecystectomy
• Sup. Anal sphincter has three parts: deep, superficial and
subcutaneous
• Pain increased after taking meal -> gastric ulcer (weight loss)
• Relieved after taking meal -> duodenal ulcer (weight gain)
• RUQ pain radiating to the right scapula and shoulder, pain at the
costal margin at the tip of the 9th costal cartilage is GALL
BLADDER(CHOLECYSTITS)
• POST. ABDOMINAL MUSCLE: PSAS MAJOR, MINOR, quadratus
lumborum, iliacus, transverse abdominis

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 • SMA will be occluded if there is thrombus in the vasa recta of the
small intestine
• The short gastric arteries are the pathways that can spread cancer
cells through pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes
• Ascending colon is supplied by RIGHT COLIC ARTERY
• The core of the soft palate, cheek and lips is made up of soft tissue:
stratified squamous non keratinized
• Paneth cells of intestine are for innate immunity in intestinal crypts
• Rectum, distal 1/3 of transverse colon, the descending colon and
sigmoid -> hindgut supplied by IMA
• Distal half of ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and Proximal
2/3 f transverse colon -> midgut supplied by SMA
• Hepatic cells secrete bile by the 12th week, hepatic sinusoids are
formed by intermingling of umbilical and vitelline veins, kupffer
cells develop from the mesoderm of septum transversum, cystic
duct develops from bile duct
• Cystic duct and common hepatic duct combines to form the
common bile duct
• Glut5 is responsible for transporting fructose across the brush
border epithelium of the small intestine
• Isomaltase breaks down 1,6 glycosidic linkages
• Fatty food -> slowest gastric emptying
• Pharyngeal stage (swallowing)-> respiration inhibited (chewing,
vomiting, and coughing)
• Parotid glands secrete the highest conc. Of alpha amylase for starch
digestion
• Increased acidity -> decreases gastrin secretion
• Less pancreatic lipase -> decreased formation of micelles
• Slow wave: ileum: 8/min, stomach: 3/min, duodenum: 12/min
generated by interstitial cells of cajal
• Saliva: hypotonic, high bicarbonate, and is inhibited by vagotomy
• Chymotrypsin -> digestion of protein
• motilin: fasting
• pancreas secretes trypsin inhibitor by acinar cells to prevent its
autodigestion

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 • hepatic bile: more Na and water , gallbladder bile: more bilirubin,
cholesterol, lecithin, and bile salts
• oxygen is the final acceptor of electron in ETC and forms byproduct
of H2O
• LIVER regulates glucose levels during prolonged fasting
• Pyruvate is metabolized into lactate by LDH
• ATP + H20 are formed by oxidative phosphorylation
• Kernicterus: deposition of indirect bilirubin in the brain
• Glutathione depends on the product of the HMP pathway and has a
very important role in the protection of RBC
• Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase
• Haemolytic anemia: unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
• Dubin Johnson syndrome is autosomal recessive
• Acute pancreatitis:epigastric pain radiating to mid back , elevated
serum amylase and lipase levels, grey turners sign(discoloration
around flank and umbilicus)
• Chronic pancreatitis: recurrent epigastric pain, weight loss,
malabsorption of nutrients and presence of multiple areas of
calcification
• Autoimmune pancreatitis: duct centric mixed inflammatory cell
infiltrate venulitis and increased plasma cells
• Fibrosis and acinar cells loss in Chronic pancreatitis not in acute
• Volvulus: symptoms of obstruction as well as compromised blood
supply
• Urea breath test confirms the diagnosis accurately for h. pylori
• Presence of antinuclear antibodies and smooth muscle antibodies
along with elevated liver enzyme is a hallmark of autoimmune
hepatitis
• Bilirubin: level more than 2-2.5 mg/dl -> jaundice
• First line treatment for biliary atresia is kasai portoenterostomy
• Diffuse gastric carcinoma: linitis plastic signet ring cells
• Portal vein thrombosis pt. have no symptom
• Microscopy of stool in saline and iodine is the best diagnostic test
for intestinal parasites
• Vitamin D deficiency-> rickets is most common in pak

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 • Hep A and B has preventable vaccines available for it
• Infectious cases of hep A in highly endemic areas is asymptomatic
• Liver biopsy is done to assess and diagnose the degree of the
inflammation and extent of fibrosis
• Acute hep has high bilirubin and yellow skin and sclera
• Git most fat absorption takes place in small intestine

Woah.. glad you are done with theory

Now time for ospes

OSPE

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BY UNAIZA YASIR(DMC27)
THAT’S IT FOR GIT
Please remember me in your prayers

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