DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

YEAR/SEMESTER-II/III

FLUIDMECHANICSANDMACHINERYLABORATORY LAB
MANUAL FOR STUDENTS

NAME :
DEPARTMENT :
YEAR/SEMESTER :
A LIST OF BASIC SAFETY RULES

1
Page
Page
2
 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB

1. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Orificemeter.

2. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Venturimeter.

3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Roto meter.

4. Determination of friction factor of given set of pipes.

5. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of centrifugal pump.

6. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of reciprocating pump..

7. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Pelton wheel.

8. Conducting experiments an d drawing the characteristics curves of Francis turbine.

Page
5
 DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN

ORIFICEMETER
EXNO:

DATE:

AIM

To determine the theoretical discharge through the passage using orificemeter and to find the

co-efficient of discharge of the given orifice meter.

DESCRIPTION

Orifice meter has two sections. First one is of area a1, and second one of area a2, it
does not have throat like venturimeter but a small holes on a plate fixed along the diameter of pipe.
The mercury level should not fluctuate because it would come out of manometer.

APPARATUSREQUIRED

1. Orificemeter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank

4. Stop watch

5. Scale

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the length and breadth of the collecting tank.

L = m.

B = m.

2. Opentherespectivevalveinthepipelineandclosealltheothervalves.Adjusttheflow suitably
3. Note the left limb reading(h1)and the right limb reading (h2) m of the manometer.

Close the drain valve of the collecting tank.

Find the time taken for 10cm(t)rise of water level in the collecting tank.
6
Page
OBSERVATIONANDRESULT TABULATION:
DIAMETER OF THE PIPE INLET (d1) = m LENGTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m
ORIFICE DIAMETER (d2) = m BREADTHOFTHECOLLECTING TANK = m

MANOMETERREADINGS Diff of head Time Cd =Qact/

h taken for Qact Qthe
S.NO 10cmrise
(m) 3
m /sec 3
m /sec Qthe
h1 h2 h1-h2 of water
(cm) (cm) (m) In the
tank (T)
sec

average =
 4. Repeat the experiment for the different flow rates and through different flow meters

FORMULAE

1. ACTUALDISCHARGE

Ax R/ t (m3 /sec)

Where,

A=Area of collecting tank in m2.

A = L x Bm2

R=Height of collected water in tank=10cm(0.1m)

t=Timetakenfor10 cm rise of water

2. THEORETICALDISCHARGE

Qthe= K√h m3/sec.

Where,

K=a1 x a2 √2g / √ ( a12-a22)

a1=Areaofinletpipein,m2a1=
4 x d12
a2=Area of the throat in m2

a2=4x d22

g =Specify gravity in m /sec2

g =9.81 m/sec2

h =h1-h2(sm/s2-1) mof water column.

h1=Mano metric head in the first limbs(m)

h2=Mano metric head in the second limbs (m)

Sm= Specific Gravity of Mercury (13.6)

8
Page
MODELCALCULATIONS

9
Page
 Sw=Specific Gravity of Water(1)

3. CO-EFFICIENTOFDISCHARGE

Cd=Qact/Qthe(no units)

RESULT

 HEADVSACTUALDISCHARGE(Qact)

The difference of head is increased when Qactis increasing.

 QtheVs Qact

The Qtheis increased when Qactis increasing.

 Cdvs Qact

Cd is increased when Qactis increasing.

The coefficient of discharge through orificemeter is………(No unit)

Thusthecoefficientofdischargeofthegivenorificemeterisfoundusingthetabulation, calculation and
graph.
10 Page
 11
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING
EXNO: DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN

DATE: VENTURIMETER

AIM

To determine the theoretical discharge through the passage using orifice meter and to find
the co-efficient of discharge of the given venturi meter.

DESCRIPTION
Venturi meter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The former is
represented as a1and the later is a2water or any other liquid flows through the venturimeter and it
passes to the throat area the value of discharge is same at a1and a2.

APPARATUSREQUIRED

1. Venturi meter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank

4. Stop watch

5. Scale

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the length and breadth of the collecting tank.

L = m.

B = m.

2. Open the respective valve in the pipe line and close all the other valves. Adjust the flow
suitably
3. Note the left limb reading (h1)m and the right limb reading(h2)m of the manometer.

4. Close the drain valve of the collecting tank.

5. Find the time taken for10cm (t) rise of water level in the collecting tank.
12
Page
CIVIL ENGINEERING
RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING

OBSERVATIONANDRESULT TABULATION:
DIAMETER OF THE PIPE INLET (d1) = m LENGTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m
ORIFICE DIAMETER (d2) = m BREADTHOFTHECOLLECTING TANK = m

MANOMETERREADINGS Diff of head Time Cd=Qact/

h taken for Qact Qthe
S.NO 10cmrise
(m) 3
m /sec 3
m /sec Qthe
h1 h2 h1-h2 of water
(cm) (cm) (m) In the
tank (T)
sec

average =
 13
Page
 6. Repeat the experiment for the different flow rates and through different flow meters

FORMULAE

1. ACTUALDISCHARGE

Qact=Ax R/ t(m3 /sec)

Where,

A=Area of collecting tank in m2.

A = L x Bm2

R=Height of collected water in tank=10cm(0.1m)

t=Timetakenfor10 cm rise of water

2. THEORETICALDISCHARGE

Qthe= K√h m3/sec.

Where,

K=a1 x a2 √2g / √ ( a12-a22)

a1=Areaofinletpipein,m2a1=
4 x d12
a2=Area of the throat in m2

a2=4x d22

g =Specify Gravity in m/sec2

g = 9.81 m/sec2

h =h1-h2(sm/s2-1)mof water column.

h1=Mano metric head in the first limbs(m)

h2=Mano metric head in the second limbs(m)

Sm= Specific Gravity of Mercury (13.6)

Sw=Specific Gravity of Water (1)

14
Page
 MODELCALCUALATION

15
Page

ENGINEERING
 3. CO-EFFICIENTOFDISCHARGE

Cd=Qact/Qthe(no units)

RESULT

 HEADVSACTUALDISCHARGE(Qact)

The difference of head is increased when Qactis increasing.

 QtheVs Qact

The Qtheis increased when Qactis increasing.

 Cdvs Qact

Cd is increased when Qactis increasing.

The co efficient of dis`charge through venturimeter is……… (No unit)

Thusthecoefficientofdischargeofthegivenventurimeterisfoundusingthetabulation, calculation and
graph.
16 Page
Page
17
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

23
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

EXNO: DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF

DATE: GIVEN SET OF PIPES

AIM

To find the friction ‘f’ for the given pipe.

DESCRIPTION
When liquid flows through a pipeline it is subjected to frictional resistance. The
frictional resistance depends upon the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of the pipe
wil lbe more the frictional resistance.The loss of head between selected lengths of the pipe is
observed.

APPARATUSREQUIRED
1. A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping
2. Differential u-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank with piezo meter
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale

PROCEDURE

1. The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal dimensions of the collecting
tank and the length of the pipe line is measured.
2. Keeping the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened
3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs h1 and h2
are noted
4. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flowrate and then the
corresponding readings are noted

FORMULAE

1. FRICTIONFACTOR(F)

f = 2 x g x d x hf/l x v2
24
Page

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 OBSERVATIONANDRESULT TABULATION:
DIAMETER OF THE PIPE (d1) = m LENGTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m
LENGTHOFTHE PIPE (l )= m BREADTHOFTHECOLLECTINGTANK = m

MANOMETERREADINGS Diff of head Time Friction

h taken for Velocity Qact factor(f)
S.NO 10cmrise V
h1( h2( h1-h2(m) (m) 3
m /sec
of water 3
m /sec
cm) cm) In the
tank (T)
sec

average =

25
Page
 Where,
g=Acceleration due to gravity(m / sec2)
d=Diameter of the pipe(m)
l=Length of the pipe(m)
v =Velocity of liquid flowing in the pipe (m /s)
hf=Loss of head due to friction (m)
hf =h1-h2(sm/ sw-1)mof water column.

h1=Mano metric head in the first limbs

h2=Mano metric head in the second limbs

Sm=specific gravity of mercury(13.6)

Sw=specific gravity of water(1)

2. VELOCITYOFLIQUIDFLOWINGINTHEPIPE
V= Qact/ area m3/sec
Where,
Area=areaofthepipem2
=
π/4 xd2m2

3. ACTUALDISCHARGE

Qact=Ax R/ t(m3 /sec)

Where,

A=Area of collecting tank in m2

A = L x Bm2

R=Height of collected water in tank=10 cm(0.1m)

t=Timetakenfor10 cm rise of water

26
Page
MODELCALCULATIONS

27
Page
RESULT:
1. The frictional factor ‘f‘ for given pipe =--------------x10-2(no unit)

2. The friction factor for given pipe by graphical method =--------------x10-2(no unit)
28
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Page
29
EXNO: CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
DATE: CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OFCENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM
To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.

DESCRIPTION

PRIMING
The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion delivery pipe
for the removal of air before starting is called priming. After priming the impeller is rotated by a
prime mover. The rotating vane gives a centrifugal head to the pump. When the pump attains a
constant speed, the delivery valve is gradually opened. The water flows in a radially outward
direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at the outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure. Now
kinetic energy is gradually converted in to pressure energy. The high-pressure water is through the
delivery pipe to the required height

APPARATUSREQUIRED
1. Centrifugal pump setup
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch

PROCEDURE
1. Prime the pump close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in
collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for10 revolutions of energy meter disc

FORMULAE
30
Page
 OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
LENGTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m
BREADTHOFTHECOLLECTINGTANK = m

Time Time
Pressure Vaccum Total Taken Taken for
S.NO Gauge Gauge Head ‘H’ for 10rev of Discharge Q Input Power Output Efficiency
Readings Readings m of 10cmrise energy m3 /sec Kw Power %
(P) (V) Water of water meter (t) Kw
Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2 in the sec
tank (T)
sec

average =

31
Page
1. ACTUALDISCHARGE

Qact=Ax R/ t(m3 /sec)

Where,

A=Area of collecting tank in m2

A = L x Bm2

R=Height of collected water in tank=10cm(0.1m)

t=Timetakenfor10 cm rise of water

2. INPUTPOWER
I/P= (3600xNrx efficiency) /(E x T) (KW)

Where,
Nr=Number of revolutions of energymeterdisc10

E=Energy meter constant1600 (rev / Kw hr)

T=time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions(seconds) sec

3. OUTPUTPOWER:
Po= ρ xg x Q xH / 1000KW

Where,
ρ =Density of water (kg/m³)
g=Acceleration due to gravity(m/s2) H
= Total head of water(m)
TOTALHEAD

H =Hd +Hs
H=Delivery pressure +Vaccum pressure/pwxg Where,
Hd=Px0.981x10-5
P=Delivery pressure gauge reading
Since,
1kg/cm2 =9.81x104N/m2=0.981 bar
32
Page
MODELCALCULATION
 Where,

Hs =V x1.013x105/ 760 m of H2O

Since,
Where, V=Vaccum Gauge reading

1Atm.pr=1.013 bar =1x105N/m2=760mm of Hg=10.32 mof H2O

PW=Density of water = 1000kg/m3

TOTALHEADH =(Px0.981x10-5+(vx1.013 x105/760mofH2O)/pwx9.81

5. EFFICIENCY:

η=(Output power o/p/Input Power I/p)x100 %

Where,
O/p=Output power KW
I/ p = Input power KW
MODELCALCULATION
RESULT

 EFFICIENCYVSDISCHARGE
Thus efficiency is increasing when the discharge is decreasing.
 INPUTPOWERVSDISCHARGE
Thus input power is decrease when the Discharge is decreasing
 TOTALHEADVSDISCHARGE

Thus total head is increasing when the discharge is decreasing

Thus the performance characteristics of the given single stage centrifugal pump is observed
and the corresponding graphs are drawn.
 37
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING
EXNO: CONDUCTING EXPERIMENT SAND DRAWING THE
DATE: CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM
To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.

APPARATUSREQUIRED
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch

PROCEDURE
1. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for10 cm rise of water level in
collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for10 revolutions of energy meter disc

FORMULAE

1.
ACTUALDISCHARGE(Qact)

Qact=Ax R/ t(m3 /sec)

Where,

A=Area of collecting tank in m2

A = L x Bm2

R=Height of collected water in tank=10cm(0.1m)

t=Timetakenfor10 cm rise of water

38
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING
 OBSERVATIONANDRESULT TABULATION:
CIVIL ENGINEERING
RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING LENGTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m STROKE LENGTH ( L )= m
BREADTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m SPEED OF THE CRANK (rpm) = rpm

Time Time
Pressure Vaccum Total Taken Taken for
S.NO Gauge Gauge Head for 10rev of Actual Theoretical % slip Input Output Efficiency
Readings Readings ‘H’ mof 10cmrise energy Discharge discharge Power Power %
(P) (V) Water of water meter (t) Qact Qthe Kw Kw
Kg/cm 2
Kg/cm2 in the sec m3/sec m3/sec
tank (T)
sec
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
average =

39
Page
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Qthe = a LN/ 60 m3/sec

Where,
a=cross sectional area of cylinder=a=π/4xd2m2L =
stroke length in m = 0.045 m
N=crank speed in rpm=326 rpm
d=diameter of the pipe
3. SLIP
SLIP=(Qthe -Qact/Qthe)x100

4. INPUTPOWER
I/P= (3600 x Nrx1000)/ (Nex T) (W)

Where,
Nr=Number of revolutions of energymeterdisc10

Ne=Energymeterconstant1600 (rev/ KW hr)

T=time taken for‘ Nr’ revolutions (seconds) sec

5. OUTPUTPOWER:
Po= ρ xg x Q xH / 1000 N / sec KW

Where,
ρ =Density of water (kg/m³)
g=Acceleration due to gravity(m/s2) H
= Total head of water (m)
TOTALHEAD

H =Hd +Hs
Where,
Hd=DeliveryGaugeReadingx104/Density of Water(m)
Density of water=1000kg/ m3
Where,
Hs=(Density of Mercury/Density of Water x Suction Gauge Reading)x1000m
40
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

MODELCALCULATIONS

41
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Density of Mercury=13600kg/m3
5. EFFICIENCY
η= (Output power o/p/input power I/p)x 100%
Where,
O/p=Output power KW
I/ p = Input power KW

42
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

MODELCALCULATIONS

43
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

RESULT
Efficiency of the pump was calculated. From the graph and tabulation the performance of the
reciprocating pump was analyzed.
44
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

45
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

EXNO: CONDUCTINGEXPERIMENTSANDDRAWINGTHE
DATE: CHARACTERISTICSCURVESOFGEAROIL PUMP

AIM
Todrawthe characteristics curvesof gearoil pumpandalsoto determineefficiencyofgiven
gearoilpump.

DESCRIPTION:
The gear oil pump consists of two identical intermeshing spur wheels working with a
fine clearance inside the casing. The wheels are so designed that they form a fluid tight joint at the
point of contact. One of the wheels is keyed to driving shaft and the other revolves as the driven
wheel.
The pump is first filled with the oil before it starts. As the gear rotates, the oil istrapped
in between their teeth and is flown to the discharge end round the casing. The rotating gears build-up
sufficient pressure to force the oil in to the delivery pipe.

APPARATUSREQUIRED
1. Gearoilpumpsetup
2. Meterscale
3. Stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. Thegear oil pump is stated.
2. Thedeliverygaugereadingis adjusted fortherequired value.
3. Thecorrespondingsuctiongauge readingis noted.
4. Thetimetakenfor‘N’revolutionsintheenergymeterisnotedwiththehelpofa
stopwatch.
5. Thetimetakenfor‘h’riseinoillevelisalsonoteddownafterclosingthegate valve.
6. With thehelp ofthemeterscalethedistancebetween thesuction and deliverygauge
isnoted.
7. Forcalculatingthe areaofthecollectingtank itsdimensions arenoted down.
8. Theexperimentis repeatedfordifferent deliverygaugereadings.
9. Finallythereadingsaretabulated

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING
46
Page

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 CIVIL ENGINEERING
RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING
OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
LENGTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m
BREADTHOFTHECOLLECTINGTANK = m

Time Time
Pressure Vaccum Total takenfor takenfor
S.NO Gauge Gauge Head‘H’ 10cmrise 10rev of DischargeQ Input Power OutputPower Efficiency
Readings Readings m of of water energy m3 /sec Kw Kw %
(P) (V) Water in the meter (t)
Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2 tank (T) sec

sec
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
average =

47
Page
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

FORMULAE
1. ACTUALDISCHARGE(Qact)

Qact=Ax R/ t(m3 /sec)

Where,

A=Areaofcollectingtank in m2

A = L x Bm2

R=Heightof collected waterintank=10cm(0.1m)

t=Timetakenfor10 cmriseof water

2. INPUTPOWER
I/P= (3600 x Nrx1000)/ (Nex T) (W)

Where,
Nr=Number ofrevolutions of energymeterdisc10

Ne=Energymeterconstant1600 (rev/ KW hr)

T=timetakenfor‘Nr’revolutions(seconds) sec

3. OUTPUTPOWER:
Po= ρoilx g xQ x H/ 1000 KW

Where,
ρ = Densityof oil825(kg/m³)
g=Accelerationduetogravity(m/s2) H =
Total head of oil (m)
TOTALHEAD

H =Hd +Hs
H=Deliverypressure+Vaccumpressure/poilxg Where,
Hd=Px0.981x10-5
P=Deliverypressuregaugereading
Since,
1kg/cm2 =9.81x104N/m2=0.981 bar
48

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
Page

ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

MODELCALCULATIONS

49
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Where,

Hs =V x1.013x105/ 760 m ofH2O

V=Vaccum Gaugereading
Since,

1Atm.pr=1.013 bar =1x105 N/m2=760mm ofHg=10.32 mof H2O

TOTAL HEADH= (Px 0.981x 10-5+ (v x 1.013 x 105/ 760 mofH2O)/ poilx 9.81

5. EFFICIENCY:
η=(Outputpowero/p /InputpowerI/p)
Where,
O/p=OutputpowerKW I/
p = Input power KW

50
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

MODEL CALCULATIONS

51
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

RESULT
Thustheperformancecharacteristicofgearoilpumpwasstudiedandmaximumefficiency was
found to be.....................%
52
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

EXNO: CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE CHARACTERIST

DATE

AIM
To conduct load test on Pelton wheel turbine and to study the characteristics of Pelton
wheel turbine

DESCRIPTION
Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to act on high loads and for
generating electricity. All the available heads are classified in to velocity energy by means of spear
and nozzle arrangement. Position of the jet strikes the knife-edge of the buckets with least relative
resistances and shocks. While passing along the buckets the velocity of the water is reduced and
hence an impulse force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and hence shaft is rotated

APPARATUSREQUIRED
1. Venturimeter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Deadweight

PROCEDURE
1. The Pelton wheel turbine is started.
2. All the weight in the hanger is removed.
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and it is to be maintained constant for
different loads.
4. The Venturimeter readings are noted down.
5. The spring balance reading and speed of the turbine are also noted down.
6. A5Kgload is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding readings are noted down.
7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and thereadings are tabulated.
54

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Page

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 CIVIL ENGINEERING
RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING

OBSERVATIONANDRESULT TABULATION:
DIAMETER OF THE PIPE INLET (d1) = m LENGTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m
ORIFICE DIAMETER (d2) = m BREADTHOFTHECOLLECTING TANK = m

VENTURIMETER
WEIGHT WEIGHT NET TURBINE
S INLET Flow SPEED OF OFG
Total READINGS WEIGHT OUTPUT
PRESSU ratio N HANGER BALANC IP KW OPKW
head Q T
. RE p1( p2( P3 T1 ET2
N cm) cm) (cm)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
O

average =

55
Page
 FORMULAE
1. VENTURIMETE RREADING:
h = (p1 -p2) x 10
Where
P1,P2-Venturimeterreadings in kg/cm2
2. TODETERMINEHEAD

Turbine Pressure Gauge Reading=Pkg/cm2Total

Head, H = p x 10 m of water
3. INPUTTOTHETURBINE
INPUT = 9.81 x Q x H KW

4. TURBINEOUT PUT
Break Drum Diameter = 0.2 m
Rope Diameter =0.015 m
Equ Drum Dia =0.215 m
Hanger Diameter =Po– 1 kg
Weight =T1kg
Spring Load =T2kg
Resultant Load, t =(T-T2+To)kg
Speed of turbine rpm =N
Turbine Output = 0.0011 NT KW

5. TURBINEEFFICIENCY

Turbine Efficiency =(Output/Input)x100

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING
56
Page

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
MODELCALCULATIONS

57
Page

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 RESULT
Thus the performance characteristic of the PeltonWheelTurbine is done and `the
maximum efficiency of the turbine is..............%
58
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 59
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 EXNO: CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE CHARACTERISTIC
DATE:

AIM
ToconductloadtestonFrancisturbineandtostudythe characteristicsofFrancisturbine

APPARATUSREQUIRED
1. Stop watch
2. Tachometer

DESCRIPTION
Modern Francis turbine in an inward mixed flow reaction turbine it is a medium head turbine.
Hence it required medium quantity of water. The water under pressure from the penstock enters the
squirrel casing. The casing completely surrounds the series of fixed vanes. The guides’ vanes direct
the waterontotherunner.Thewaterenterstherunner oftheturbine inthedialdirectionatoutletand
leavesin theaxial directionat theinletof therunner. Thus itis amixed flow turbine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Stop watch
2. Tachometer

PROCEDURE
1. TheFrancisturbineisstarted
2. Alltheweightsinthe hangerare removed
3. Thepressuregaugereadingisnoteddownandthisistobe maintainedconstantfordifferent loads
4. Pressuregaugereadingisascended down
5. TheVenturi meterreadingand speedof turbine arenoted down
6. Theexperimentisrepeatedfordifferentloadsandthereadingsare tabulated.

FORMULAE
1. VENTURIMETER READING
PressureDifference(dh)=(p1-p2)x10m,ofwater Venturimeter
Equation , Q = 0.0055 dh = 0.5 m3/sec

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
60

ENGINEERING
Page

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 CIVIL ENGINEERING
RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING

OBSERVATIONANDRESULT TABULATION:

VENTURIMETER
WEIGHT WEIGHT NET TURBINE
S.NO INLET Flow SPEED OF OFG
Total READINGS WEIGHT OUTPUT
PRESSURE ratio N HANGER BALANC IP KW OP KW
head Q T
p1( p2( P3 T1 ET2
cm) cm) (cm)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
average =

61
Page
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Where,
P1,P2-Venturimeter readingsinkg/cm2
Determineinlethead of water,h=10(ftxv/760)mof water

Inputtotheturbine=1000QH/75 hp
= 9.81 QH KW
2. TURBINEOUT PUT
BreakDrum Diameter =0.2 m
RopeDiameter =0.015 m
EquDrum Dia =0.215 m
Hangerweight =1 kg
Weight =T1kg
SpringLoad =T2kg
ResultantLoad,t =(T-T2+To) kg
Speedofturbinerpm =Nrpm
TurbineOutput = (3.14x Q x N x T) / 75 x 60 m
= 0.00011 KW
3. TURBINEEFFICIENCY
η = (Output/ Input)x 100

62
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

MODELCALCULATIONS

63
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

RESULT
ThustheperformancecharacteristicoftheFranciswheelturbineisdoneandthe
maximum efficiency of the turbine is..................%
64
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

65
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

EXNO CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE CHARACTERISTICS

DATE

AIM
Tostudythe characteristics of aKaplan turbine

DESCRIPTION
Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine used in dams and reservoirs of low height to
convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. They are best suited for low headssay
from 10m to 5 m. the specific speed ranges from 200 to 1000
The flow through the pipelines into the turbine is measured with the office meter fitted in the
pipeline. A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure difference across the orifice meter.
The net pressure difference across the turbine output torque is measured with a pressure gauge and
vacuum gauge. The turbine output torque is determined with the rope brake drum. A tachometer is
used to measure the rpm.

APPARATUSREQUIRED
1. Venturimeter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Deadweight

EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE
1. Keeptherunnervane atrequireopening
2. Keeptheguidevanesatrequiredopening
3. Primethe pump if necessary
4. Closethemain sluicevalveand theystart the pump.
5. Openthesluicevalvefortherequireddischargewhenthepumpmotor switches from
star to delta mode.
6. Loadtheturbinebyaddingweightsintheweighthanger.Openthebrakedrum
cooling water gate valve for cooling the brake drum.
7. Measuretheturbine rpm with tachometer

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING
66
Page

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 CIVIL ENGINEERING
RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING

OBSERVATIONANDRESULT TABULATION:

VENTURIMETER
WEIGHT WEIGHT NET TURBINE
S INLET Flow SPEED OF OFG
Total READINGS WEIGHT OUTPUT
PRESSU ratio N HANGER BALANC IP KW OP KW
head Q T
. RE p1( p2( P3 T1 ET2
N
O
cm) cm) (cm)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
average =

67
Page
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

8. Notethepressuregaugeandvacuumgaugereadings
9. Notetheorificemeterpressurereadings.Repeattheexperimentsforother loads

FORMULAE
1. VENTURIMETER READING
PressureDifference(dh)=(p1-p2)x10m,ofwater
Venturimeter Equation , Q = 0.0055 dh = 0.5 m 3/sec
Where,
P1,P2-Venturimeter readingsinkg/cm2

Determineinlethead of water,h=10(ftxv/760)mof water

Inputtotheturbine= 1000QH/75 hp
= 9.81 QH KW
2. TURBINEOUT PUT
BreakDrum Diameter =0.2 m
RopeDiameter =0.015 m
EquDrum Dia =0.215 m
Hangerweight =1 kg
Weight =T1kg
SpringLoad =T2kg
ResultantLoad,t =(T-T2+To) kg
Speedofturbinerpm =Nrpm
TurbineOutput = (3.14x Q x N x T) / 75 x 60 m
= 0.00011 KW
3. TURBINEEFFICIENCY
η=(Output /Input)x 100 68
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

MODELCALCULATIONS

69
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

RESULT
ThustheperformancecharacteristicoftheKaplanturbineisdoneandthe
maximum efficiency of the turbine is..................%
70
Page

RVSFACULTYOFENGINEERING CIVIL
ENGINEERING

www.Vidyarthiplus.com