Maths formula Sheet

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

Basic formulae:
Antiderivatives or integrals of some of the widely used functions (integrands) are given below:
d æ xn +1 ö n n xn +1
n ç
ç
÷= x
÷
dx è n + 1 ø
Þ ò x dx = n +1
+c , n ¹ – 1

d 1 1
n
dx
(ln | x | ) =
x
Þ ò x dx = ln | x | +c
d x
n (e ) = e x Þ òe
x
dx = e x +c
dx
d x ax
n (a ) = (a x lna) Þ x
ò a dx = +c (a > 0)
dx lna
d
n
dx
(sin x) = cos x Þ ò cos x dx = sin x +c
d
n
dx
( cos x) = - sin x Þ ò sin x dx = - cos x + c
d
n ( tan x) = sec 2 x Þ ò sec
2
x dx = tan x +c
dx
d
n
dx
( cos ec x) = ( - cot x cos ec x) Þ ò cos ecx cot x dx = - cos ecx +c
d
n
dx
( sec x) = sec x tan x Þ ò sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
d
n (cot x) = - cos ec 2 x Þ ò cos ec
2
x dx = - cot x + c
dx
d æ -1 x ö 1 1 æxö
n ç sin ÷ = Þ ò dx = sin-1 ç ÷ +c
dx è aø 2
a -x 2
a2 - x 2 èaø
æxö
or - cos-1 ç ÷ + c1
èaø
d æ xö a dx 1 -1 x
n ç tan-1 ÷ = 2 Þ ò x2 + a2 = a tan a +c
dx è a ø x + a2
d 1 1
n (sec -1 x) = Þ ò dx = sec -1(x) + c
dx | x | x2 - 1 x x2 - 1
d -1 dx
n (cos ec -1x) = Þ ò = - cos ec -1x + c
dx | x | x2 - 1 | x | x2 - 1
cos x + sin x
n
cos x - sin x
- sin x
n
ò tan x dx = -ò cos x dx = - ln | cos x | + c = ln | sec x | + c
 Maths formula Sheet
sec x(sec x +tan x) æx pö
n
ò sec x dx = ò sec x + tan x
dx = ln | sec x + tan x | +c = ln tan ç + ÷ + c
è2 4ø
cos ecx(cot x - cos ec x) x
n
ò cos ecx dx = ò cot x - cos ec x dx = ln (cot x - cos ec x) | +c = ln tan 2 + c
Standard Formulae:
dx
n
ò = ln x + x 2 + a2 + c
2 2
x +a
dx
n
ò = ln x + x 2 - a2 + c
2 2
x -a
dx 1 x -a
n
ò x2 - a2 = 2a ln x + a + c
dx 1 x+a
n
ò a2 - x2 = 2a log x - a + c
x 2 a2
n
ò x 2 + a2 dx = x + a2 + ln x + x 2 + a2 + c
2 2
x 2 a2
n
ò x 2 - a2 dx = x - a2 - ln x + x 2 - a2 + c
2 2
x 2 a2 x
n
ò a2 - x 2 dx = a - x2 + sin-1 + c
2 2 a
Properties of indefinite integration:
Let f (x) and g (x) be two integrable functions. Then the following results hold:
i) ò ò
a f(x)dx = a f(x)dx where a is an arbitrary constant.
ii) ò [ f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ò f(x)dx ± ò f(x)dx .
d d
iii) ò dg ( f ( g(x)) ) dx ( g(x)) dx = f ( g(x)) .
1
iv) If ò f(u)du = F(u) + c, then òf(ax + b) dx = F ( ax + b ) + c, a ¹ 0.
a
Standard Substitutions:
n For terms of the form x2 + a2 or x 2 + a2 , put x = a tanq or a cotq.
n For terms of the form x2 – a2 or x 2 - a2 , put x = a secq or a cosecq.
n For terms of the form a2 – x2 or a2 - x 2 , put x = a sinq or a cosq.
n If both a+ x, a - x are present, then put x = a cosq.
n For the type ( x - a )(b - x ) , put x = a cos2q + b sin2q.
 Maths formula Sheet
n For the type ( x 2 + a2 ± x)n or ( x ± x 2 - a2 )n , put the expression within the
brackets = t.
1
1 1 -1
-1- -1+ æ x + b ön 1
n For the type ( x + a ) n ( x + b) n or çx+a÷ (n Î N, n > 1),
2
è ø ( x + a)
x+b
put = t.
x+a
1
n For , n1, n2 Î N (and > 1), again put (x + a) = t(x + b).
( x + a )n1 ( x + b )n2
Integrals of trigonometric functions:
(i). ò tan x dx = log | sec x | +c .
(ii) ò cot x dx = log | sin x | +c
(iii) ò sec x dx = log |secx + tanx| + c.
(iv) ò cos ecx dx = log |cosec x - cot x| + c.
If f (x) is a differentiable function of x, then
f ¢(x)
(i) ò dx = tan-1 ( f(x) ) + c
(1+ f (x))
2

f ¢(x)
(ii) ò dx = sin-1 ( f(x) ) + c
2
1 - f (x)
f ¢(x)
(iii) ò f(x) dx = log ( f(x)) + c by writing f (x) = t.