SMART SPIROMETER

T.P. Kausalya Nandan

ECE Department K.Saketh Reddy J.Pradeep Kumar
B V Raju Institute of ECE Department ECE Department
Technology B V Raju Institute of B V Raju Institute of
Narsapur, Medak, Telangana Technology Technology
Narsapur, Medak, Telangana
[email protected] Narsapur, Medak, Telangana
[email protected]
[email protected]

G.Arun Kumar
ECE Department
B V Raju Institute of
Technology
Narsapur, Medak, Telangana
[email protected]

Abstract- In the present document, the design performed on those who have respiratory
and the construction of a low-cost digital diseases. Handheld spirometers provide results
spirometer is presented like a basic tool for for forced expiratory volume in one second
evaluation of the respiratory capacity. A (FEV 1) and forced vital capacity. The most
Spirometer is the ideal instrument to measure basic hand held spirometers offer one- second
the mechanics ventilatoria in respiratory forced expiratory volume. It can be manually
studies that allow the analysis, determination compared to available estimated normal values.
and monitoring of diverse human respiratory The values of forced expiratory volume in one
diseases like asthma.pulmonary embolism, second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity in one
respiratory bronchitis and other deficiencies. second can be compared manually, using the
The spirometer developed is an instrument normal available values.
portable, of easy handling and computerized
KEYWORDS:Spirometer,Sensors,Buzze
that fulfills the American norms given by the
r , Arduino.
American Thorax Society (ATS) and the
requirements of the Mexican population. By I . INTRODUCTION
means of digital electronics and a
pneumotachometer, the virtual instrument Spirometer is the measurement instrument
acquires and processes the respiratory flow most used in the evaluation of the pulmonary
using a NI USB interface. The volume-time and capacity. From its invention in the year of
flow-volume graphs are displayed as a virtual 1846, its use has become popular at world-
instrument developed in Lab view. The wide level. At the present time, the
spirometer test includes parameters of the spirometers are in their majority portable and
mechanics ventilatoria like the FEVI (Forced usually computerized. They are constituted
Expiratory Volume in the first second), by a mechanical and/or an electronic sensor,
FVC(Forced Vital Capacity), and MEF a processor and a printer or another one
(Maximum Expiratory Flow).This report alternative way of graphical data
presents the study of various spirometers and presentation of any of the following
their techniques, which has been done before. information. At the present time
Spirometry is nothing but a test that can recommendations for the standardization of
spirometers exists, for example those of the
ATS (American Thoracic Society),OSHA determining whether or not the patient is
(Occupational Safety & Health receiving appropriate treatment. In this
Administration), NIOSH (National for work, a MEMS pressure sensor is employed
Institute Occupational Safety and Health) so that the patient does not have to travel to
and ERC (European Respiratory a faraway doctor have a drawback in that
Committee). These recommendations they can only be used in conjunction with a
mainly apply to the physical part and some computer. (Jeremy Glynn and others) People
requirements of the unfolding of data. In the with lung diseases cannot afford spirometers
international sport scope, this test is because of their high cost in middle and low-
commonly made to control the evolution of income countries[2].
the pulmonary capacity of the sportsmen, So, the researchers tried to lower the cost of
reporting itself as a very useful tool for the spirometers so that they are more accessible to
supervision of the health of high- people from all walks of life. The
performance sportsmen. According to pneumotachometer is used with a ZMD31014 iLite
information provided by the National signal conditioner, and the internal capillary
Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), in linearity is between R2 = 0.98. It makes the
spite of being a test not so complex, in our relationship between pressure and flow rate more
country it is made frequently with errors in linear. The software is utilized in Java. It calculates
the measurement. By this reason, currently volume and flow. The patient’s data is input into the
in Mexico and Latin America, there are graphical user interface, which calculates metrics
works pointed to standardize this test with like FVC, FEV1, PEF, and the FEV1/FVC ratio.
the purpose of making its use more efficient. The 3L syringe is used for calibration. It also shows
The test of pulmonary function (PTF) allows a graph. The accuracy of the device can be
evaluate and quantify the pulmonary increased. (Cristina Ramos Hernadez et al. 2018)
capacity and respiratory deficiencies, compares two spirometers, an air smart spirometer
diagnostic of different types of respiratory device, and a traditional spirometer device, in two
diseases, valuation of the answer of patient different hospitals, in terms of FEV1, FEV, and
to the therapies by upheavals already FEV1/FVC ratios to determine the eligibility of the
determined, and estimate the risk of a air smart spirometer, which is a small portable
surgery well-knowing the pulmonary device that can connect to a mobile device via
capacity. A spirometry test may be Bluetooth [1] and analyzes the obstruction in both
recommended by our doctor if we have an devices. To determine the values of (PPV) and
issue with our lungs, such as trouble (NPV) meanings (LR +, LR- ), the Kappa Index is
breathing. It is the most popular test. It employed[3].
determines the amount of air that can be
pumped into the lungs (inhale) and expelled After matching, the intraclass coefficient
(exhale). It's a volume and flow meter. The correlation(ICC) and the personal correlation
most common diseases on the rise are coefficient (r) were used to compute the FEV/FVC
asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary ratio. Limiting these studies can be done under the
disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and supervision of respiratory specialists or nurses so
pulmonary fibrosis. The most hazardous that other people can benefit from them. (Maeceij
sickness with the potential to kill you. The Kupczyk et al. 2019)proposed unsupervised home
flow and volume should be calculated using spirometry measurement. Among asthma patients,
two of the most common parameters. • FVC 86 patients performed a spirometry test on the Air-
(Forced Vital Capacity): This test reveals Care mobile spirometer system for 7 days. Of that,
how much air we can intake and exhale in a 96% of patients used these devices correctly [4].
specific length of time. • Forced Expiratory Some patients cannot handle the spirometry test so,
Volume (FEV1): This statistic determines they need to repeat the test. A 90% result is good.
how well you can breathe. Home spirometry is effective for in-home
monitoring in emergency cases of asthma[4].
II. LITERATURE REVIEW (Ping Zohu, Liu Yang, and Yao-Xiong
(Vivek Agarwal & Ramachandran ,N.C.S,et Huang, et al., 2019) developed a spirometer
al,2008).Spirometry is a test that is used to that has a flow sensing unit which is made up
detect and diagnose a variety of lung of a Lilly-type pneumotachometer with a
diseases. It can also assist doctors in differential pressure sensor that takes the
respiratory signal and produces the data to a COPD. Spirometry test generally performed
smartphone or mobile terminals via at a health clinic or medical offices but
Bluetooth[5].A spirometer is eligible to check nowdays home spirometry with portable
flow rates, which are ranging from 0– 15 L/s devices is slowly gaining acceptance. But
and are equivalent to 4 mL/s[5] It goes current portable home based spirometers
through parameters that are FV, FVC, and have no coaching, feedback, or quality
FEV1. control mechanisms from physicians to
ensure acceptable measurements.
[8] The agreement between the spirometric
[5].The test was performed on 12 people, 8 tests that were performed in the
males, and 4 females in the range of 20–65 pediatrician's office and in the PF laboratory
years. As compared to laboratory spirometers was good for the key parameters (forced
if able to full fill all the requirements of vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1
(ATS/ERS). And it is affordable, handheld, second, and forced expiratory flow between
with less use of power. Through this device, 25% and 75%). The repeatability coefficient
it is the easiest way for both doctors and was 0.26 L for forced expiratory volume in
patients and can monitor patients at home, 1 second (83 of 85 values fall within this
lilly people 20– 65 years. Patients (D.M. range), 0.30 L for forced vital capacity (81
Maree et al. 2001). (D,M Maree et al.2001) values fall within this range), and 0.58 L/s
The Diagnostic is a comprehensive system for forced expiratory flow between 25% and
that can deter- mine spirometry, ECG, blood 75% (82 values fall within this range).
pressure, and body composition. Data can be
sent in real-time. The internet is routed [9]The purpose of this research is to design a
through a remote receiving center. The main spirometer by utilizing the MPXV7002DP
goal of the study was to conduct VII sensor and equipped with a graphical display
biological testing on the component of as well as lung health status on the Nextion
spirometry in people with a normal and TFT LCD. A portable Spirometer design has
been done using the MPXV7002DP pressure
pulmonary function that is abnormal.
sensor out as a transducer with a display on the
[6] It goes through parameters that are FV, Nextion TFT LCD. The design aims to
FVC, and FEV1.The test was performed on determine the health of lung function by
12 people, 8 males, and 4 females in the knowing the volume of lung Forced Vital
range of 20–65 years. As compared to Capacity (FVC), Forced Expired Volume in
laboratory spirometers if able to fulfill all the one second (FEV1), and Vital Capacity (VC).
requirements of (ATS/ERS). And it is
[10]The value of Spirometry in the detection
affordable, handheld, with less use of power. and management of lung disease is well
Through this device, it is the easiest way for recognized in the management of lung health
both doctors and patients and can monitor in the community. Spirometer is not easily
patients at home, lilly people 20– 65 years. available in primary health settings or in rural
Patients (D.M. Maree et al. 2001). (D,M areas. Portable Tele-Spirometer can reduce
Maree et al.2001 this gap

[7] M Udin Harun Al Rasyid,Muhammad [11]A spirometer comparison device then

Sulistiyo,SritrustaSukaridhoto[7].Spiromete there is an FVC error of 0.98% 5, FEV1
r as main device to perfom spirometry test is 3.83% and FEVI / FVC 2.50%. This value is
needed to make clinical diagnosis of Chronic still below the error tolerance limit of 5%. The
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a design of this spirometer is portable and low
limitation airflow disease. Spirometer will cost to be made for mass production to help
produce Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), people to measure the health of lung function
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in humans..
during a forced maneuver and produce
Forced Expired Volume in one second [12]The equipment used must be calibrated,
(FEVl), volume expired in the first second of or at least the calibration checked at the
maximal expiration after a maximal beginning of the session. Depending on the
inspiration as the main factor to diagnosis type of equipment, this is achieved using
either a 3-L syringe that is pumped through to
check that the meter is reading correctly recommendations based on the latest data on a
(within a tolerance of 3%) or using a 1-L yearly basis to offer local.
syringe that is pumped a litre at a time to a
maximum of 7 L, which checks the linearity [17] Moreover, tobacco smoking, a modifiable risk
as well as the centre point of the volume factor, is associated with poorer outcomes in HIV-
measurement. Many spirometers also allow associated opportunistic infections, of which TB is
linear calibration, i.e. the volume is the commonest in developing countries. It is now
checked at different flows.
also becoming clear that TB, like tobacco smoke,
besides its known consequences of bronchiectasis
[13]Spirometry is nothing but a test that can and other pulmonary morbidity, is also a significant
be performed on those who have respiratory risk factor for the development of COPD. Thus,
diseases. Handheld spirometers provide there is a deleterious and synergistic interaction
between TB, HIV, tobacco smoking and COPD in a
results for forced expiratory volume in one
large proportion of the world’s population. Further
second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity
work, specifically mechanistic and epidemiological
(FVC), which can be manually compared to studies, is required to clarify the role of tobacco
available estimated normal values. The most smoke on the progression of TB and HIV infection.
basic handheld spirometers offer one-second
forced expiratory volume. Values of forced
expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and [18]The World Health Report 2002 represents one
forced vital capacity in one second can be of the largest research projects ever undertaken by
compared manually, using the normal the World Health Organization. In collaborating
available values. with experts worldwide, WHO has collected and
analyzed evidence that will have implications for
[14]This paper describes a prototype for global health for many years to come. Although the
asthma irritant monitoring system (AIM) that report carries some ominous warnings, it also opens
can be used by asthma patients. The AIM is a the door to a healthier future for all countries – if
compact device that senses the environment they are prepared to act .
around the patient for different irritants in
order to detect any signs of asthma attacks or [19]401 (79.1%) patients showed FEV(1)/FEV(6)
potentially unhealthy environments. Hence, > or =80% (PiKo negative), and 106 (20.9%)
asthma patients are able to know whether the patients were PiKo positive. Of the 106 PiKo-
environment around them is healthy or not, positive patients, 74 patients (14.7% of total)
agreed to further studies and 18 patients (3.6%) of
allowing them to take appropriate action.
them suffered from COPD [COPD 0: 5 (1.0%);
COPD I: 9 (1.8%); COPD II: 4 (0.8%), and none
[15]This has implications for quality of life (QoL) with COPD III or IV] and 14 patients (2.8%)
and daily physical activity, and clearly increases suffered from bronchial hyperresponsiveness or
the burden of disease in terms of costs to the family asthma. In 42 patients (8.3%), the pulmonary
and society. Children with asthma frequently report function test was normal.. Measurement of FEV(6)
limitations in activities and sports (reported in using a new simple screening device (PiKo-6).
≤47% of children with asthma), nocturnal
awakening due to asthma (≤34%) and absence from [20] The EasyOne exceeded standard thresholds for
school (≤51%) [8, 9].Asthma management should acceptability with the American Thoracic Society
be adjusted in a continuous cycle with ongoing waveforms. In-line testing yielded valid results
assessment of disease control in order to obtain and from the EasyOne. Between the EasyOne and the
maintain asthma control and a life with no or very reference spirometer readings the mean +/- SD
minimal impairment. difference was 0.03 +/- 0.23 L for forced vital
capacity (FVC) and -0.06 +/- 0.09 L for forced
[16]The common goal of GINA and national expiratory volume in the first second (FEV)/
asthma guidelines is to improve asthma care using
the best evidence available from published data.
This evidence-based approach has evolved from an
initial perspective of expert opinion but with that
evolution has not always considered the breadth of
asthma phenotypes. GINA and national guidelines
differ in a number of ways. GINA reviews
available data and updates the core document and
III. PROPOSED MODEL Components Needed:
There are existing models in use right now Arduino Board: Acts as the central
. The main motive is to generate breathing of lungs processing unit. Models like Arduino Uno or
to measure by various models of spirometers, each Mega are commonly used.
designed for different uses ranging from clinical to
Pressure Sensor: To measure the air
personal monitoring. These devices vary in
pressure during breathing. A differential
complexity, features, and price. Here are a few
pressure sensor is typically suitable.
types of existing spirometer models:
Flow Sensor: To measure the rate of
Clinical Spirometers: These are used in medical
airflow. Options include hot-wire
settings and offer high accuracy and detailed lung
anemometers or turbine flow meters.
function tests. They often come with software for
data analysis and are used for diagnosing and Display Screen: An LCD or OLED screen
monitoring respiratory conditions. to display real-time measurements.
Portable Spirometers: Compact and designed for Bluetooth or Wi-Fi Module: For wireless
personal use or for healthcare professionals on the data transmission to a smartphone or
move. While they might not offer the full range of computer.
tests available on larger, clinical models, they are
suitable for basic lung function assessments. Sensor Integration: Connect the flow and
pressure sensors to the Arduino board.
Desktop Spirometers: Intermediate in size, these
are often used in clinics. They typically offer a Circuit Design: Design a circuit that can
balance between the extensive capabilities of process signals from the sensors and
clinical spirometers and the portability of personal transmit data helps individuals monitor their
models. respiratory health. It typically connects to a
smartphone or computer, allowing users to
track their lung capacity, airflow, and other
Mounting: Securely mount all components in a respiratory parameters. These devices often
case that can be easily handled and used for come with accompanying apps or
breathing tests. software that provides insights to track.
A virtual smart spirometer is a digital device that
measures lung function .Doctors cannot analyze
the patient when there in critical condition and we
cannot communicate to them by some spirometer
diagnostic purposes but in some case of models
there are different models like clinical, portable
spirometer but there cannot display the volume of
lungs and some can be display but cannot be
convey to doctors Creating a smart spirometer with
Arduino involves integrating arduino
microcontroller hardware with sensors and other
components to measure lung function, and
potentially connecting this setup to a computer or
smartphone app for data analysis and visualization.
 This helps in improving the quality of treatment
by reducing patients risks. Pulmonary function
IV.BLOCK DIAGRAM tests (PFTs), or breathing tests, are used to
identify and quantify defects and abnormalities in
the function of the respiratory system.These
signals are filtered and processed by arduino. The
output from the microcontroller is then interfaced
with the mobile application for easy access. The
data will be sended to mobile application easily
and the details will be shared and the patient will
be getting best near by hospital details and he can
select one hospital and after selecting hospital the
automatically details will be shared to hospital
management about the patient.

The Lung function Evaluation done using the

Smartphone includes the parameters such as
* Name
* Age.
* Gender.
*Volume/breathing level (result).
*Location/address.

METHIDIOLOGY
RESULTS
The spirometer design is used to measure and study
the physology of the lungs. Here the patient is
allowed to blow air in and out with the help of a
mouthpiece with maximum effort. The spirometer
design consists of a differential pressure sensor that
measures and converts the pressure and in this
smart spirometer first connect spirometer with your
smartphone/tablet via Bluetooth or connect via the
provided cable\ . Open the app and select the option
to start a new spirometry test . Sit upright or stand,
as per the instructions .Hold the spirometer in your
hand and ensure you have a tight seal around the
mouthpiece with your lips. Take a deep breath in,
filling your lungs completely. Place the mouthpiece
in your mouth, sealing it with your lips blow out as
hard and as fast as you can until you cannot blow
out any more air. Some tests may require you to
take a rapid deep breath back in after exhaling .You Fig1: Giving power supply to Electric
may need to perform the test multiple times board, IR sensor, buzzer, LED display,
(usually three) to ensure consistency and accuracy switch and spirometer.
of the result.In the spirometer after breathing the
spirometer using mouth piece the led display will
appeared on the screen and it will be showing how
much volume he/she is having and if low volume
occurred automatically the message or text will be
forwarded to your smartphone/electronic device
and if the person is serious condition then the
message or hositpal will be showing in your mobile
and your select the hospital after selecting the
hospital the location and details of person will be
shared th hospital so that person can be easily his
life will be saved.
 Smart spirometers revolutionize respiratory health
management by offering accessible,user friendly
tools at homemonitoring.They enable continuous
tracking, personalized insights, and early
detection, empowering individuals to actively
engage in their lung health with features like
remote monitoring, integration with telemedicine
and data driven insights, these devices
significantly improve patient care, promoting
better understanding, adherence to treatment plans,
and ultimately enhancing overall respiratory health
Fig2: Blowing mouthpiece of spirometer
to observe movements and its changes. outcomes.
Smart spirometers represent a pivotal
advancement in healthcare technology,
particularly in the domain of respiratory health.
These devices transcend the limitations of
traditional spirometers by integrating smart
functionalities and connectivity, providing users
with a convenient and effective means of
monitoring lung function. Their accessibility, user-
friendly interfaces, and ability to track data
continuously empower individuals to take charge
of their respiratory well-being from the comfort of
their homes.
Fig3: The IR sensors detects the
movements of the spirometer tube and Moreover, the benefits extend beyond individual
displays lungs capacity volume in LED. care. Smart spirometers contribute to the collective
understanding of respiratory conditions through
Now a days everything becomes digital. Lot aggregated data, aiding research and population
of advantages when any system becomes health studies. They facilitate seamless
digital. It could have advanced feature like
communication between patients and healthcare
wireless, IOT, Storage and analytics.
Especially Medical equipment needs digital providers, fostering improved care delivery, timely
integration to evaluate data. Here we want to interventions, and personalized treatment plan
digitize the spirometer and update data to the
IOT server. Using this we can know lungs
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