ASSIGNMENT # 2
Q1. What are joins in SQL?
Joins in SQL are used to combine rows from two or more tables
based on a related column between them. Joins allow you to
retrieve data that is spread across multiple tables in a database.
Example:
Let's look at a selection from the "Orders" table:
Order ID Customer ID Order Date
10308 2 1996-09-18
10309 37 1996-09-19
10310 77 1996-09-20
Then, look at a selection from the "Customers" table:
Customer ID Customer Name Contact Name Country
1 Ali Khan Ali Lahore
2 Hamza Malik Hamza Multan
3 Faizan Mughal Faizan Lahore
Then, we can create the following SQL statement (that contains
an INNER JOIN), that selects records that have matching values
in both tables:
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName,
Orders.OrderDate
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON
Orders.CustomerID=Customers.CustomerID;
Output:
Order ID Customer Name Order Date
10308 Ali Khan 9/18/1996
10365 Hamza Khan 11/27/1996
10383 Faizan Mughal 12/16/1996
Differences between Left Outer Join, Right
Outer Join, and Full Outer Join:
Left Outer Join:
Returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows
from the right table.
If there are any rows in the left table that do not have
matches in the right table, those rows are also included in
the result set.
The unmatched rows from the right table are filled with
NULL values.
The syntax for a left outer join is:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;
Here's an example to illustrate the differences:
Let's say we have two tables: customers and orders.
customers table:
customer nam
_id e
1 John
2 Jane
3 Bob
4 Alice
orders table:
order_ customer order_amo
id _id unt
1 1 100
2 1 200
3 2 50
4 4 75
Example of Left Outer Join:
SELECT customers.name, orders.order_amount
FROM customers
LEFT JOIN orders
ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;
This query will return:
nam order_amo
e unt
John 100
John 200
Jane 50
Bob NULL
Alice 75
Right Outer Join:
Returns all rows from the right table, and the matched
rows from the left table.
If there are any rows in the right table that do not have
matches in the left table, those rows are also included in
the result set.
The unmatched rows from the left table are filled with
NULL values.
The syntax for a right outer join is:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;
Example of Right Outer Join:
SELECT customers.name, orders.order_amount
FROM customers
RIGHT JOIN orders
ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;
This query will return:
nam order_amo
e unt
John 100
John 200
Jane 50
Alice 75
Full Outer Join:
Returns all rows from both the left and right tables.
If there are any rows in either table that do not have
matches in the other table, those rows are also included in
the result set.
The unmatched rows from both tables are filled with NULL
values.
The syntax for a full outer join is:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table1
FULL JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;
Example of Full Outer Join:
SELECT customers.name, orders.order_amount
FROM customers
FULL JOIN orders
ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;
This query will return:
nam order_amo
e unt
John 100
nam order_amo
e unt
John 200
Jane 50
Bob NULL
Alice 75
