Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³: wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z 1

1
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ:
wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ
Information and Communication Technology:
World and Bangladesh Perspective

æ wek¼MÉvg wek¼vqb (Globalization) nGjv cviÕ·wiK wKÌqv ‰es

æ Z^Å Av¯¦tmsGhvM m†wÓ¡Kvix ‰gb ‰KwU c«¬wZ hv wewf®²
æ cÉhywÚ ˆ`Gki miKvi, cÉwZÓ¤vb ‰es RbMGYi gGaÅ mg¯¼q
æ IoT AvBIwU ‰es wg^wÕ˜qvi m†wÓ¡ KGi| cwiGek, msÕ•‡wZ,
æ ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg ivR‹bwZK c«¬wZ, A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb I cÉMwZ ‰es
æ B-ˆgBj
gvbweK I mvgvwRK AMÉMwZ mewKQyi IciB ‰i
cÉavb cÉavb kõ

æ B-KgvmÆ
æ AvDUGmvwmÆs myÕ·Ó¡ cÉfve iGqGQ| ‰B c«¬wZi PvwjKvkwÚ nGœQ
æ ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkbm Av¯¦RÆvwZK evwYRÅ ‰es wewbGqvM| Avi ‰i cÉavb
æ fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU mnvqK kwÚ nGœQ Z^Å cÉhywÚ| eÅwÚ RxeGbi DrKlÆ
æ AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö mvab, RvZxq RxeGbi D®²wZ I AMÉMwZ, weGk¼i
æ ˆivGevwUÝ RvwZmgƒGni cviÕ·wiK mnGhvwMZvq ‰K Awf®²
æ KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi cwievGii ˆmvbvjx Õ¼Gµ²i evÕ¦evqb NwUGqGQ Z^Å I
æ evGqvGgwUÇÝ ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ| cÉhywÚ wbfÆi ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkb,
æ evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ c`v^Æ, MwYZ, cwimsLÅvb, imvqb, Rxeweævb cÉf‡wZi
æ ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
æ bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR mgw¯¼Z ævb I cÉhywÚi DrKGlÆ mwKÌq AskMÉnY ‰B
AaÅvGqi AvGjvPÅ welqeÕ¦y|

cvV cwiK͸bv
‰ AaÅvGqi cvVàGjv cGo hv hv wkLe
cvV 1 wek¼MÉvGgi aviYv
æ wek¼MÉvGgi aviYv cvV 2, 3 wek¼MÉvg aviYv mswkÏÓ¡ cÉavb
Dcv`vbmgƒn
æ wek¼MÉvg aviYv mswkÏÓ¡ cÉavb Dcv`vbmgƒn
cvV 4 fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU
æ wek¼MÉvg cÉwZÓ¤vq Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi Ae`vb
cvV 5-7 mvÁ·ÉwZK mgGq Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM
æ fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi aviYv cÉhywÚ
æ cÉvZÅwnK RxeGb fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi cÉfve cvV 8 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvGi
æ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mvÁ·ÉwZK cÉeYZv ŠbwZKZv
æ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi eÅenvGi ŠbwZKZvi ài‚Z½ cvV 9 mgvRRxeGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi
æ mgvRRxeGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi cÉfve cÉfve
cvV 10 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ ‰es
æ A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi f„wgKv
A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb
æ gƒjÅGeva eRvq ˆiGL Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi eÅenvi
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-01K
 2 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 1 wek¼MÉvGgi aviYv

1.0 mƒPbv (Introduction)

ˆ™Ïvevj wfGjR ev wek¼MÉvg mÁ·GKÆ Rvbvi cƒGeÆ wek¼MÉvGgi ˆgi‚`í wnGmGe weGewPZ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ
mÁ·GKÆ Rvbv cÉGqvRb|
cÉhywÚ (Technology)
eZÆgvb hyMGK ejv nGœQ Z^Å cÉhywÚi hyM| ‰B hyGMi cyGivUv weKvk RyGo AvGQ cÉhywÚi Ae`vb| cÉhywÚ kõwUi
BsGiwR cÉwZkõ nGjv Technology| wMÉK kõ Techne ( hvi A^Æ nGjv AvUÆ ev wk͸, Kvi‚ wKsev nvGZi `ÞZv)
‰es Logia ( hvi A^Æ nGjv kõ) ‰B `yGqi mg¯¼Gq ˆUKGbvjwR kõwU MwVZ| cÉhywÚ nGjv weævb I cÉGKŒkGji
mÁ¼G®¬ AwRÆZ ‰KwU eÅenvwiK ævb| gvbe mgvGRi ˆcÉwÞGZ cÉhywÚi msævq ejv hvq, cÉhywÚ nGjv wKQy
cÉGqvMGhvMÅ ˆKŒkj hv gvbyl Zvi cvwicvwk¼ÆK D®²qb KvGR eÅenvi KGi| ˆhGKvGbv h¯¨ I cÉvK‡wZK Dcv`vGbi
mÁ¼G®¬ AwRÆZ ævb I Zv `ÞfvGe eÅenvGii ÞgZvGK cÉhywÚ ejv nq|
Z^Å cÉhywÚ (Information Technology)
‘Z^Å’ kõwUi BsGiwR cwifvlv nGjv ‘Information’| BsGiwR BbdiGgkb kõwU jÅvwUb kõgƒj
‘Informatio’ ˆ^GK Drcwî jvf KGiGQ| ‰B kõwUi wKÌqvgƒj ‘Informare’, hvi A^Æ KvDGK ˆKvGbv wKQy
AeMZ Kiv, c^ ˆ`LvGbv, ˆkLvGbv, Av`vb-cÉ`vb BZÅvw`|
ˆh cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg Z^Å msMÉn, ‰i mZÅZv I ŠeaZv hvPvB, msiÞY, cÉwKÌqvKiY, AvaywbKxKiY I eÅeÕ©vcbv Kiv
nq ZvGK Z^Å cÉhywÚ (Information Technology) msGÞGc AvBwU (IT) ejv nq| ‰K K^vq BbdiGgkb wmGÕ¡g
ev Z^Å eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ cÉhywÚGK Z^Å cÉhywÚ ejv nq| KwÁ·DUviwbfÆi Z^Å cÉhywÚi Dcv`vbàGjv nGœQ-
nvWÆIqÅvi ev KwÁ·DUvi mswkÏÓ¡ h¯¨cvwZ, ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒn ev mdUIqÅvi, wnDgÅvbIqÅvi ev KwÁ·DUvi mswkÏÓ¡ eÅwÚeMÆ,
ˆWUv, BbdiGgkb, ˆbUIqvKÆ wgwWqv ev ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅg, cÉwmwWIi ev KvhÆc«¬wZ BZÅvw`|
ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (Communication Technology)
ˆKvGbv ˆWUvGK ‰K Õ©vb nGZ AbÅ Õ©vGb wKsev ‰K wWfvBm nGZ AbÅ wWfvBGm Õ©vbv¯¦Gii cÉwKÌqv nGœQ ˆWUv
KwgDwbGKkb| A^Ævr KwgDwbGKkb ev ˆhvMvGhvM ‰gb ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv hvi gvaÅGg ‰K Õ©vb ˆ^GK AbÅ Õ©vGb
wbfÆiGhvMÅfvGe ˆWUv ev Dcvî Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv mÁ¿e| ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ cÉhywÚGK
ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ ev KwgDwbGKkb ˆUKGbvjwR ejv nq|
cÉavbZ wZbwU ŠewkGÓ¡Åi Ici ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡Ggi KvhÆKvwiZv wbfÆi KGi| h^v@
1. ˆWwjfvwi (Delivery): wmGÕ¡gGK AekÅB wVK cÉvG¯¦ ˆWUv ˆWwjfvwi KiGZ nq|
2. AÅvwKDGiwm (Accuracy): wmGÕ¡gGK AekÅB mwVKfvGe ˆWUv ˆWwjfvwi KiGZ nq|
3. UvBgjvBbm (Timeliness): wmGÕ¡gGK AekÅB wbaÆvwiZ mgGq
ˆWUv ˆWwjfvwi KiGZ nq| Z^Å ‰es ˆhvMvGhvM
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (Information and cÉhywÚi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ Kx?
Communication Technology-ICT) Z^Å cÉhywÚi KvR nGœQ ˆWUvGK msMÉn
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ ‰gb ‰K aiGbi ‰Kxf„Z ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v KGi BbdiGgkb ŠZwi Kiv; Avi
hv ˆUwjGhvMvGhvM, KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ I ZrmÁ·wKÆZ mdUIqÅvi, ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi KvR nGœQ
nvWÆIqÅvi, wgWjIqÅvi, AwWI-wfwWI wmGÕ¡g BZÅvw`i mg¯¼Gq BbdiGgkb ev Z^ÅGK ‰K Õ©vb ˆ^GK
MwVZ| ‰ aiGbi eÅeÕ©vi gvaÅGg ‰KRb eÅenviKvix Lye mnGR Z^Å AbÅ Õ©vGb mwVKfvGe mwVK mgGq
Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv|
MÉnY, msiÞY, mçvjb I weGkÏlY KiGZ cvGib|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-01L
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 3
Z^Å cÉhywÚ nGœQ Z^Å eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ cÉhywÚ ‰es ˆhvMvGhvM
cÉhywÚ nGœQ ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ cÉhywÚ| A^Ævr
ˆRGb ivGLv
‰KwU AciwUi Dci wbfÆikxj| eZÆgvGb gvbyl hLb ˆKvGbv mwVK
cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å ˆcGZ Pvq ZLb ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mvnvhÅ Qvov 1980 mvGji w`GK ‰KvGWwgK
MGelKiv cÉhywÚGZ AvBwmwU kõwUi
÷aygvò Z^Å cÉhywÚ gvbyGli ‰B Pvwn`v cƒiY KiGZ cviGe bv| KvGRB eÅenvi ÷i‚ KGib| wK¯§ kõwU RbwcÉqZv
Z^Å cÉhywÚ I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ DfGqi D®²qGbi dGj gvbyGli ‰B jvf KGi 1997 mvj ˆ^GK| e†wUk
Pvwn`v cƒiY nGœQ| mvweÆKfvGe cÉhywÚi eÅvcK D®²qGbi dGj Z^Å eÅemvqx ˆWwbk wÕ¡Gfbmb (Dennis
Stevenson) 1997 mvGj hyÚivRÅ
cÉhywÚi mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi ‰Kxf„ZKiY Kiv nGqGQ| eZÆgvGb miKviGK ˆ`Iqv ‰K cÉwZGe`Gb ‰B
Z^Å cÉhywÚGK Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (Information and kõwU cÉ^g DGÍÏL KGib, hv cieZÆxGZ
Communication Technology- ICT) ejv nq| KviY ‰B `yB 2000 mvGj hyÚivGRÅi bZyb RvZxq
cvVÅcyÕ¦GK msGhvRb Kiv nq|
cÉhywÚi gGaÅ iGqGQ wbweo mÁ·KÆ| ‰KwU AvGiKwUi cwicƒiK, ZGe
cÉwZGhvMx bq| KvGRB Z^Å cÉhywÚ I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ AGbKUv
Z^Å cÉhywÚ
mgv^ÆK wnGmGe meÆòB eÅen†Z nGœQ| wek¼eÅvsK MÉ‚c KZ‡ÆK cÉKvwkZ ev IT Z^Å I
ICT sector D®²qGbi ˆKŒkjcò AbymvGi ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ
ˆhvMvGhvM ev ICT
Information and Communication Technology- ICT
consists of hardware, software, networks, and media for cÉhywÚ ev CT
collection, storage, processing, transmission, and wPò: Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi
presentation of Information (Voice, data, text, images). ‰Kxf„ZKiY
BDGbGÕ•v eÅvsKK ˆ^GK cÉKvwkZ ICT In Education Programme kxlÆK eBGq ICT mÁ·GKÆ ejv nGqGQ
The term "Information and Communication Technologies" (ICT) refers to forms of
technology that are used to transmit, process, store, create, display, share or exchange
information by electronics means.
AÝGdvWÆ Bswjk wWKkbvwiGZ ICT- ‰i msæv- "The branch of technology concerned with the
dissemination, processing and storage of Information, especially by means of computers".
evsjvG`Gki Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi bxwZgvjv 2009 AbymvGi Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ ejGZ, ‘ˆhGKvGbv cÉKvi
ZG^Åi Drcwî, msiÞY, cÉwKÌqvKiY, mçvjb ‰es weÕ¦viGY eÅen†Z mKj BGjKUÇwbK cÉhywÚ’-ˆK eySvq| Z^Å I
ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚGK KGqKwU fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v-
1. KwÁ·DwUs I BbdiGgkb wmGÕ¡g: KwÁ·DwUsmn mKj aiGbi BGjKUÇwbK ˆWUv cÉGmwms ˆhLvGb K‡wòg
eyw«¬gîv I ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g BZÅvw`i eÅenvi Kiv nq|
2. eËWKvwÕ¡s: ˆiwWI ‰es ˆUwjwfkb hv eËWKvwÕ¡s-‰i gvaÅGg wekvj RbGMvÓ¤xi KvGQ ‰KgyLx Z^Å mÁ·ÉPvi KGi|
3. ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkb: wdÝW ˆUwjGdvb I ˆgvevBj ev ˆmjyjvi ˆdvbmn mKj aiGbi DfqgyLx ˆUwjGhvMvGhvM
gvaÅg hv weGk¼i wekvj RbGMvÓ¤x eÅenvi KiGQ|
4. B´ŸviGbU: mvivweGk¼i KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ nGjv B´ŸviGbU, hvGZ mshyÚ ^vKGj ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vb ˆ^GK mviv
weGk¼i mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM iÞv Kiv hvq|
 4 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

1.1 wek¼MvÉ Ggi aviYv (Concept of Global Village)

cÉwZwU MÉvGgi wbw`ÆÓ¡ mxgvbv ev AvqZb ˆ^GK ‰es ˆmLvbKvi wek¼MÉvGgi cÉ^g aviYv
emevmKvix mKj gvbyl Lye mnGR ZvG`i wewf®² Š`bw±`b cÉGqvRGb ˆ`b ˆK?
‰GK AcGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM KiGZ cvGi| MÉvGg ˆKvGbv ‰KwU
welGq AvGjvPbv nGj gynƒGZÆi gGaÅ Zv ‰GK AcGii gvaÅGg
RvbvRvwb nGq hvq| ˆZgwb eZÆgvGb B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg gynƒGZÆB
‰K ˆ`Gki MÉvGgi Lei AbÅ ˆ`Gki MÉvGg QwoGq cGo| ‰fvGeB
weGk¼i cÉwZwU MÉvGgi emevmKvixiv ZvG`i myL-`ytL, wkÞv,
mvsÕ•‡wZK, ivR‹bwZK, A^Æ‹bwZK welGqi LeivLei ‰GK
AcGii mvG^ wewbgq KiGQ ‰es ‰GK AcGii cvkvcvwk ^vKGQ|
Avi ‰fvGeB Zviv cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ wek¼MÉvg ŠZwi KGiGQ|
KvbvWvi UGiG´Ÿv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi BsGiwR
wefvGMi AaÅvcK I weLÅvZ `vkÆwbK,
ˆhvMvGhvM Zî½we` nvievUÆ gvkÆvj gÅvKjynvb
(Herbert Marshall McLuhan) 1962 mvGj
The Gutenberg Galaxy I 1964 mvGj
Understanding Media bvgK `ywU eBGq
meÆc^É g ˆ™Ïvevj wfGjR K^vwU eÅenvi
KGib| ‰RbÅ ZvGK wek¼MÉvGgi RbK ejv
nq| wek¼MÉvGgi gƒj K^v nGjv- eZÆgvb
wek¼GK BGjKUÇwbK wgwWqvi gvaÅGg
cviÕ·wiK mÁ·GKÆi wfwîGZ ‰KwU MÉvGg
cwiYZ Kiv| gÅvKjynvb 1911 mvGji 21
RyjvB R¯ÃMÉnY KGib I 1980 mvGji 31
wPò: wek¼MÉvGgi dGj AvR mevB KvQvKvwQ wWGmÁ¼i g†ZzeiY KGib|

eZÆgvGb Avgiv AvgvG`i Abyf„wZGK ռ͸ mgGqi gGaÅ c†w^exi

wewf®² cÉvG¯¦i gvbyGli KvGQ ˆcuŒQvGZ cviwQ| Abyi…cfvGe
c†w^exi AbÅ cÉvG¯¦i gvbylàGjv ZvG`i Abyf„wZ AvgvG`i KvGQ
ˆcuŒQvGZ cviGQ| dGj DfGqi gGaÅ ‰KwU KwgDwbwU ŠZwi
nGœQ| c†w^exeÅvcx ռ͸ mgGq ‰B ˆhvMvGhvM myweavi dGj
wek¼GK ‰KwU MÉvg wnGmGe Zzjbv Kiv nGœQ| ‰RbÅ eZÆgvb
wek¼GK ˆ™Ïvevj wfGjR ev wek¼MÉvg ejv nq| ˆ™Ïvevj kGõi A^Æ
nGjv wek¼| wfGjR kGõi A^Æ MÉvg| ˆ™Ïvevj wfGjR A^Æ
wek¼MÉvg| nvievUÆ gvkÆvj gÅvKjynvb Zvi ‘The Gutenberg
Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man’ ‰es wPò : gvkÆvj gÅvKjynvb iwPZ weLÅvZ `ywU eB
‘Understanding Media’ eBGZ cÉ^g wek¼ MÉvg ev ˆ™Ïvevj
wfGjGRi aviYv ˆ`b|
wewf®² mgvRweævbx I `vkÆwbK wek¼MÉvg mÁ·GKÆ msæv cÉ`vb KGiGQb| wbGÁ² KGqKRGbi msæv ˆ`Iqv nGjv-
ˆivjv´£ ievUÆmb eGjb, “wek¼vqb ev wek¼MvÉ g nGœQ weGk¼i msGKvPb I ciÕ·i wbfÆikxjZv|”
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 5
gvwUÆb AvjGeËv eGjb, “wek¼vqb ev wek¼MvÉ g nGœQ mvgwMÉK KwgDwbwUi gGaÅ mgÕ¦ gvbylGK wbGq Avmvi cÉwKÌqv|”
‰¯©wb wMGW´Ö eGjb, “wek¼vqb ev wek¼MvÉ g nGœQ wek¼eÅvcx mvgvwRK mÁ·GKÆi cÉMvpKiY|”
AÝGdvWÆ AvGgwiKvb wWKkbvwi Abyhvqx ˆ™Ïvevj wfGjR nGœQ- "The world Considered a single
community linked by telecommunications."
myZivs Avgiv ejGZ cvwi, wek¼MÉvg nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU mvgvwRK ev mvsÕ•‡wZK eÅeÕ©v, ˆhLvGb c†w^exi mKj
cÉvG¯¦i gvbylB ‰KwU ‰KK mgvGR emevm KGi BGjKUÇwbK wgwWqv I Z^Å cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg mnGRB ZvG`i wP¯¦v-
ˆPZbv, AwfæZv, msÕ•‡wZ-K‡wÓ¡ BZÅvw` wewbgq KiGZ cvGi ‰es ‰GK AciGK ˆmev cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK|
WWW AvweÓ•vGii AGbK cƒGeÆB Global Village kGõi aviYv cvIqv hvq| weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦ eGm ‰Lb
ˆhvMvGhvM nGœQ| Zoom, Skype, Tango, Viber, IMO, Google Duo, WhatsApp, Amazon Alexa,
Facebook, Messenger, Myspace I Twitter ‰i gvaÅGg ˆhvMvGhvM KGi gvbyl mvgvwRK, ivR‹bwZK,
A^Æ‹bwZK, wkÞv-MGelYvi myGhvM m†wÓ¡ KGiGQ| gƒjZ BGjKUÇwbK ˆUKGbvjwRi gvaÅGg wek¼MÉvg ŠZwiGZ
KÌgeaÆgvb D®²wZ mvab nGœQ| ‰K K^vq ejv hvq “ˆ™Ïvevj wfGjR ev wek¼MÉvg nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU mvgvwRK I
mvsÕ•‡wZK msMVb ev KwgDwbwU, ˆhLvGb KwgDwbwUi mKj m`mÅ B´ŸviGbU Z^v ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg
mshyÚ”| D`vniYÕ¼i…c- ‰KwU mycwiwPZ Õ•zGji cÉwZÓ¤vZv Rbve gvmy` ivbv KwÁ·DUvi, B´ŸviGbU I Zoom
meeting mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi KGi Zvi AGÕ¡Èwjqvq AvBwU Bwéwbqvwis welGq AaÅqbiZ ˆQGj AvnvG`i mvG^ I
wbR cÉwZÓ¤vGbi AbÅvbÅ KgÆKZÆvG`i mvG^ wbGq wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös wgwUs KGi AvBwU welGq civgkÆ MÉnY KGib|
‰ mKj ˆhvMvGhvGMi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi I B´ŸviGbUmn wKQy BGjKUÇwbK wgwWqv `ƒiGZ½i eÅeavbGK KwgGq w`GœQ|
dGj ‰K ˆ`Gki wkÞv, msÕ•‡wZ I AbÅvbÅ welGqi LeivLei AbÅ ˆ`Gki gvbyl `Ë‚Z wbGZ cvGi- hv ‰KwU MÉvGgi
gGZv cwiGek ŠZwi nq| ‰fvGeB wek¼MÉvg cÉwZÓ¤v jvf KGi|
1.1.1 wek¼MvÉ Ggi myweavmgƒn (Advantages of Global Village)
1. weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vGb ˆhGKvGbv eÅwÚi mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq|
2. wfwWI KGji gvaÅGg mivmwi K^v ejv hvq|
3. Avw^ÆK ˆjb-ˆ`b Kiv hvq|
4. weG`wk wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGb DœP wkÞvi RbÅ wewf®² Z^Å Rvbv hvq|
5. ˆhGKvGbv ˆ`Gki wk͸, msÕ•‡wZ I BwZnvm mÁ·GKÆ Rvbv hvq|
6. ˆfŒGMwjK mxgvbv I A^Æ‹bwZK welGq ævb jvf Kiv hvq|
7. weGk¼i bvgKiv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi jvBGeËwii eB AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg msMÉn Kiv hvq|
8. eÅemv evwYGRÅi cÉmvi NUvGbv hvq|
9. weGbv`b I ˆLjvayjv mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Å Rvbv hvq|
10. B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi wewf®² ˆ`Gki mvG^ ivÓ¡Çxq mÁ·KÆ eRvq ivLv hvq|
11. c†w^exi bvgKiv wPwKrmGKi wPwKrmvGmev NGi eGmB ˆbIqv hvq|
12. B´ŸviGbU-‰i gvaÅGg NGi eGmB AvDUGmvwmÆs KGi ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆb Kiv hvq|
13. wek¼MÉvg cÉwZÓ¤vi dGj ‰K ˆ`Gki Lei AbÅ ˆ`Gki NGi eGmB ˆ`Lv hvq|
14. eÅeÕ©vcbv LiP AGbK Kg|
1.1.2 wek¼MÉvGgi Amyweavmgƒn (Disadvantages of Global Village)
1. ˆewk cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii dGj gvbyl h¯¨wbfÆi nGq cGo I kvwiwiK mgmÅvq ˆfvGM|
2. B´ŸviGbU nÅvwKs Z^v mvBevi KÌvBGgi KviGY ZG^Åi ˆMvcbxqZv bÓ¡ nq|
 6 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

3. wg^Åv ev weövw¯¦Ki Z^Å cÉKvk KGi ivGÓ¡Çi gGaÅ ŠbivRÅ m†wÓ¡ KGi|
4. wewf®² m¯¨vmx msMVb B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi ˆMvcb ˆhvMvGhvM KGi ivGÓ¡Çi ÞwZmvab KGi|
5. ‰K ˆ`Gki msÕ•‡wZ AbÅ ˆ`Gki RbÅ ÞwZKi nGZ cvGi|
6. B´ŸviGbGU mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvGMi dGj cÉZviYvi duvG` cGo|
7. wek¼MÉvGgi dGj ˆ`Gki cÉwZiÞv evwnbxi ˆMvcb Z^Å ev bw^ cÉKvGki dGj ivÓ¡Çxq ˆMvcbxqZv bÓ¡ nq|
8. B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi KvDGK fqfxwZ cÉ`kÆb Kiv|
9. eÅvswKs ev Avw^ÆK ˆjbG`Gbi Z^Å Pzwi KGi MÉvnKMGYi ÞwZ Kiv|
10. B´ŸviGbU ˆewk eÅenvGii dGj AvmwÚ R¯Ãvq|
11. AGbÅi MGelYvi Z^Å msMÉn KGi wbGRi bvGg PvwjGq ˆ`Iqv|
12. cÉhywÚ eÅvcK eÅenvGii dGj ˆeKviZ½ e†w«¬ cvIqv|
1.1.3 wek¼MvÉ g mswkÏÓ¡ Dcv`vbmgƒn (Elements related to Global Village)
1. nvWÆIqÅvi ev KwÁ·DUvi mswkÏÓ¡ h¯¨cvwZ, 2. ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒn ev mdUIqÅvi, 3. eÅwÚeGMÆi mÞgZv, 4. ˆWUv ev
BbdiGgkb, 5. B´ŸviGbU mshyÚZv (Internet Connectivity)
1. nvWÆIqÅvi ev KwÁ·DUvi mswkÏÓ¡ h¯¨cvwZ (Hardware): nvWÆIqÅvi ejGZ KwÁ·DUvGii mgÕ¦ wdwRKÅvj
BGjKUÇwbK Dcv`vbGK ˆevSvq| ˆhgb wewf®² h¯¨vsk, wcÉG´ŸW mvwKÆU ˆevWÆ, wWmGµÏ I wcÉ´Ÿvi| wek¼MÉvGg
ˆhGKvGbv aiGbi ˆhvMvGhvM I Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ ‰wU eÅen†Z nq| ‰QvovI KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^
ˆgvevBj ˆdvb, ÕÃvUÆ ˆdvb, AwWI wfwWI ˆiKWÆvi, IGqeKÅvg, mÅvGUjvBU, ˆiwWI, ˆUwjwfkb BZÅvw`
nvWÆIqÅvGii A¯¦f„ÆÚ|
2. ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒn ev mdUIqÅvi (Software): KwÁ·DUviGK KvGhÆvcGhvMx Kiv I KwÁ·DUvi «¼viv ˆKvGbv mgmÅv
mgvavGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒnGK mdUIqÅvi eGj| wek¼MÉvg cÉwZÓ¤vi RbÅ nvWÆIqÅvGii cvkvcvwk
mdUIqÅvi cÉGqvRb| mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ iGqGQ wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g, eËvDwRs mdUIqÅvi,
KwgDwbGKwUs mdUIqÅvi, ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv BZÅvw`|
3. eÅwÚeGMÆi mÞgZv (Human capacity): wek¼MÉvGgi Dcv`vGbi gGaÅ eÅwÚeGMÆi mÞgZv AbÅZg| ICT wbfÆi
wewf®² cÉhywÚ mÁ·GKÆ ævb I aviYv ^vKv AvekÅK| ˆhgb- mdUIqÅvi ŠZwii mÞgZv I ‰i eÅenvi|
4. ˆWUv ev BbdiGgkb (Data or Information): ˆWUv ev Dcvî nGjv ZG^Åi Dcv`vb| ˆWUv nGœQ ZG^Åi
ˆgŒwjK aviYv hv cÉwKÌqvKiGYi gvaÅGg Z^Å ŠZwi nq| ‰wU Aâ, eYÆbv, ˆUÝU, BGgR, AwWI wfwWI ‰gbwK
MÉvdI nGZ cvGi| wek¼MÉvg cÉwZÓ¤vq ˆWUv cÉGmwms KGi gvbyGli KjÅvGY ZG^Å cwiYZ Kiv nq| wek¼MÉvg m†wÓ¡GZ
ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb AwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
5. B´ŸviGbU mshyÚZv (Internet Connectivity): B´ŸviGbU mshyÚZv Qvov wek¼MÉvg cÉvq AmÁ¿e| ‰ KviGYB
B´ŸviGbUGK wek¼MÉvGgi ˆgi‚`í ejv nq| B´ŸviGbGUi KviGY AvR c†w^exi ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv
hvGœQ| ‰GÞGò ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkb, eËWKvwÕ¡s I B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi B´ŸviGbU KvGbKkb ˆ`qvi eÅeÕ©v
nGq ^vGK|
1.1.4 B´ŸviGbU Ad w^sm (Internet of Things-IoT)
ˆKwfb AÅvkUb (Kevin Ashton) ˆK IoT ‰i D«¿veK ejv nq| KviY wZwb cÉ^g 1999 mvGj kõwU eÅenvi
KGiwQGjb| mÁ·ÉwZ weævb I cÉhywÚGZ bZzb ‰K «¼vi LyGj w`GqGQ ‰B AvBIwU| AÓ¡v`k kZvõx wQj wk͸ weµÏGei
kZvõx| wesk kZvõx KwÁ·DUvi ev AviI eÅvcK AG^Æ Z^Å weµÏGei kZvõx| Avi eZÆgvGb ‰Kvwesk kZvõx
cwiwPwZ ˆcGZ hvGœQ AvBIwU weµÏGei hyM wnGmGe|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 7
B´ŸviGbGUi mvG^ mÁ·KÆhyÚ wdwRKÅvj wWfvBmàGjvi gGaÅ
msGhvM Õ©vcGbi dGj ˆh Õ¼qswKÌq ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v MGo
DGV ZvGK B´ŸviGbU Ad w^sm ev AvBIwU (IoT) eGj|
A^Ævr B´ŸviGbU Ad w^sm nGjv BGjKUÇwbÝ, mdUIqÅvi,
ˆm´Öi I ˆbUIqvKÆ msGhvGMi mvG^ hyÚ wdwRKÅvj AeGRÙ
ˆhgb- wWfvBm, hvbevnb, feb, ˆnvg AÅvµÏvGq´Ö ‰es
AbÅvbÅ AvBGUGgi gGaÅ Z^Å wewbgq KiGZ mÞg ‰K
aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ| AvBIwU evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ Kg ˆewk
cuvPwU Dcv`vGbi cÉGqvRb nq| ˆhgb- ˆm´Öi, ˆbUIqvKÆ,
Õ¡v´£vWÆm, BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ ‰bvjvBwmm, BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ AÅvKkb|
wPò : B´ŸviGbU Ad w^sm
D`vniYÕ¼iƒc, wewf®² AeGRGÙi gGaÅ Av¯¦tGhvMvGhvGMi RbÅ
`iKvi ˆm´Öi, KÅvGgiv cÉf‡wZ| ˆhgb aiv hvK, Avcwb evmvi evBGi PGj ˆMGQb, cÉP´£ kxZ| Vv´£vq me RGg
hvGœQ| NGii wnUvGi 22 wWwMÉ ˆmjwmqvm KGi ˆiGLGQb| wK¯§ `ycyGii ci ˆ^GK AvenvIqvi Zvcgvòv evoGZ
^vKj ‰es KÌGg 15 wWwMÉGZ ˆcŒQuvj| NGii evBGii ^vGgÆvwgUvGi ‰KwU weGkl wPc jvMvGbv AvGQ| ˆmLvb ˆ^GK
me mgq Zvcgvòvi Lei NGi cvVvGbv nGœQ| NGii wfZGii wnUvGii ˆm´Öi ˆmUv aiGZ cviGQ| hLb eySGjv
evBGii Zvcgvòv ˆeGo 15 wWMÉx, ZLb wnUvi Zvi Zvcgvòv KwgGq Avbj| ‰KB mGã ˆm Avcbvi KvGQ
cwiewZÆZ cwiwÕ©wZi Z^Å cvwVGq w`Gjv|
AvGgwiKvi wekvj cÉv¯¦Gi Mi‚ PivGbvi mgq AvBIwU weGkl f„wgKv ivGL| Mi‚i KvGb ‰KUv KGi wPc jvMvGbv
^vGK| IG`i wbw`ÆÓ¡ mxgvi gGaÅ PGi ˆeovGbvi K^v| ˆmB mxgvi KvQvKvwQ ˆMGj Mi‚i kixGi g†`y kK jvMGe|
Mi‚ wdGi AvmGe| Mi‚ mvivw`b ˆKvb w`GK hvGœQ, me Lei wbq¯¨Y KGÞ AvmGQ|
fwelÅGZ c†w^exi gvbyl mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe AvBIwU wbfÆi nGq hvGe| evmvi wUwf, wdÌR, Iqvwks ˆgwkb, `iRvi jK,
ev^i‚Ggi Kj ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi weGbv`Gbi gvaÅg nGe ‰B AvBIwU| knGii UÇvwdK wmMbÅvj, wÕ¡ÈUjvBU wmGÕ¡g,
GPSI ‰i AvIZvq AvmGQ| cÉvZÅwnK RxeGbi me wKQyB ‰B wmGÕ¡Ggi AvIZvq Avbv mÁ¿e|
eËWeÅv´£ B´ŸviGbU I IqvB-dvB msGhvM ‰es ÕÃvUÆGdvb ‰i KviGY AvBIwUi mÁ¿vebv w`b w`b e†w«¬ cvGœQ|
AvBIwUi wfwî iPbv KGiGQ wZbwU NUbv|
 cÉ^gZ, B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg gvbyGli mvG^ gvbyGli ˆhvMvGhvM|
 w«¼ZxqZ, gvbyGli mvG^ wewf®² cÉvYx, eÕ§ ev miévGgi (AeGRÙ) ˆhvMvGhvM| ˆhgb: LvgvGii Mi‚, nuvm-gyiwM,
Mvwo, iv®²vNGii IGfb cÉf‡wZ|
 Z‡ZxqZ, wewf®² AeGRGÙi gGaÅ B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg ˆhvMvGhvM|
weGklæG`i aviYv, 2021 mvGji gGaÅ IoT-ˆZ wewf®²fvGe mshyÚ wWfvBGmi msLÅv `vovGe AvovB nvRvi ˆKvwUi
ˆewk| ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv weGklæi gGZ, msLÅvUv nGZ cvGi AviI AGbK ˆewk| ˆmUv 10 nvRvi ˆKvwU QvwoGq
ˆMGjI AevK nIqvi wKQy ˆbB| Avi ‰B msLÅv hZ evoGe, AvBIwU weµÏe gvbyGli RxeGb ZZ ˆewk myGhvM m†wÓ¡
KiGe|

KvR:
1. “B´ŸviGbU ev KvGbÙwUwfwU eÅwZZ wek¼MvÉ g ŠZwi mÁ¿e bq”-‰ wbGq weZKÆ cÉwZGhvMxZvi AvGqvRb Ki|
2. Zzwg wek¼MÉvGgi mvG^ hyÚ ˆ^GK Kx aiGbi DcKvwiZv I AcKvwiZv ˆcGZ cvGiv Zv hywÚmn eYÆbv Ki|
 8 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 2 I 3 wek¼MÉvg aviYv mswkÏÓ¡ cÉavb Dcv`vbmgƒn

1.2 wek¼MvÉ Ggi cÉavb Dcv`vbmgƒn (Main Elements of Global Village)

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi KjÅvGY eZÆgvGb wek¼ ˆ™Ïvevj wfGjR ev wek¼MvÉ Gg cwiewZÆZ nGœQ| ˆh Dcv`vbàGjv
wek¼MÉvg aviYv mswkÏÓ¡ Zv DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv
1.2.1 ˆhvMvGhvM (Communication)

wPò: ˆhvMvGhvGM Z^Å cÉhwy Úi eÅenvi

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi ‰KwU w`K nGjv ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v| gƒjZ ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©vi D®²qGbi KviGY
‰wU mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©vi gGaÅ eüj eÅen†Z h¯¨ nGœQ jÅv´£Gdvb, ˆgvevBj ˆdvb, ˆiwWI,
ˆUwjwfkb, IqvwKUwK cÉf‡wZ| ‰me h¯¨ ˆhvMvGhvM cÉwKÌqvGK mnR KGi ˆZvGj| B´ŸviGbU, B-ˆgBj, ˆgvevBj,
dÅvÝ, ‰m‰g‰m, ‰g‰g‰m I wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös ‰i gvaÅGg eZÆgvGb weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv
hvq| eZÆgvb AGbK miKvwi I ˆemiKvwi cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KgÆKZÆvMY wewf®² Õ©vGb AeÕ©vb KGiI wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös
mdUIqÅvi ˆhgb- Zoom meeting eÅenvi KGi ˆhvMvGhvM KGi I ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wm«¬v¯¦ wbGZ cvGi| ‰gbwK
KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg cwiPvwjZ UÇvwdK jvBb mKj moGKi mvG^ mg¯¼q ˆiGL hvbevnb wbq¯¨Y KiGZ cvGi| eÐy-
Uz^, IqvBdvB I GPRS c«¬wZGZ Mvoxi MwZ wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq| ˆijIGqi wUwKU eÅeÕ©v I wKQy evm ˆKvÁ·vwbi
wUGKwUs cÉwKÌqv AbjvBb c«¬wZGZ wbqw¯¨Z nGœQ| ‰QvovI ˆiwWI I ˆUwjwfkb wewf®² Z^Å mÁ·ÉPvi KGi
ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©vi gvbGK D®²Z KiGZ mvnvhÅ KiGQ| dÅvÝ, ˆUwjwcÉ´Ÿvi, KwÁ·DUvi, BGjKUÇwbK ˆgBj eÅenvi
KGi c†w^exi ‰K cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK AbÅ cÉvG¯¦ Kg mgGq ˆUÝU I fGqm ˆgGmR Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 9

wbGÁ² KGqKwU RbwcÉq ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅg eYÆbv Kiv nGjv

B´ŸviGbU (Internet): wek¼GK hyÚ Kivi cÉ^g cÉwKÌqv ÷i‚ nGqwQGj JcwbGewkK hyGMi ˆUwjMÉvd jvBb Õ©vcGbi
gvaÅGg| wesk kZvõxi gvSvgvwS mgGq KwÁ·DUvGii D«¿veb NGU I 1969 mvGj gvwKÆb hyÚivGÓ¡Èi cÉwZiÞv
`µ¦Gii DG`ÅvGM ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) bvgK cÉGRGÙi gvaÅGg
B´ŸviGbGUi hvòv ÷i‚ nGqwQj| cÉ^g w`GK AvicvGbGU ÷aygvò PviwU wek¼we`ÅvjGqi gGaÅ Av¯¦:KwÁ·DUvi
ˆbUIqvGKÆi eÅeÕ©v wQj| B´ŸviGbU kõwU ‰GmGQ International Network ˆ^GK| B´ŸviGbU gvGb nGjv
Av¯¦RÆvwZK ˆbUIqvKÆ ev ˆbUIqvGKÆi ˆbUIqvKÆ| B´ŸviGbUGK msGÞGc ˆbU (Net) ‰es evsjvq Av¯¦RÆvj ejv
nq| A^Ævr B´ŸviGbU nGjv mviv c†w^exGZ QwoGq ^vKv wewf®² ˆ`Gki KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvGKÆi mgwÓ¡ hv eÅenviKvix
AvBwc (Internet Protocol) eÅeÕ©vi gvaÅGg ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi| ˆhgb wPwV Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ
BGgBj myweav, ‰K ˆ`k ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆ`Gk ˆUwjGdvGbi gvaÅGg K^v ejv, ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös I wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös
BZÅvw` B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg Kiv hvq|
eZÆgvb B´ŸviGbUGK wek¼MÉvGgi ˆgi‚`í ejv nq| ˆKbbv, B´ŸviGbGUi KviGY AvR c†w^exi mKj gvbyl ‰K A`†kÅ
RvGji gGZv ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰i gvaÅGg mshyÚ nGq ‰GK AcGii mvG^ fvPzÆqvwj ˆhvMvGhvM KiGZ cviGQ| ‰Lb
B´ŸviGbU `yBfvGe cvIqv hvq| ‰KwU ZvihyÚ B´ŸviGbU I AciwU Zviwenxb B´ŸviGbU| B´ŸviGbU Iqv룮 ˆÕ¡Um
‰i (www.internetworldstats.com) ‰i Z^ÅvbymvGi, 2020 mvGji gvPÆ chƯ¦ weGk¼ B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvixi
msLÅv cÉvq 4,574,150,134 ( 4.57 wewjqb ‰i AwaK) gvbyl B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KiGQ hv c†w^exi ˆgvU
RbmsLÅvi kZKiv cÉvq 58.66 fvM| mviv weGk¼ B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ ‰wkqv gnvG`Gk meGPGq ˆewk hv
cÉvq 50.3%| evsjvG`k ˆUwjGhvMvGhvM wbq¯¨Y Kwgkb ‰i Z^Å gGZ, 2020 mvGji gvPÆ chƯ¦ evsjvG`Gk
B´ŸviGbU mveÕ˜vBevGi msLÅv cÉvq 103.253 wgwjqb (hv 10.3253 ˆKvwU)| B´ŸviGbU mveÕ˜vBevi A^Æ nGœQ
MÉvnKiv cƒeÆeZxÆ 90 w`Gbi gGaÅ KgcGÞ ‰Kevi B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGiGQb| eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ ˆgvevBj
B´ŸviGbU 95.168 wgwjqb, IqvBgÅvÝ 0.002 wgwjqb, AvB‰mwc I wc‰mwU‰bmn 8.084 wgwjqb eÅenviKvix
AvGQ|
wRwc‰m (GPS): wRwc‰m (GPS-Global Positioning System) ‰KwU K‡wòg DcMÉnwfwîK ˆhvMvGhvM
eÅeÕ©v| ˆhGKvGbv AvenvIqvGZ mgGqi mvG^ c†w^exi ˆhGKvGbv wÕ©i ev Pjgvb eÕ¦yi AeÕ©vb wbYÆq Kiv ‰i
cÉavb KvR| GPS nGœQ ‰KwU UÇÅvwKs wmGÕ¡g| GPS ‰i gvaÅGg `ywU KvR Kiv hvq|
cÉ^gZ, ˆKvb eÕ¦y ev eÅwÚi AeÕ©vb mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ cviv hvq| AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk wRwc‰m w`Gq Mvwoi AeÕ©vb
wbYÆq ‰Lb Lye mvaviY welq|
w«¼ZxqZ, wbGRi AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK M¯¦eÅ Õ©vGbi `ƒiZ½ wbYÆq Kiv hvq| ‰i meGPGq fvj D`vniY nj àMj gÅvc|
hvòx I hvbevnGbi wbivcîvq wRwc‰m-‰i weGmd (bsafe) bvGgi AÅvcmwU àiyZ½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| ‰B
AÅvcGmi mvnvGhÅ cQ±` gGZv hZRb Lywk ZZRbGK mvG^ wbGq ‰KwU ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo ZzjGZ I wbGRG`i gGaÅ
ˆjvGKkb ˆkqvi Kiv hvq| ZGe ‰B AÅvcmwUi eo ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv wecG`i mgq gvò ‰KwU AÅvjvgÆ evUb PvcGj
‰wU mZKÆ evZÆv QwoGq ˆ`Ge ˆbUIqvGKÆ ^vKv mKjGK ‰i AeÕ©vb RvwbGq ˆ`Ge| ÷ay ZvB bq, ‰wU mvBGiGbi
gGZv kõI ŠZwi KiGZ cviGe, Avevi wVK IB mgGq ˆdvGbi cvwicvGk¼iÆ K^vevZÆv I wfwWI aviY KGi AÅvcmwU
Rgv ivLGe weGmd AÅvcGmi mvfÆvGi| cGi ˆKvGbv aiGbi cÉgvY jvMGj ˆmàGjv mnGR eÅenvi KiGZ cviv
hvGe|
 10 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

B-ˆgBj (E-mail): B-ˆgBj kGõi A^Æ nGjv BGjKUÇwbK ˆgBj ev wWwRUvj evZÆv hv BGjKUÇwbK wWfvBm I
KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvGKÆi gvaÅGg Z^Å ˆcÉiY KGi| 1971 mvGj AvicvGbGU BGjKUÇwbK gvaÅGg còvjvGci mƒPbv
KGib AvGgwiKvi ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ˆig´£ mÅvgyGqj Ugwjbmb (Raymond Samuel Tomlinson)| wZwbB cÉ^g B-
ˆgBj wmGÕ¡g Pvjy KGib| `Ë‚Z ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGbi gvaÅg nGjv B-ˆgBj| Z^Å cÉhywÚi D«¿vweZ bZyb WvK
eÅeÕ©v hv nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvGii mg¯¼Gq ŠZwi| Lye `Ë‚Z I A͸ mgGq wPwVcò, AbÅvbÅ WKzGg´Ÿ wbfzÆjfvGe
M¯¦eÅÕ©vGb ˆcuŒQvGbv hvq| ŠeævwbK MGelYv, eÅemv evwYRÅ, jvBGeËwi, BwZnvm HwZnÅ eÅenvGii RbÅ AwWI,
wfwWI, WKzGg´Ÿ ‰gbwK PÅvwUs ‰i eÅeÕ©v iGqGQ| ‰KRb eÅwÚ ‰KB mvG^ ‰KvwaK eÅwÚGK B-ˆgBj KiGZ
cvGi| DBwKwcwWqv AbymvGi "Electronic mail or e-mail is a method of exchanging digital
message from an author to one or more recipient"
B-ˆgBGji RbÅ ˆh DcKiY cÉGqvRb Zv nGjv KwÁ·DUvi ev jÅvcUc,
ˆbvUcÅvW ÕÃvUÆGdvb, gGWg, B´ŸviGbU msGhvM I B-ˆgBj AÅvGWÈm| ˆh
B-ˆgBj ˆcÉiY KiGe ‰es hvi KvGQ ˆcÉiY KiGe DfGqi B-ˆgBj
AÅvGWÈm ^vKGZ nGe|
B-ˆgBj ‰i `ywU Ask ^vGK| cÉ^g AsGk eÅenviKvixi cwiwPwZ
(User identity) ‰es w«¼Zxq Ask @ ‰ici Domain name ^vGK|
ˆhgb- [email protected]. wPò : B-ˆgBj
ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös (Teleconferencing):
ˆUwjGhvMvGhvGMi gvaÅGg mfv AbyÓ¤vGbi
cÉwKÌqvGK ejv nq ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös ‰es ‰B
mfvGK ˆUwjKbdvGi´Ö eGj| ˆUwjKbdvGi´Ö
‰i gvaÅGg wewf®² mfv, ˆmwgbvi ev
`je«¬fvGe ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq| wf®²
ˆfŒGMvwjK `ƒiGZ½ wKQy eÅwÚ AeÕ©vb KGi
ˆUwjGhvMvGhvM wmGÕ¡Ggi gvaÅGg mshyÚ ˆ^GK
ˆKvb mfv A^ev ˆmwgbvi AbyÓ¤vGbi eÅeÕ©v
Kiv nq| 1975 mvGj gwi Uvid ‰ c«¬wZi
D«¿veb KGib| ZrKvjxb gvwKÆb ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ wPò : ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös
wbÝGbi AvgGj hyÚivGÓ¡Ç gy`ËvÕ¹xwZ `Ë‚Z
wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ cÉkvmKG`i gGaÅ
ˆUwjKbdvGi´Ö eÅeÕ©v cÉewZÆZ nq|
ˆUwjKbdvGi´Ö Kivi RbÅ ˆUwjGdvb msGhvM,
KwÁ·DUvi, AwWI h¯¨cvwZ (AwWI KvWÆ,
gvBGKÌvGdvb, wÕ·Kvi BZÅvw`) I DchyÚ
mdUIqÅvGii cÉGqvRb nq| weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv
RvqMv ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKD ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös KiGZ
cvGib| ‰B eÅeÕ©vq mfvq AskMÉnYKvixiv wPò: wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös
wKGevGWÆi gvaÅGg ˆK±`Êxq KwÁ·DUvGi ZvG`i
eÚeÅ ev Reve cvVvq|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 11
ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös mdUIqÅvimgƒn: Skype for Business, WebEx Meeting Center, Join.me,
GoToMeeting, Team Viewer, ConnectWise Control, ezTalks, Zoom.
ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös Kivi Dcv`vbmgƒn : gvwΟwgwWqv KwÁ·DUvi, gvBGKÌvGdvb, AwWI KÅvcPvi KvWÆ, ˆUwjGdvb
jvBb, ˆbUIqvKÆ ev B´ŸviGbU msGhvM I mdUIqÅvi BZÅvw`|
wewf®² aiGbi ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös eÅeÕ©v iGqGQ| h^v :
cvewjK KbdvGi´Ö (Public Conference) : cvewjK KbdvGi´Ö mevi RbÅ D¯ÃyÚ| ˆh ˆKD ‰B KbdvGiG´Ö
Ask MÉnY KiGZ cvGi|
ˆKÑvRW KbdvGi´Ö (Closed Conference) : ˆKÑvRW KbdvGi´Ö mevi RbÅ D¯ÃyÚ bq, cvmIqvWÆ cÉGUKGUW|
÷aygvò wbw`ÆÓ¡ cvmIqvWÆ w`Gq ˆKÑvRW KbdvGiG´Ö Ask MÉnY Kiv hvq|
wiW Abwj KbdvGi´Ö (Read Only Conference) : wiW Abwj KbdvGi´Ö mxwgZ nGZ cvGi hvGZ ÷aygvò
KvhÆweeiYx ˆ`Lv hvq wKsev AskMÉnYKvixi evZÆvq g¯¦eÅ RyGo ˆ`Iqv hvq|
wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös (Video Conferencing) : ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi `yB ev ZGZvwaK
ˆfŒGMvwjK AeÕ©vGb AeÕ©vbiZ eÅwÚeGMÆi gGaÅ wbiewQ®² AwWI, wfwWI mÁ·ÉPvGii gvaÅGg KG^vcK^b
cÉwKÌqvGK wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös eGj| ‰K RvqMv ˆ^GK AbÅ RvqMvq ‰gbwK ‰K ˆ`k ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆ`Gk ˆhGKvGbv
mgq B´ŸviGbU msGhvGMi gvaÅGg wfwWI KbdvGi´Ö Kiv hvq| ‰wU wkÞK-Qvò, WvÚvi-ˆivMx, ivRbxwZwe`,
RbMY, miKvicÉavbMY, MGelK ‰gbwK cvwievwiK Avñxq-Õ¼RGbi mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvGMi ‰KwU RbwcÉq gvaÅg|
Õ•vBwc, Bqvü ˆgGmévi, Zoom BZÅvw` eÅenvi KGi Lye mnGR wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös Kiv hvq| wfwWI
KbdvGiw´Ös-‰i RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq DcKiY nGjv- gvwΟwgwWqv KwÁ·DUvi, IGqeKÅvGgiv, wfwWI KÅvcPvi KvWÆ,
gvBGKÌvGdvb, gGWg I B´ŸviGbU msGhvM| wfwWI KbdvGiw´ÖsGqi RbÅ gvBGKÌvmdU ˆbUwgwUs (Netmeeting),
ˆnvqvBU cvBb (White Pine) mdUIqÅvi `ywU ˆek RbwcÉq|
wiRvGfÆkb wmGÕ¡g (Reservation System): KwgDwbGKkb ev
ˆhvMvGhvGMi Avi ‰KwU gvaÅg nGjv wiRvGfÆkb wmGÕ¡g| wiRvGfÆkb ˆRGb ivGLv:
wmGÕ¡g nGjv BGjKUÇwbK DcvGq ögGYi Avmb msiÞY eÅeÕ©v| ‰ AvDUGmvwmÆs Kx?
aiGbi eÅeÕ©vcbvq wiGqj UvBg AbjvBb ˆWUvGeR I KwÁ·DUvi ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR wbGRiv bv KGi
ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkb c«¬wZ eÅen†Z nq| B´ŸviGbGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆhGKD wbw`ÆÓ¡ AG^Æi wewbgGq wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGqi gGaÅ
`ƒieZÆx Õ©vGb ˆ^GKI Avmb msiÞY ev eywKs w`GZ cvGi| eZÆgvGb AbÅRbGK w`Gq KwiGq ˆbIqvGK
‰qvijvBb, ˆijIGq, evm, jç, ˆnvGUj, ˆgvGUj BZÅvw`GZ wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvDUGmvwmÆs eGj|
IGqemvBGUi gvaÅGg wmU eywKs ˆ`Iqv hvq| ‰B c«¬wZGK Kg
mgGq NGi eGm AMÉxg Avmb msiÞY Kiv hvq|
1.2.2 KgÆmsÕ©vb (Employment)
wek¼MÉvGgi dGj PvKwi ‰Lb Avi Õ©vb weGkGl wbw`ÆÓ¡ MwíGZ Ave«¬
ˆbB| ‰Lb AbjvBGb PvKwii AvGe`b I weævcb ˆ`Iqv nq| dGj
PvKwicÉv^Æx B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi ˆhgb wbGRi ˆhvMÅZv AGbK
cÉwZÓ¤vGb DcÕ©vcb KiGZ cvGib ˆZgwb PvKwi`vZvivI B´ŸviGbGUi
gvaÅGg DchyÚ cÉv^Æx wbeÆvPb KiGZ cvGib| evsjvG`Gki RbÅ ‰gb wPò: AvDUGmvwmÆs w`GœQ A^Æ
IGqe ˆcvUÆvj nGjv www.bdjobs.com, www.skill.jobs.com, DcvRÆGbi myGhvM
 12 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

www.bdskills.com BZÅvw`| ‰QvovI www.linkedin.com

‰KwU cÉGdkbvj I KgÆmsÕ©vb wfwîK cwiGmev ev IGqemvBU| ‰wU
cÉavbZ cÉGdkbvj ˆbUIqvwKÆs ‰i RbÅ eÅen†Z nq, ˆhLvGb wbGqvM
KZÆviv wewf®² PvKwii ˆcvÕ¡ I AwfæZv ˆkqvi KGib|
eZÆgvGb AvDUGmvwmÆs c«¬wZGZ AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg `ÞZv I AwfæZv
AbymvGi KvR KGi cÉPzi ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆb Kiv hvq| AvDUGmvwmÆs
nGœQ ˆKvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvR wbGRiv bv KGi Z‡Zxq ˆKvb eÅwÚ ev
cÉwZÓ¤vGbi mvnvGhÅ KwiGq ˆbIqv| AvDUGmvwmÆs ‰i gvaÅGg nvRvi
nvRvi KgÆmsÕ©vb ŠZwi nGœQ| ˆ`Gk AvmGQ wecyj cwigvY ŠeG`wkK
gy`Ëv| AvGgwiKv, BDGivc, KvbvWv, AGÕ¡Èwjqv, RvgÆvb BZÅvw` D®²Z wPò: KgÆGÞGò Z^ÅcÉhywÚ

ˆ`kàGjvGZ wWwRUvj eÅeÕ©vi KviGY wecyj cwigvY ˆWUv cÉGmwms KvR ŠZwi nq| hvi dGj D®²qbkxj ˆ`kmgƒn
AvBwmwU ‰bveΣ mvwfÆmGK KvGR jvwMGq ARÆb KiGQ wecyj cwigvY ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv| ÷ay ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆb bq
‰i dGj KgÆmsÕ©vb m†wÓ¡ nGœQ ˆ`Gki wecyj msLÅK cÉwkwÞZ ˆeKvi `Þ RbGMvÓ¤xi| NGi eGm AbjvBGb
KvR Kivi RbÅ wKQy IGqemvBU nGjv- www.freelancer.com, www.upwork.com, www.fiverr.com,
www.elance.com, www.peopleperhour.com|
ZGe evsjvG`wk wdÌjÅv´ÖviG`i gGaÅ meGPGq RbwcÉq wZbwU gvGKÆU ˆµÏm nGjv AvcIqvKÆ, wdÌjÅv´Övi, BjÅv´Ö|
eZÆgvb weGk¼ AvDUGmvwmÆs ZvwjKvq evsjvG`k Z‡Zxq AeÕ©vGb| ‰LvGb cÉvq Qq jvL wdÌjÅv´Övi iGqGQ| hviv
AvDUGmvwmÆs KGib ZvG`i ejv nq wdÌjÅv´Övi| wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi AaxGb bv ˆ^GK Õ¼vaxbfvGe KvR KivGK
wdÌjÅvw´Ös eGj| wdÌjÅv´Öviiv PvKwiRxweG`i gGZv ˆeZbfzÚ bq eis KvR I PzwÚi Dci wbfÆi KGi ZvG`i AvGqi
cwigvY Kg ev AGbK ˆewk nGZ cvGi|
evsjvG`wkiv gƒjZ Data Entry, Search Engine optimization (SEO), Search Engine Marketing
(SEM) I Social Media Marketing (SMM)-‰i KvR ˆewk KGi| ‰QvovI `ÞZv Abyhvqx Web
Development, Software Development, Content Writing, Graphic Design, ‰es Multimedia &
Architecture mn AbÅvbÅ KvRI KGi| IGqe ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ ev mdUIqÅvi ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ msKÌv¯¦ cÉKG͸ eÅq ˆewk|
‰ aiGbi KvRàGjvGZ evsjvG`wk wdÌjÅv´ÖviG`i AviI Gewk mÁ·†Ú nGZ nGe| ˆ`Lv hvq, evsjvG`wk ‰KRb mvPÆ
Bwéb AcwUgvBRvi GhLvGb cÉwZ N´Ÿvi RbÅ 3 ˆ^GK 5 Wjvi gƒGjÅ KvR KGib GmLvGb hyÚivGÓ¡Èi ‰KRb IGqe
GWGfjcvi cÉwZ N´Ÿvi RbÅ 30 ˆ^GK 100 Wjvi chƯ¦ PvRÆ KGi ^vGKb| ˆKej Zuvi `ÞZvi KviGYB ‰Z wecyj
cwigvY A^Æ wZwb PvRÆ KiGZ cviGQb| ‰GÞGò evsjvG`wk wdÌjÅv´ÖviG`i AvGiv `ÞZv ARÆb Kiv `iKvi|
1.2.3 wkÞv (Education)
eZÆgvb wkÞvGÞGò Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi Ae`vb AbÕ¼xKvhÆ|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ wkÞv I ævb ARÆb KiGZ mnR KiGQ|
wkÞv^xÆiv ‰Lb c†w^exi ˆhGKvGbv RvqMvq eGm B´ŸviGbU ‰i
gvaÅGg wewf®² welGq ævb ARÆb KiGZ cvGi| ‰ aiGbi KGqKwU
RbwcÉq wkÞvgƒjK mvBU nGjv www.khanacademy.org,
www.w3schools.com, www.learn-c.org| ‰i gGaÅ wPò : wkÞvGÞGò KwÁ·DUvi
DGÍÏLGhvMÅ w3schools I learn-c AbjvBb µÏvUdgÆ eÅenvi KGi
‰KRb wkÞv^xÆ mnGR IGqemvBU wWRvBb I wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wewf®² welq mÁ·GKÆ aviYv jvf KiGZ cvGi| ‰gbwK
weGk¼i AGbK bvgKiv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi B-jvBGeËwiGZ cÉGek KGi mvwnZÅ, weævb I MGelYvgƒjK eB msMÉn Kiv
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 13
hvq| eZÆgvGb B-KÑvmi‚Ggi gvaÅGg ‰KRb wkÞv^xÆ NGi eGm ˆ`Gki I weGk¼i bvgKiv wkÞGKi KÑvm KGi wkÞv
MÉnY KiGZ cvGi|
1.2.4 wPwKrmv (Treatment)
eZÆgvb wewf®² AvaywbK nvmcvZvj, WvqvMbwÕ¡K
ˆm´Ÿvi, miKvwi I ˆemiKvwi Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmev ˆRGb ivGLv
cÉwZÓ¤vGb wPwKrmvi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvivBRW cÉhywÚ B-jvwbÆs : B-jvwbÆs ‰K aiGbi `ƒiwkÞY c«¬wZ (wWmGU´Ö
eÅenvi KiGQ| KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg ˆivM wbYÆq jvwbÆs)| A^Ævr BGjKUÇwbÝ cÉhywÚ wbfÆi wkÞv eÅeÕ©v nGœQ B-
jvwbÆs| mivmwi KÑvGm DcwÕ©Z bv nGqI ‰ eÅeÕ©vq AbjvBGb
I IlyGai gvb wbq¯¨GYi KvR KiGj fzj nevi wbGRi myweavgGZv mgGq wkÞvjvf I cixÞvq AskMÉnY KGi
mÁ¿vebv Kg ^vGK| D`vniYÕ¼i…c- cviwKbm´Ö cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i ARÆb Kiv hvq| mvivw`b KvR ˆmGi ivGZ NGi eGm
LÅvZbvgv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi fvPzÆqvj KÑvGm AskMÉnY KGi cov÷bv
ˆivMxG`i RbÅ “‰gcvIqvi” bvgK weGkl AÅvc Kiv mÁ¿e| ‰ wkÞv eÅeÕ©vq hyÚ ^vKGZ ÷ay B´ŸviGbUhyÚ
evbvGbv nGqGQ| ‰B AÅvc AvBGdvGbi Afů¦ixY ‰KwU KwÁ·DUviB hG^Ó¡| Z^ÅcÉhywÚ weGklZ KwÁ·DUvi,
Z½iKh¯¨ (‰GÝGjGiUi) eÅenvi KGi ˆivGMi ˆgvevBj, ˆUwjwfkb, wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös, IGqemvBU, B-
ˆgBj, mdUIqÅvi BZÅvw`i gvaÅGg wkÞK I wkÞv^Æx ‰GK
ZxeËZv gvcvmn wPwKrmGKi gGZv KiYxq welGq AcGii `ƒGi ˆ^GK ˆh wkÞv MÉnY KGi ZvB B-jvwbÆs| mÁ·ÉwZ
eGj w`GZ mÞg| ˆivMxi me jÞY I iÚ, gƒò B-jvwbÆs wbGq ‰wMGq ‰GmGQ cÉavbg¯¨xi KvhvÆjGqi ‰KGmm Uz
BbdiGgkb (‰UzAvB)| ‘wkLyb...hLb ˆhLvGb BGœQ’- ‰B
BZÅvw` cixÞvi dj KwÁ·DUvGi BbcyU w`Gj ˆÕÏvMvbGK mvgGb ˆiGL ‘gyÚcvV’ bvGgi ‰KwU B-jvwbÆs
KwÁ·DUvi DfGqi Zzjbv KGi mÁ¿veÅ ˆivM eGj µÏÅvUdgÆ Pvjy Kiv nGqGQ ‰B cÉKG͸i AaxGb| gyÚcvV ÷i‚ Kiv
nGqGQ wkÞKG`i RbÅ ‘gvwΟwgwWqv KbGU´Ÿ ŠZwi’ bvgK
ˆ`q| ‰Qvov KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z Õ•Åvbvi gwÕ¦Ó•
‰KwU AbjvBb ˆKvmÆ w`Gq| evsjv fvlvq cÉÕ¦Z y K‡Z ‰B
I kixGii AbÅvbÅ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ BDwbU mƒßfvGe ˆKvGmÆi DcKiGYi mnvqZvq evsjvG`Gki cÉvq 8 jGÞi AwaK
wePvi KGi ˆKv^vI ˆKvGbv AÕ¼vfvweKZv AvGQ wK wkÞKMY ZvG`i NGi eGm myweavRbK mgGq webv cqmvq ‰B
cÉwkÞY MÉnY KiGZ cviGeb| ‰B D¯ÃyÚ B-jvwbÆs µÏvUdgÆ ˆ^GK
bv, ev ^vKGj Kx aiGbi AÕ¼vfvweKZv AvGQ eGj mvaviY wkÞv, KvwiMwi wkÞv, e†wîgƒjK wkÞv ‰es RxebeÅvcx
w`GZ cvGi| wPwKrmv QvovI nvmcvZvj I wkÞvwelqK ˆKvmÆ webvgƒGjÅ MÉnGYi myGhvM iGqGQ|
IGqemvBUwUi wVKvbv www.muktopaath.gov.bd| eZÆgvGb
wKÑwbGKi cÉkvmwbK `ÞZv wbwøZ Kivi RbÅ ˆ`Gki evBGi iGqGQ RbwcÉq AGbK B-jvwbÆs µÏÅvUdgÆ| ‰i
KwÁ·DUvi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| eZÆgvGb gGaÅ AvGQ wj´£v, ˆKvGmÆiv, BDGWwg, BDWvwmwU cÉf‡wZ|
KÅv´Övi-‰i wPwKrmv I wUDgvGii MVb cÉK‡wZ
mÁ·GKÆ KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ MGelYvi KvR Kiv nq| ‰Qvov ˆPvGLi `†wÓ¡kwÚi ÞgZv wbYÆq, ‰Ý-ˆi BZÅvw`
AGbK cixÞvi KvR KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ Kiv nq| mÁ·ÉwZ wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ
AGbK `ƒieZÆx Õ©vb ˆ^GKI wPwKrmv ˆmev MÉnY Kiv ÷i‚ nGqGQ| ‰ wPwKrmv c«¬wZGK ˆUwjGgwWwmb ejv nq|
A^Ævr ˆUwjGgwWwmb nGjv wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös ev ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös ‰i gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv weGklæ wPwKrmK AbÅcÉvG¯¦
AewÕ©Z ˆivMxGK wPwKrmv ˆmev ˆ`Iqvi cÉwKÌqvGK ˆevSvq| ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ‰K ˆ`Gk AeÕ©vb KGi AbÅ
ˆ`Gki weGklæ WvÚvGii wPwKrmv ˆmev MÉnY Kiv hvq| evsjvG`Gki cÉZů¦ AçGji ˆivMxiv BDwbqb Z^Å I
ˆmev ˆKG±`Êi gvaÅGg wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös eÅenvi KGi Õ¼vÕ©Å Awa`µ¦Gii WvÚviG`i wbKU ˆ^GK ˆUwjGgwWwmb
ˆmev MÉnY KiGZ cvGi| AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki cÉvq 418wU DcGRjvq ˆgvevBj wPwKrmv ˆmev Pvjy iGqGQ|
 14 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆhme ˆÞGò ˆUwjGgwWwmGbi gvaÅGg wPwKrmv ˆmev ˆ`Iqv mÁ¿e :

wPò: wPwKrmvGÞGò Z^Å cÉhywÚ

ˆUwjGgwWwmb eÅeÕ©vq gƒjZ `ƒi ˆ^GK wfwWI I AwWI
KbdvGiG´Öi gvaÅGg wPwKrmvGmev ˆ`Iqv nq| dGj
Õ¼vfvweKfvGeB wKQy mxgve«¬Zv iGqGQ| ˆhgb mvRÆvwi,
MvBwb ‰´£ Aem, ˆW´Ÿvj, wbDGivjwR, BDGivjwR BZÅvw`
ˆivGMi ˆÞGò mÁ·ƒYÆ wPwKrmvGmev cvIqv bv ˆMGjI wKQy
wKQy civgkÆ cvIqv hvq| ZGe ˆUwjGgwWwmGbi gvaÅGg
WvqvGewUm, wÕ•b, wbDGiv ˆgwWwmb I ˆgwWwmb welGq wPò: MGelYvq Z^Å cÉhywÚ
wPwKrmv ˆ`Iqv mÁ¿e|
1.2.5 MGelYv (Research)
‰KwU ˆ`k I RvwZGK D®²wZi RbÅ MGelYvi KvhÆKÌg
cwiPvjbvi weK͸ ˆbB| MGelYvi gvaÅGg ˆ`k ‰wMGq ˆbIqv
hvq| MGelYvi KvRGK cwiPvjbvi RbÅ cÉGqvRb D®²Z
KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywÚ| eZÆgvGb mKj ŠeævwbK KgÆKví
KwÁ·DUvGii Ici wbfÆikxj| c`vG^Æi AYy-cigvYyi MVb
cÉK‡wZ, ivmvqwbK `ËGeÅi wePvi weGkÏlGY, RwUj MvwYwZK
wnmve-wbKvGk, cÉvYxGKvGli MVb cÉK‡wZ weGkÏlGY, IlyGai
gvb wbq¯¨GY, mƒGhÆi AvGjvKgíj I eYÆgíˆji ˆgŒwjK wPò: jÅveGiUwiGZ MGelYviZ weævbx
c`vG^Æi AeÕ©vb wbYÆGq KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU AZÅvaywbK cÉhwy Ú|
gnvKvkhvb wWRvBb I cvVvGbvi cwiK͸bv ‰es evÕ¦evqb KwÁ·DUvi «¼viv `Ë‚Z mgvavb Kiv nq| weævGbi wewf®²
MGelYvcò B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg mviv weGk¼ QwoGq coGQ| ‰GZ MGelYvKgÆ cybive†wî nGœQ bv| eZÆgvb MGelYv
ˆhLvGb ˆkl nGqGQ ˆmLvb ˆ^GK AbÅ MGelK MGelYvi KvR ÷i‚ KiGZ cviGQ| dGj MGelYvKgÆ DîGivîi
mg†w«¬ jvf KiGQ|
MGelYvi KvGR wewf®² iKg ZG^Åi RbÅ IGqemvBU iGqGQ hv w`Gq mvPÆ BwéGbi gvaÅGg cvIqv hvq Rvbv-ARvbv
Z^Å| ˆhgb- www.google.com, www.duckduckgo.com, www.dogpile.com, www.yippy.com,
google.scholar.com BZÅvw`|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 15

1.2.6 Awdm (Office)

Awdm Av`vjZ eÅeÕ©vcbvi ˆÞGò Z^Å cÉhywÚi f„wgKv
Acwimxg| eZÆgvGb cÉvq AvaywbK AwdmàGjvGZ eÅeÕ©vcbvi
KvGR ÕÃvUÆ mdUIqÅvi I Z^Å cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nGœQ| Awdm
eÅeÕ©vcbvi cÉwZwU KvGR Z^Å cÉhywÚi eÅenvi mÁ¿e| Z^Å
I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi ˆbUIqvKÆ I B´ŸviGbGUi
gvaÅGg AwdGmi wewf®² wefvGMi gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab Kiv
mÁ¿e| ZvQvov Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi Awdm
AGUvGgkGbi gvaÅGg AwdGmi mvweÆK KvhÆKÌg ˆhgb- wPò : AwdGm AvBwmwU
AwdGmi KvR e¥Ÿb, weæwµ¦ cÉKvk, WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi, msiÞY
I iÞYvGeÞY, Š`wbK Avq-eÅGqi wnmve-wbKvk BZÅvw` welGq wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY I evÕ¦evqb Kiv nGœQ| ‰GZ
AwdGmi mvweÆK KgÆKvGí MwZkxjZv evGo, Awdm wbq¯¨Y mnR nq, AwdGmi hveZxq Z^Åvw` cÉGqvRGb `xNÆ
w`Gbi RbÅ msiÞY Kiv mnR nq| Avi fvPÆyqvj AwdGmi gvaÅGg Pwe»k N¥Ÿv AwdGmi KvhÆKÌg PjGQ| dGj
AwdGmi KvhÆKvwiZv evoGQ|
1.2.7 evmÕ©vb (Residence) Lights & Curtain Smart Appliances

AwdGmi ˆckvMZ KvR NGi eGm Kiv mÁ¿e Smart Media

nGe| evmvq eGm wUwf c`Ævq ˆ`vKvGbi Central AC

wRwbmcGòi bgybv ˆ`GL KÌq Kiv mÁ¿e nGe|
evmvq eGm QvòQvòxiv Õ•zGji covGkvbv
wkLGZ cviGe| Õ•zGji cixÞv ˆKvmÆ
wbG`Ækbv, Dîicò ŠZwii DcKiY, BZÅvw` Air Control
evmvq eGm KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg Kiv mÁ¿e
nGe| evwoGZ eGm KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg cò- Video
Intercom
Background
Music
cwòKv cov hvGe| ˆivMx WvÚvGii mvG^ K^v
Safeguard
eGj Õ¼vÕ©Å welqK civgkÆ wbGZ cviGe| ‰ Central Heating

aiGbi AvaywbK myweav ˆh evmvq eGm cvIqv wPò: evmÕ©vGb Z^ÅcÉhywÚ

hvGe gƒjZ ˆmwUB ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg|
1980 mvGji w`GK AvGgwiKvq ‰wU cwiwPwZ jvf KGi BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ wewΣs bvGg| A^Ævr ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg nGjv ‰gb
‰KwU evmÕ©vb ˆhLvGb wiGgvU KG´ŸÈvwjs ev ˆcÉvMÉvwgs wWfvBGmi mvnvGhÅ evwoi wnwUs wmGÕ¡g, Kzwjs wmGÕ¡g,
jvBwUs wmGÕ¡g I wmwKDwiwU KG´ŸÈvj wmGÕ¡g BZÅvw` wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq|
ˆnvg AGUvGgkb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi ˆnvg ˆbUIqvwKÆsGqi gvaÅGg ‰KwU evwoi wbivcîv, ewnweÆGk¼ ˆhvMvGhvM
eÅeÕ©v, ‰´ŸviGUBbGg´Ÿmn cÉwZwU wmGÕ¡g Avjv`vfvGe wbq¯¨Y KivB ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvGgi jÞÅ| ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg ‰gb wKQy
BGjKwUÇK I BGjKUÇwbÝ h¯¨cvwZi mg¯¼Gq MwVZ, ˆhàGjv ‰KwU ˆK±`Êxq KwÁ·DUvi KG´ŸÌvj wmGÕ¡g «¼viv
cwiPvwjZ nq| ˆK±`Êxq KwÁ·DUviwU ˆKvb wekvj KwÁ·DwUs ˆmUAvc nGZ cvGi ev bvI nGZ cvGi, hv ‰KwUgvò
myBP «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nq| cÉGZÅKwU wmGÕ¡Gg Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe KvR Kivi RbÅ ^vKGe wewf®² ˆm´Öi, ˆhgb wnU ˆm´Öi
Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe NGii Zvcgvòv ˆPK KiGe I ˆm AbymvGi ‰wm wbq¯¨Y KiGe| Avevi dGUvBGjKwUÇK ˆm´Öi
 16 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

A®¬Kvi ˆgGc NGii evwZ Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe Pvjy KGi ˆ`Ge| ‰fvGe cÉGZÅKwU h¯¨cvwZ ‰B Gm´ŸÈvj wmGÕ¡gwUi mvG^
mshyÚ ˆ^GK wm«¬v¯¦ wbGq KvR KiGe| ÕÃvUÆGnvGgi AGbK myweav iGqGQ, ‰LvGb wZbwU myweav eYÆbv Kiv nGjv:
 ÕÃvUÆ Zvjv: ‰ aiGbi Zvjv evwoi wbivcîvq eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰wU ˆPvGLi gwYi Qwe w`Gq ev AvOzGji Qvc
ˆcGj LyGj hvGe| ‰gbwK ˆgvevBj ˆdvb ev ‰KwU cvmIqvWÆ eÅenvi KGiB LyGj ˆdjGZ cviv hvGe|
 mgw¯¼Z wbivcîv: wmwKDwiwU AÅvjvgÆ cÅvGbGji gvaÅGg ÕÃvUƈnvGgi wfZGii wWfvBmàGjv wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq|
dGj evmvi wfZGi cÉwZwU i‚Ggi wbivcîv Avjv`vfvGe
gwbUi Kivi myGhvM iGqGQ| evmv ˆ^GK ˆei nIqvi
mgq ‰KwU gvò myBP evUb ˆPGcB wmwKDwiwU AÅvjvgÆ,
Mvwoi AÅvjvgÆ Ab Kiv hvq| ‰fvGe evmvi jvBU,
`iRv-Rvbvjv ˆLvjv I e®¬ ivLv hvq | hw` Avcwb
KGqKw`Gbi RbÅ evmvi evBGi ^vGKb, ZGe Bw´ŸGMÉGUW
wmwKDwiwU wmGÕ¡g ev mgw¯¼Z wbivcîv eÅeÕ©v wbGR
ˆ^GK w`Gbi ˆejvq cÉwZwU NGii jvBU e®¬ ivLGe|
ivGZ Zv Ab KGi ˆ`Ge| c`Æv ˆUGb ˆ`Ge, hvGZ evwowU
RbgvbekƒbÅ bv gGb nq| hw` NGi ˆKv^vI MÅvm wjK
nq, ZGe wWGUÙi Zv ˆRGb ˆgBb ˆmvmÆ ˆ^GK MÅvGmi wPò : ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg
cÉevn e®¬ KGi ˆ`Ge I AÅvjvgÆ evRvGe|
 nvivGbv wRwbm LyuGR ˆei Kiv: NGii AGbK wRwbm Nb Nb nvwiGq hvq| ˆhgb- Pvwe, gvwbeÅvM, mvb™Ïvm,
wiGgvU KG´ŸÈvj BZÅvw`| ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvGgi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ w`K nGjv, Lye mnGR ‰àGjv LyuGR ˆeiv Kiv| ‰ KvGRi
RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq UÇÅvwKs AÅv´£ ˆmw´Ös ˆUKGbvjwR| ‰ ˆUKGbvjwRi gvaÅGg cÉwZwU wRwbGmi mGã ‰KwU
BGjKwUÇK wWfvBm hyÚ KGi Kg wdÌGKvGqw´Öi ˆeZvi ZiGãi gvaÅGg ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvGgi gƒj wmGÕ¡Ggi cÉwZwU
wRwbm Avjv`vfvGe wPwn×Z Kiv nq| ZvB ˆKvGbv nvwiGq hvIqv wRwbm ‰B ˆeZvi Ziã eÅenvi KGi LyuGR
cvIqv hvq|
ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvGg mgmÅv: ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvGg wKQy wmwKDwiwU mgmÅv iGqGQ| fzj KGiI hw` nÅvKvi wmGÕ¡g ˆbUIqvKÆ AÅvGÝm
ˆcGq hvq, ZvnGj ˆm Avcbvi evwoi mewKQy wbq¯¨Y KiGZ cviGe| evwoi wmwKDwiwU AÅvjvgÆ Ad KGi mnGR
evwoGZ XzuGK hv BœQv Zv KiGZ cvGi| hw`I ˆhGKvGbv fvPÆyqvj wmwKDwiwU KÌÅvK Kiv cwmej nGjI nÅvKvGii
AvKÌgY ˆ^GK iÞv cvIqvi eÅeÕ©v iGqGQ|
1.2.8 eÅemv-evwYRÅ (Business)
eZÆgvGb AGbK eÅemv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi AWÆvwis wmGÕ¡g KwÁ·DUvivBRW| KwÁ·DUvivBRW ˆmjm wmGÕ¡Ggi ˆ`vKvb,
à`vgNi I cÉavb Awdm meB 6. Delivery 1. Customer

KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvGKÆi
AvIZvfzÚ| dGj ˆhGKvGbv `ËeÅ
ˆ`vKvb nGZ wewKÌi mvG^ mvG^B
Zvi hveZxq wnmve I Õ¡GKi
cwigvY ‰KB mgGq wbYÆq KGi 5. Expedition 2. Online Store

ivGL| ‰QvovI KwÁ·DUvivBRW

ˆgwkGbi gvaÅGg wewf®² dÅvÙwiGZ
`ËeÅvw` cÅvGKwRs I ˆjGfwjs-‰i
KvR Kiv hvq| ‰QvovI wewf®² 4. Safe Payment 3. Products and Offers
eÅemv cÉwZÓ¤vGb B-ˆgBGji wPò : eÅemv-evwYGRÅ Z^ÅcÉhywÚi eÅenvi
gvaÅGg Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 17
nGq ^vGK| eZÆgvGb B-KgvGmÆi gvaÅGg eÅemv-evwYRÅ cÉmvi NUGQ|
ZvB B-KgvmÆ nGq DVGQ ‰Kzk kZGKi eÅemv-evwYGRÅi cÉavb ˆRGb ivGLv:
gvaÅg| A^Ævr BGjKUÇwbK gvaÅGg evwYRÅ Kivi bvgB nGœQ B-KgvmÆ
ev BGjKUÇwbK KgvmÆ| ‰i cÉavb c«¬wZ nGjv ‰KRb weGKÌZv Zvi BsjÅvG´£i mvGmGÝ gvBGKj AΣwiP
cGYÅi Qwe, wfwWI w`Gq B´ŸviGbGU Zvi ˆ`vKvbwU LyjGZ cvGib, (Michael Aldrich) 1979 mvGj
‰QvovI wbRÕ¼ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ‰KwU IGqemvBU Pvjy KGi cGYÅi cÉPviYv AbjvBb kwcs c«¬wZ D«¿veb KGib|
KGi weKÌq KiGZ cvGib| dGj B-KgvGmÆi RbwcÉqZv w`b w`b ‰i gvaÅGg ˆKÌZv NGi eGmB cGYÅi KÌq
e†w«¬ cvGœQ| B-KgvmÆ Kiv hvq ‰ aiGbi AwZ cwiwPZ wKQy KiGZ cvGib|
IGqemvBU nGjv www.bikroy.com, www.ajkerdeal.com,
www.rokomari.com, www.daraz.com.bd BZÅvw`| ‰me mvBGU ‰KRb ˆKÌZv AbjvBGb Zvi cQG±`i cYÅwU
AWÆvGii gvaÅGg gƒjÅ cwiGkva KGi KÌq KiGZ cvGib| ‰gbwK eZÆgvGb ˆ`Gk wewf®² AbjvBb ˆgvevBj eÅvswKs iGqGQ
ˆhLvGb ‰KRb ˆKÌZv I weGKÌZv ˆWweU I ˆKÌwWU KvGWÆi gvaÅGg cGYÅi KÌq-weKÌGqi ˆjbG`b KiGZ cvGib|
BGjKUÇwbK dv´£ UÇv´Ödvi (EFT) eÅeÕ©v ‰Lb nvGZi gyGVvq| hvi djkÉ‚wZGZB gvbyl ‰Lb NGi eGmB ˆKbv I eÅemv-
evwYRÅ mnGRB KiGZ cvGi| ‰GZ mgq, kÉg jvNe nGœQ I evwYwRÅKfvGe jvfevb nGœQ| ‰ KviGY B-KgvmÆGK
wek¼MÉvGgi AbÅZg Ae`vb wnGmGe wPwn×Z Kiv nq|
eÅemvwqK ˆÞGò Z^Å cÉhywÚi cÉGqvRb mÁ·GKÆ wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
 Z^Å cÉhywÚ cÉGqvGMi gvaÅGg wek¼eÅvwc eÅemvi cwiwa evovGbv hvq|
 eÅemvwqK ˆÞGò Z^Å cÉhwy Úi eÅenvi AcPq ˆiva KGi|
 ˆhGKvGbv KvGR AvGMi ˆPGq Kg mgq jvGM A^Ævr ‰i gvaÅGg mgqmvkÉqx eÅeÕ©v ŠZwi Kiv hvq|
 B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv eÅemvwqK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Z^Å Rvbv hvq|
 ZvrÞwYK ˆhvMvGhvM mÁ¿e ˆhgb ˆdvb, dÅvÝ, B´ŸviGbU, BGgBj, ‰m‰g‰m, ‰g‰g‰m cÉf‡wZ ‰i DrK‡Ó¡ D`vniY|
 B-KgvGmÆi gvaÅGg wek¼eÅvcx cGYÅi evRvi m†wÓ¡ Kiv hvq|
 Kg LiGP RbwcÉq evwYwRÅK IGqemvBGU weævcb w`Gq cGYÅi wecYb evovGbv hvq|
 MÉvnKiv NGi eGmB B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg cQG±`i I cÉGqvRbxq wRwbm KÌq KiGZ cvGi|
 wk͸ cÉwZÓ¤vGb Z^Å cÉhywÚi eÅenvi gbylÅkwÚi AcPq Kgvq|
 Z^Å cÉhywÚi eÅenvi cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjvi wewf®² aiGbi eÅqGK msKzwPZ KGi Avw^ÆK mvkÉq NwUGq ^vGK|
 D®²Z MÉvnK ˆmev cÉ`vb Kiv hvq| ˆhgb- Kj ˆÕ¡vGii gvaÅGg mveÆÞwYK ˆmev ˆ`qv hvq|
 Z^Å cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii KviGY cÉwZÓ¤vGb eGm gvwb UÇv´ÖGRKkb Kiv hvq, wej cÉ`vb Kiv hvq|
 cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ˆcÉvWvGÙi Pvwn`v eySv hvq I `Ë‚Z mieivn Kiv hvq|
BGjÙËwbK dv´£ UÇv´Ödvi (Electronic Fund Transfer): BGjKUÇwbK DcvGq A^Æ Õ©vbv¯¦Gii c«¬wZGK
BGjKUÇwbK dv´£ UÇv´Ödvi ejv nq| ‰ cÉwKÌqvq BGjÙËwbK DcvGq eÅvsGKi wewf®² kvLvi wnmvGei gGaÅ cÉK‡Z AG^Æi
ˆjbG`b bv NwUGq kyaygvò wnmvGei gvaÅGg AG^Æi cwigvGYi mg¯¼q mvab Kiv| ˆjbG`b KvGhÆ myweav I wbivcîvi
wbwgGî eÅvsGK AGUvGgwUK ˆUjvi ˆgwkb (ATM) eÅenvi Kiv nq| MÉvnK eÅvsGKi ˆjbG`Gbi RbÅ PzÁ¼KKvwji
ˆiLv wewkÓ¡ eÅvsK KvWÆ ev ‰wU‰g KvWÆ eÅenvi KGi ^vGKb| ‰wU‰g KvWÆ DÚ ˆgwkGb XzwKGq ‰i ˆQvU Kx-cÅvGWi
gvaÅGg cvmIqvWÆ I cÉGqvRbxq wbG`Æk w`Gq A^Æ Rgv ev DGîvjb Kiv nq| eÅenviKvixi myweavG^Æ ‰GZ Þz`ËvKvi
gwbUi I wcÉ´Ÿvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰ eÅeÕ©vi dGj ˆKvGbv eÅwÚ, wbivcîv SzuwK QvovB 24 N¥Ÿvq ˆhGKvGbv mgq A^Æ
Õ©vbv¯¦i ev ˆjb-ˆ`b KiGZ cvGib| eZÆgvGb evsjvG`GkI AGUvGgwUK ˆUÇjvi ˆgwkGbi mvnvGhÅ mveÆÞwYKfvGe
MÉvnKG`i eÅvswKs ˆmev cÉ`vb Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ|
1.2.9 msev`gvaÅg (News)
ˆ`k-weG`Gki Rvbv I ARvbv welGqi Pjgvb LeivLei Rvbvi cÉavb gvaÅg nGœQ msev` gvaÅg ev msev`cò|
eZÆgvGb msev`cò B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg cÉKvwkZ nGœQ| KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi KGi ‰KwU ˆ`Gki cÉwZwU kni
ˆ^GK msev`cò cÉKvk Kiv nGœQ| ˆgvevBj I ˆUwjGdvGbi gvaÅGg mnGRB wewf®² Õ©vb ˆ^GK msev` msMÉn KGi
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-02K
 18 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cwòKvq QvcvGbv I ˆmB mvG^ wUwf I ˆiwWIGZ mÁ·ÉPvi Kiv nGœQ| BbdiGgkb I KwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©v
ˆRvivGjv nIqvi KviGY wUwfGZ mivmwi AbyÓ¤vb mÁ·ÉPvi Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ| wewf®² wbDR PÅvGbj ˆhgb- iqUvmÆ,
wewewm, wm‰b‰b, AvjRvwRiv cÉf‡wZ AvaywbK Z^Å cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦i Pjgvb Lei `Ë‚Z
AvgvG`i KvGQ ˆcuŒGQ w`GœQ|

wPò: msev` gvaÅGg Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

eyGjwUb ˆevWÆ (Bulletin Board): eyGjwUb ˆevWÆ nGjv B´ŸviGbGU weævcb cÉ`vGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z BGjKUÇwbK
eÅeÕ©v hv ˆUwjGdvb jvBb I KwÁ·DUvGii mg¯¼Gq MwVZ| eyGjwUb ˆevWÆGK mPj ivLvi RbÅ mveÆÞwYKfvGe ‰i
RbÅ eÅen†Z mvfvÆiGK B´ŸviGbU jvBGbi msGã mshyÚ ivLGZ nq| ‰ eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ AGcÞvK‡Z Kg ÞgZvmÁ·®²
KwÁ·DUvi mshyÚ ^vGK hv mveÆÞwYKfvGe Z^Å mieivGni RbÅ cÉÕ§Z ^vGK| hw` ˆKvGbv eÅwÚ ev cÉwZÓ¤vGbi
eyGjwUb ˆevGWÆ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Z^Å msiwÞZ ^vGK, ˆmGÞGò DchyÚ msGhvGMi gvaÅGg ˆmLvb ˆ^GK cÉGqvRb gGZv Z^Å
msMÉn Kiv hvq I bZzb bZzb Z^Å msGhvRb Kiv hvq| eyGjwUb ˆevWÆ AGbKUv Õ•zj-KGjGRi ˆbvwUk ˆevGWÆi
gGZv| eZÆgvGb wewf®² IGqe ˆcGRi RbÅ eÅen†Z World Wide Web (WWW) nGœQ eyGjwUb ˆevGWÆi D`vniY
hv c†w^exi wewf®² ˆ`Gki IGqe ˆcBRàGjvGK msiÞY I cÉ`kÆb Kivi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq| eyGjwUb ˆevWÆ eÅenvi
KGi AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM iÞv, Z^Å mieivn I msiÞY Kivi RbÅ weGkl mdUIqÅvGii cÉGqvRb
nq| eÅenviKvixi msLÅv wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ cÉGZÅGKi Avjv`v Avjv`v cvmIqvWÆ ˆ`qv ^vGK I eyGjwUb ˆevGWÆ weævcb
ˆ`qvi RbÅ evrmwiK wbaÆvwiZ nvGi wd cÉ`vb KiGZ nq|
1.2.10 weGbv`b I mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM (Entertainment and Social Communication)
weGbv`Gbi ˆÞGò ˆUwjwfkb, wmGbgv, KÅvGmU ˆµÏqvi BZÅvw`i weK͸ wnGmGe KwÁ·DUvGii eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
AvRKvj KwÁ·DUvGi wewf®² aiGbi AvaywbK ˆMgm ˆLjv hvq| ‰QvovI mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅg ˆhgb- ˆdmeyK,
UzBUvi, àMjµÏvm, Õ•vBc, ˆgGmévi BZÅvw` eÅenvi KGi ‰GK AcGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM KiGZ cvGi| ‰me
ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅGg e®¬yZ½ ŠZwii cvkvcvwk Qwe, wfwWI ˆkqvi Kiv hvq| ‰Lb AGbGKB ˆgvevBj ˆdvb, KwÁ·DUvi
BZÅvw` eÅenvi KGi PÅvwUs KGi mivmwi wbGRi AvGeM, Abyf„wZ wewbgq KiGZ cvGi| AGbK mgq B´ŸviGbU ˆ^GK
wbGRi cQ±`gGZv wmGbgv WvDbGjvW KGi ˆ`Lv hvq| KwÁ·DUvGi B´ŸviGbU mshyÚ Õ•vBwci gvaÅGg `ƒi-`ƒivG¯¦
AewÕ©Z NwbÓ¤ Õ¼RbG`i mvG^ wfwWImn ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq|

wPò: weGbv`Gb KwÁ·DUvi wPò : mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvGM Z^Å cÉhywÚ

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-02L
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 19

1.2.11 mvsÕ•‡wZK wewbgq (Cultural Exchange)

Z^Å cÉhywÚi KjÅvGY wek¼ ‰Lb nvGZi gyGVvq| mviv
weGk¼i wewf®² ˆ`Gki wUwf PÅvGbj AbyÓ¤vb AvR NGi eGm
ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰i dGj wewf®² ˆ`Gki mvsÕ•‡wZK mÁ·GKÆ
mnGR aviYv cvIqv hvq| Avgiv ‰Lb B´ŸviGbGUi
gvaÅGgI wewf®²fvGe mvsÕ•‡wZK wewbgq KiGZ cvwi|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi KjÅvGY cÉvPxb wgmixq,
eÅvwejbxq mfÅZv ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi wMÉK, ˆivgvb, fviZxq,
ŠPwbK, wKsev AvGgwiKvi gvqv mfÅZv mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ
cviwQ| ‰i gGaÅ ˆhwU AvgvG`i DcKvGi AvmGe ˆmwUB
MÉnY KiwQ I AbÅàGjvi mÁ·GKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ RvbGZ
cviwQ| mvsÕ•‡wZK wewbgGq BGjKUÇwbK cÉKvkbvi
gvaÅg wnGmGe AwWI-wfwWI, wmwW, wUDGUvwiqvj, wPò : wewf®² RvwZi gGaÅ mvsÕ•‡wZK wewbgq
IGqemvBU BZÅvw` ài…Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivLGQ|
AvaywbK hyGMi msÕ•‡wZ MGo DGVGQ MYgvaÅgGK ˆK±`Ê KGi| eB, msev`cò, ˆiwWI, ˆUwjwfkb, PjwœPò wewbgÆvY
KiGQ AvaywbKKvGji msÕ•‡wZ| mvsÕ•‡wZK wek¼vqGbi DrGm iGqGQ ˆfvMÅcYÅ, msÕ•‡wZwk͸ I MYgvaÅGgi
mvgËvRÅ| Õ¡zqvUÆ nj Zvi ‘Globalization and Ethnicity’ eBGq DGÍÏL KGiGQb, AvaywbK cÉhywÚi wfwîGZ MGo
IVv MYmsÕ•‡wZ fvlvMZ eÅeavbGK AwZKÌg KGi ‰KwU mvaviY evPb ŠZwi KiGZ mg^Æ nGqGQ| ‰Lb msÕ•‡wZ,
wk͸ I MYgvaÅGg ˆh wPò ŠZwi Kiv hvq Zv ZvrÞwYKfvGe ˆKvwU ˆKvwU gvbyGli KvGQ ˆcuŒGQ hvq|
lvGUi `kGKi mgq gvwKÆb hyÚivGÓ¡Èi wk͸Z¯¨ Awf®² Õ¼vG^Æ MYgvaÅgGK nvwZqvi wnGmGe ˆeGQ wbGqwQj| ZvB ˆZv
MYgvaÅg weGklæ nvevUÆ wkjvi eGjGQb ‘MYgvaÅGg mvgËvRÅev`’| Dîi-JcwbGewkK hyGM mvgËvRÅevG`i weÕ¦vi
NGU mvsÕ•‡wZK AãGb| MYgvaÅg nGq cGo mvgËvRÅevG`i cÉavb nvwZqvi|
ZGe mvsÕ•‡wZK wek¼vqGbi cvkvcvwk jvwZb AvGgwiKv ev fviGZi gGZv ˆKv^vI ˆKv^vI Õ©vbxq msÕ•‡wZ
kwÚkvjx nGœQ| ‰B cwiGcÉwÞGZ ˆKD ˆKD gGb KiGQb Õ©vbxq msÕ•‡wZGK a»sm KGi ‰KK mvaviY
wek¼msÕ•‡wZ MGo DVvi mÁ¿vebv Kg|

KvR:
1. ˆZvgvi evwoGZ eÅwÚMZ KvGR Zzwg Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚGK KxfvGe KvGR jvMvGœQv Zv eYÆbv Ki|
2. AvDUGmvwmÆs ‰i dGj ˆ`Gk ˆhgb ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv AvmGQ ˆZgwb gvbyl KgÆ nvivGœQ Zzwg wK ‰B DwÚi mvG^
‰KgZ? eÅvLÅv `vI|
3. Zzwg cÉZů¦ AçGj Z^Å cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi KxfvGe wPwKrmv ˆmev cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGiv Zv hywÚmn DcÕ©vcb
Ki|
 20 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 4 fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU

1.3 fvPÆqy vj wiGqwjwU (Virtual Reality VR)

‘Õ¼µ²’- mevi KvGQB AwZ cwiwPZ ‰KwU
welq| Š`bw±`b RxeGb gGbi ˆh BGœQàGjv
ˆRGb ivGLv
Avgiv evÕ¦evwqZ KiGZ cvwi bv Zvi AGbK
wKQyB Avgiv Õ¼Gµ²i gvaÅGg ˆcGq, ^vwK| 1930 mvGj cÉ^g fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi aviYv m†wÓ¡ nq| cieZÆxGZ gUÆb
Õ¼Gµ²i RMGZ ˆKD ˆKD gvbyl nGqI cvwLi wnwjM (Morton Heilig) bvGgi ‰K wmGbgvGUvMÉvdvi Zvi `kÆKG`i
gGZvB DGo PGj, Avevi ˆKD nGq IGV RbÅ ‰gb ‰K aiGbi wmGbgv-cÉhywÚi K^v wP¯¦v KiGjb hv ZvG`i
wmGbgv ˆ`Lvi Abyfw„ ZGK AviI evwoGq ˆ`Ge, wbGq hvGe Kvwnbxi
Õ·vBWvigÅvb ‰i gGZv AwZgvbe| wK¯§ AviI ˆfZGi| ‰ Õ¼µ² ˆ^GKB 1961 mvGj wZwb ˆmbGmvivgv bvGgi
mwZÅB wK Õ¼Gµ²i gvaÅGg me BGœQ cƒiY Kiv ‰KwU h¯¨ ŠZwi KGib, ˆhLvGb ˆPqvGi eGm c`Ævi ˆfZGi gv^v XzwKGq
hvq? AekÅB bv| wK¯§ ˆKgb nq Avgiv hw` w`Gq wògvwòK Qwe ˆ`Lv ˆhZ, ˆmB mGã KÁ·Gbi (wmGUi bovPov)
BGœQgGZv Õ¼µ²B ˆ`LGZ cvwi? hw` ejv nq, gvaÅGg Abyf„wZ ‰es M®¬ cvIqv ˆhZ ‰es evZvGm Pzj DoGZ ^vKvi
gGZv eÅvcviàGjvi mgvGek NUZ| Avi ‰fvGeB wnwjM Zvi
‰Lb ˆ^GK Õ¼µ² ˆ`LGZ NygvGbv jvMGe bv `kÆKG`iGK AbÅ ‰K RMGZi mGã cwiPq KwiGq w`GZb hv wKbv
eis ˆRGM ˆRGMB Õ¼µ² ˆ`Lv mÁ¿e-ZvnGj Kx evÕ¦e nGqI AevÕ¦e!
wek¼vm KiGe? eomo AvKvGii nIqvq eÅwÚMZ eÅenvGii RbÅ h¯¨wU myweavRbK
wQj bv| gv^vq civi gGZv ˆQvU fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU h¯¨ 1968 mvGj
ZGe wek¼vm KGiv ev bvB KGiv, eZÆgvb cÉ^g ŠZwi KGib gvwKÆb weævbx AvBfvb my`vijÅv´£ (Ivan
weGk¼ ‰gb cÉhywÚ wK¯§ mwZÅB AvGQ, hv Sutherland)| ‰icGi fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi eÅenvi ‰KZidvfvGe
AvR ˆ^GK cÉvq AaÆ-kZvõx AvGM ˆ^GKB! mvgwiK ‰es miKvwi cÉwZÓ¤vGb cÉwkÞGYi KvGR ˆ`Lv hvq| jovBGqi
‰ cÉhywÚGK eGj ‘fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU’| ˆKŒkj wKsev wegvb ev RvnvR Pvjbv ˆkLvi ˆÞGò ‰wU fvGjv dj
ˆ`Iqv ÷i‚ KGi| gRvi eÅvcvi, ZLGbv wK¯§ ‘fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU’
fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU nGjv KwÁ·DUvi bvgUvB Pvjy nqwb|1980 mvGji gaÅfvGM gvwKÆb KwÁ·DUvi weævbx
wmgyGjkGb ŠZwi Kiv, wògvwòK RMr| RÅvib jÅvwbqvi (Jaron Lanier) cÉ^g fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU kõhyMGji
ˆhLvGb gvbyGli `†wÓ¡, kÉeY I Õ·GkÆi cÉPjb ÷i‚ KGib|
Abyf„wZGK Dóxµ¦ Kiv nq|
A^Ævr “cÉK‡Z AG^Æ evÕ¦e bq wK¯§ evÕ¦Gei ˆPZbv DG`ËKKvix weævb wbfÆi K͸bvGK fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU ev AbyfGe
evÕ¦eZv wKsev K͸evÕ¦eZv eGj|” ‰fvGeI ejv hvq, fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU nGjv mdUIqÅvi wbwgÆZ ‰KwU Kv͸wbK
cwiGek, ˆhLvGb eÅenviKvix H cwiGeGk g™² nGq, evÕ¦Gei AbyKiGY m†Ó¡ `†kÅ DcGfvM KGi, ˆmB mvG^ evÕ¦Gei
bÅvq kÉeYvbyf„wZ, Š`wnK, gvbwmK fvevGeM I DGîRbv Abyf„wZi AwfæZv ARÆb KiGZ cvGi, hv eÅenviKvixi
KvGQ evÕ¦e RMr wnGmGe gGb nq| A^Ævr, ‰wU ‰K aiGbi
KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z wògvwòK eÅeÕ©v hvGZ cÉwZgv wbgÆvY
(Modelling) I Q«Âvqb (Simulation) c«¬wZ eÅenvGii gvaÅGg
gvbyl K͸bvi RMGZ cÉGek KiGZ cvGi| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUGZ gvbyl
hv ˆ`GL Zv Abyfe KiGZ cvGi| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUGZ m†Ó¡ cwiGek
cyGivcywi evÕ¦e c†w^exi gGZv gGb nGZ cvGi|
fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi eÅenvi mÁ·ƒYÆ KwÁ·DwUs wmGÕ¡g «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z| wPò: ˆmbGmvivgv hG¯¨i gvaÅGg fvPzÆqvj
wnDgÅvb gvwΟGm´Öi KwÁ·DUvi ‰i mvG^ A¯¦fzÆÚ ^vGK hv wiGqwjwUi cÉqvm
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 21
eÅenviKvixG`iGK K͸bvi RMZUvGK ˆhb üeü evÕ¦e gGb KGi ˆ`q| ‰GÞGò AGbK mgq AcÉK‡Z evÕ¦eZv ˆ^GK
evÕ¦e AwfæZv cvIqv hvq| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wZbwU welq nGœQ “ `†wÓ¡, kõ I Õ·kÆ”| K͸bvi RMGZi
mewKQy ˆ`LGZ, ÷bGZ I Abyfe KiGZ ‰B wZbwU Dcv`vb fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi ˆÞGò me PvBGZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv
cvjb KGi ^vGK|
fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi cwiGek ŠZwii RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq Dcv`vbmgƒn:
ˆRGb ivGLv:
fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU wmGÕ¡g wbGÁ²vÚ DciKiYàGjv wbGq MwVZ- wmgyGjkb Kx?
1. BGdÙi (Effector): BGdÙi nGjv weGkl aiGYi B´ŸviGdm
KwÁ·DUvi weævbxiv ˆhGKvGbv cvw^Æe
wWfvBm hv fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU cwiGeGki mvG^ msGhvM mvab welq ˆhgb cÉvYx, h¯¨cvwZ, cÉvK‡wZK
KGi| ˆhgb- NUbv BZÅvw` KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg
ˆ`LvGbvi ˆPÓ¡v KGib A^Ævr evÕ¦e
 ˆnW gvDG´ŸW wWmGµÏ (Head Mounted Display): welqmgƒGni ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi gGWj
ˆnWGmUwU ˆPvL I KvbGK ˆXGK ivGL ‰es ‰wU «¼viv ˆKvGbv ŠZwi Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGib| ‰ gGWwjsGK
`†kÅ ˆ`Lv I ˆkvbv hvq| wògvwòK Qwe ˆ`Lvi RbÅ ˆj´Ömn Avgiv wmgyGjkb bvGg AvLÅv w`Gq ^vwK|
ˆnWGmU eÅenvi Kiv nq, hv ‰KB mvG^ ˆPvGLi MwZwewa chÆGeÞY KGi|
 ˆWUv ˆ™Ïvfm (Data Gloves): ˆWUv ˆ™Ïvfm cwiavb KiGj Zv Õ·GkÆi Abyf„wZ cÉ`vb KGi| ZvQvov
nvGZi mvG^ mshyÚ ˆ™Ïvfm «¼viv cÉGqvRbxq Kgv´£ ˆ`Iqv
nq|
ˆRGb ivGLv
 ‰KwU cƒYÆvã ewW myÅBU (Body Suit): ewW myÅBGU eÅen†Z
ˆm´ÖiàGjv nGZ wmgyGjkb ˆcÉvMÉvGg AbeiZ ˆWUv cvVvGZ fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUGZ cç Bw±`ÊGqi gGaÅ
KgcGÞ 3wU Bw±`Êq KwÁ·DUvi KZ†ÆK
^vGK I ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ˆmB Abyhvqx mvgGbi wÕ˜Gb cwieZÆb wbqw¯¨Z nq| Bw±`Êq àGjvGK wbq¯¨GYi
AvGb| RbÅ wiGqwjwUGZ ˆhme welGqi cÉwZ ài‚Z½
ˆ`Iqv nq Zv nGjv- kõ, `†wÓ¡, gwÕ¦Õ•,
2. wiGqwjwU wmgyGjUi (Reality Simulator): ‰wU ‰K aiGbi Õ·kÆ, ˆUwjGcÉGR´Ö|
nvWÆIqÅvi hv BGdÙiGK msGe`bkxj Z^Å mieivn KGi| ˆhgb- DœP ÞgZvmÁ·®² KwÁ·DUvGi MÉvwdÝ
wewf®² aiGbi ˆm´Öi, AwWI ev wfwWI cÉGmwms wWfvBm, Pvc I eÅenvGii gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv Õ©vGb DcwÕ©Z
Zvcgvòv wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi UÇv´ÖwWDmvi BZÅvw`| bv ˆ^GKI DÚ Õ©vGb ev NUbvi mgq
wbGRi DcwÕ©wZ Dcjw«¬ KivB nGjv
3. AÅvwµÏGKkb (Application): wewf®² wmgyGjkb mdUIqÅvi mgƒn ˆUwjGcÉGR´Ö|
hv wewf®² AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi Dci wbfÆi KGi| ˆhgb-
AGUvGWGÕ•i “Division” ‰wU BG´Ÿj cÉGmmi KwÁ·DUvGi eÅen†Z nq|
4. wRIGgwUÇ (Geometry): wRIGgwUÇ nGjv fvPÆyqvj cwiGeGki wewf®² eÕ§i evwnÅK ŠewkÓ¡Å mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Åvejx|
fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi avc mgƒn: fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU KvR KGi gƒjZ `ywU avGc
 cÉ^gZ KwÁ·DUvGi ŠZwi wògvwòK Qwe w`Gq fvPÆyqvj cwiGek ev cwigíj ŠZwi nq|
 cGii avGc eÅenviKvixi MwZwewa AbymiY KGi wògvwòK Qwe AbymvGi cwieZÆb KiGZ nq| Wvb w`GK
ZvKvGj Wvb w`GKi Qwe ˆ`LvGe, ˆMBGg kòy mvgGb ‰Gj cÉGqvRb AbymvGi nvZ ˆbGo Zvi mGã jovB KiGZ
nGe| ‰B bvovPovàGjv AbymiY Kivi RbÅ ˆm´Öi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
 22 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å: ‰KwU K‡wòg RMGZi cÉavbZ wbÁ²wjwLZ ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv ^vKGZ nq
 evÕ¦e RMGZ wewf®² eÕ¦yGK ˆhgb ˆ`Lvq, K‡wòg RMGZI eÕ¦yàGjvi wògvwòK i…c wVK ˆZgwb nGZ nq|
 eÅenviKvixi PjvGdivi mvG^ mvG^ wewf®² eÕ¦yi `†kÅgvb AsGkiI AvbylwãK cwieZÆb NUvGZ nq|
1.3.1 cÉvZÅwnK RxeGb fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU-‰i cÉfve (Impact of Virtual Reality in life)
cÉvZÅwnK evÕ¦e RxeGb fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU-‰i cÉGqvM `Ë‚Z e†w«¬ cvGœQ| ˆhgb- fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU ˆMgm ŠZwi, WÈvBwfs
cÉwkÞY, wegvb Pvjbv cÉwkÞY, wò-gvwòK MÉvwdÝ ŠZwi, bMi cwiK͸bv BZÅvw` RwUj KvGR eÅenvi Kiv nGœQ|
wkÞvGÞòt fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg wkÞvi RwUj
welqàGjv mnGR DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq A^Ævr
wkÞv^Æxiv welqwU ‰GKevGi mvgbvmvgwb ˆ`Lvi
Abyf„wZ cvq| dGj wkÞv^ÆxG`i welqwU mÁ·GKÆ
aviYv mnR nq| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi wògvwòK
wmgyGjkGbi gvaÅGg ˆRÅvwZweÆævGbi Qvò-wkÞKiv
wPò: wkÞvGÞGò fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi cÉGqvM
ˆmŒiRMr ‰i MÉn ev MÉnvYycyGéi AeÕ©vb,
MVbcÉK‡wZ, MwZwewa, MÉGni gaÅwÕ©Z wewf®² eÕ§ ev cÉvGYi DcwÕ©wZ mÁ·GKÆ ævb jvf KiGZ cvGi| D®²Z weGk¼
wk÷G`i wkÞvq fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg wewf®² welq AvKÆlYxqfvGe wkÞv ˆ`Iqv nq| MGelYvq ˆ`Lv ˆMGQ,
‰KRb Qvò hv ˆkvGb Zvi 20 kZvsk, hv ˆ`GL Zvi 30 kZvsk ‰es hv KGi AbyKiY KGi Zvi cÉvq 90kZvsk
chƯ¦ gGb ivLGZ cvGi|
wPwKrmvGÞò: D®²Z weGk¼ WvÚviG`i AvaywbK gvGbi
cÉwkÞY cÉ`vGb fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU eÅen†Z nGœQ| eZÆgvGb
mvwRÆKÅvj cÉwkÞGY ‘‰gAvB‰mwU (Minimally
Invasive Surgical Trainer) fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU
jÅvcGivGÕ•vwcK’ cÉwkÞY cÉ`vb Kiv nq| ‰ c«¬wZGZ
KwÁ·DUvi wmgyGjkb eÅenvi KGi jÅvcGivGÕ•vwci
cwiPvjbvi wewf®² ˆKŒkj ˆkLvGbv nq| wkÞvbexk
WvÚviMY ‰i dGj AZů¦ mnGR I myweavRbK DcvGq
evÕ¦Ge AcvGikb w^GqUvGi KvR Kivi AwfæZv ARÆb wPò : fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg cÉwkÞY
KGib| ˆgwWGKj mvRÆb Qvòiv fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUGK ˆgwWKÅvj ˆUÇwbs Uzj wnGmGe eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi| ‰i dGj
Zviv ‰GKevGi AcvGikb w^GqUvGi ˆivMxi AcvGikb cwiPvjbvi gGZvB evÕ¦weK Abyf„wZ I AwfæZv ˆcGq
^vGK| cvkvcvwk wPwKrmvGmev gvbI D®²Z Kiv hvq| fvPzÆqvj AcvGiwUs KGÞ Qvòiv ˆKŒkjMZ `ÞZv, AcvGikb
I ˆivM mÁ·wKÆZ Zvwî½K welqvw`i KvhÆcÉYvwj Abykxjb KiGZ mÞg nb|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 23
WÈvBwfs wbG`Ækbv: AvRKvj Mvwo WÈvBwfs
cÉwkÞGYi ˆÞGò AGbK aiGbi `ƒNÆUbv NGU| ‰
aiGbi `ƒNÆUbv ˆ^GK euvPvi Dcvq nGœQ fvPÆyqvj
wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg WÈvBwfs cÉwkÞY MÉnY| ‰i
gvaÅGg WÈvBwfs cÉwkÞGYi bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb Lye
mnGRB Avqî Kiv mÁ¿e|
KwÁ·DUvi wmgyGjkGbi gvaÅGg WÈvBwfs
wPò: fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg WÈvBwfs cÉwkÞY
cÉwkÞGYi RbÅ PvjKGK ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvmGb
emGZ nq| PvjGKi gv^vq cwiwnZ ˆnW gvDG´ŸW wWmGµÏ'i mvnvGhÅ KwÁ·DUvi «¼viv m†Ó¡ hvbevnGbi Afů¦ixY
Ask I AvGkcvGki ivÕ¦vi cwiGeGki ‰KwU gGWj cÉ`kÆb Kiv nq| ‰i mvG^ Avevi hyÚ ^vGK ‰KwU ‘wmÝ wWwMÉ
Ae-wdÌWg’ ˆnW UÇÅvwKs wmGÕ¡g| wWmGµÏ MÉvwdÝwU eÅenviKvixi gv^vi MwZ Abyhvqx mvov cÉ`vb KGi dGj
hvbevnGbi Afů¦ixY I evwnÅK AsGki 360 wWwMÉ `kÆb jvf KGib| wmgyGjUiwUGK eÅenviKvix AGUvGgvevBj
wbq¯¨GYi gvaÅGg cwiPvjbv KGi ^vGKb hvi gGaÅ iGqGQ ‰GÝjvGikb I ˆeËwKsGqi RbÅ wÕ¡qvwis üBj I
cÅvGWj| ‰ c«¬wZGZ Ri‚wi gynƒGZÆ hvbevnb cwiPvjbvi wbqgKvbyb ˆkLvGbv nq|
UÇvwdK eÅeÕ©vcbv: ‰Lb hvbPjvPj wbq¯¨GY fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ivLGQ| h^vh^ cÉwkÞY cÉ`vGbi
gvaÅGg PvjKMY hw` ZvG`i hvb Pvjbvq cvi`kxÆ nb ZvnGj UÇvwdK eÅeÕ©vcbvq k†›Ljv Avbv mÁ¿e| moKcG^i
UÇvwdK wbq¯¨YKvix msÕ©v ZxeË hvbRGU KxfvGe hvb PjvPj wbq¯¨Y KiGZ nGe Zv w^ËwW DcÕ©vcbvi gvaÅGg
wkLGZ cvGi| fvPÆyqvj cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg cvBjUMY AvKvkcG^ wegvb Pvjbv I ‰i SzuwK mÁ·GKÆ ævbjvf KGi|
cÉwZwU wegvb e±`Gi kZ kZ wegvGbi IVvbvgv Z`viwKi ˆKvb wegvbwU AvKvGk DoGe wKsev ˆKvb wegvbwU
ivbIGq Õ·kÆ KiGe Zvi cwiPvjbv Kivi RwUj `vwqZ½ AZů¦ mnR KGi w`GqGQ fvPzqÆ vj wiGqwjwU wbq¯¨Y
eÅeÕ©v| ‰KBfvGe ˆijc^ I RjcG^ hvbevnbàGjvGK fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU cÉGqvM KGi UÇvwdK wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq|
dÑvBU wmgyGjkb: dÑvBU wmgyGjkb nGœQ ‰KwU fvPzÆqvj
wiGqwjwUi ˆKŒkj hv cÉGqvM KGi ˆemiKvwiI mvgwiK
wegvb cvBjUG`iGK ˆKej Õ·kÆKvZi KwÁ·DUvi
wmGÕ¡Ggi gvaÅGg wegvb cwiPvjbvi cÉwkÞY cÉ`vb KiGQ|
dÑvBU wmgyGjUGii Afů¦Gi ˆhgb- ˆevwqs 747 wmgyGjUGi
KKwcGUi wfZi KG´ŸÈvj cÅvGbjwU mwZÅKvGii wegvGbi
gGZv üeü ^vGK| KKwcGUi wfZGi mwäZ ^vGK ‰Kmvwi
h¯¨cvwZ, RGqvwÕ¡K, wjfvi, myBP, evUb, ÕÏvBWvi cÉf‡wZ| wPò: fvPzqÆ vj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg dÑvBU
wmgyGjkb
PvjGKi AvmbwU ˆgGSi mvG^ mshyÚ ^vGK| ˆUKAd
(take off) ev jÅvw´£sGqi `†kÅcGeÆ Zviv ZvG`i wmUGeΟàGjv ˆeuGa ˆbb| RvbvjvmgƒGni evBGii w`GK Õ·kÆKvZi
KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg wWmGµÏ ŠZwi nq hvGK KwÁ·DUvi ˆRbvGiGUW BGgR ev wmwRAvB (CGI) bvGg AwfwnZ Kiv
 24 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

nq| cÉwkÞY MÉnYKvix hLb wmgyGjUGii wfZGi ˆUbAd KGib wZwb ZLb ‰KwU evÕ¦e wegvb e±`i I Zvi
AvkcvGki ‰jvKv cÉZÅÞ KGib| fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU ‰gb aiGbi cwiGek hv Aven ŠZwi KGi hvi dGj cÉwkÞYv^xÆ
gGb KGib wZwb mwZÅKvGii wegvb wbq¯¨Y KiGQb|
gnvkƒbÅ Awfhvb : gnvKvk AwfhvGbi cÉwZwU Õ¦Gi iGqGQ bvbv aiGbi SzuwK| cÉÕ§wZcGeÆi bvbv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cixÞv-
wbixÞv, bGfvPvixG`i KvhÆKgÌ , bGfvhvb cwiPvjbv mÁ·wKÆZ hveZxq LyuwUbvwU welqàGjv mÁ·GKÆ cÉwkÞY cÉ`vb
fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU weGkl Õ©vb KGi wbGqGQ| bGfvPvixMY ‰fvGe fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi cwiGeGk g™² ˆ^GK
gnvKvk MGelYvi welqàGjv I wbGRGK H cwiGeGk gvwbGq wbGZ cƒGeÆ ˆ^GK cÉwkÞY MÉnY KiGZ cviGQb|
ˆhgb- gnvkƒGbÅ bGfvGLqvhvb weKj nGq ˆMGj KxfvGe Zv mvivGZ nGe, ˆKvb h¯¨ AGKGRv nGj ZvGK KxfvGe
KvhÆÞg Kiv hvGe Zvi cÉwkÞYI ‰i gvaÅGg ˆ`qv nq| ‰i dGj gnvKvGk ZvG`i ögY AGbK wbivc` I
Õ¼vœQ±`Ågq nq|
BwZnvm I HwZnÅ iÞv : AvRKvj Rv`yNGi eÅvcKfvGe fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU eÅen†Z nGq ^vGK| fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi
mvnvGhÅ Rv`yNGi wògvwòK wPGòi gvaÅGg cÉvPxb ànv, fvÕ•hÆ, HwZnvwmK feb, cÉðZ½vwîK wb`Ækb DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq|
dGj AvMZ `kÆbv^Æxiv Zv ˆ`GL gy™¬ nq I wewf®² welq mÁ·GKÆ evÕ¦e aviYv ARÆb KGi|

wPò: Rv`yNGi `kÆbv^Æx wPò: PjwœPGòi `†kÅ aviY

BGgR msiÞY I `†kÅaviY : AvaywbK I mvB´Ö

wdKkb wmGbgv ŠZwii ˆÞGò SzuwKcƒYÆ `†kÅ aviY
‰es ‰wbGgkb ŠZwi KiGZ fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU
eÅenvi Kiv nq| RbwcÉq ˆUwjwfkb wmwiR
“Õ¡viUÇvK” ‰i AwaKvsk `†kÅ aviGY fvPÆyqvj
wiGqwjwU eÅen†Z nGqGQ| ZvQvov evGqvGgwUÇÝ
c«¬wZGZ wewf®² BGgR kbvÚ KiGZ fvPÆyqvj
wiGqwjwU eÅen†Z nq| DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, hyÚivGÓ¡Çi
KÅvwjGdvwbÆqvq AewÕ©Z AKzjvm fvPÆyqvj wPò: fvPÆyqvj ˆÕ·vUÆm
wiGqwjwU bvgK cÉwZÓ¤vb ռ͸‹`GNÆÅi Qwe “ˆnbwi” ŠZwi KGi ‰wg cyiÕ•vi wRGZGQ|
ˆMgm ŠZwi: ˆLjvayjvi RMGZ fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi iGqGQ m`cÆ c`PviY| wewf®² ˆLjv ˆhgb- Mjd, ‰Åv^GjwUÝ,
wÕ•wUs, mvBwKÑs BZÅvw`i cÉwkÞGYi RbÅ ‰wU eüj eÅen†Z| ‰Qvov ˆLjvayjvq eÅen†Z wewf®² mvgMÉx wWRvBb
KiGZI fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi mdj cÉGqvM iGqGQ| eZÆgvGb evRvGi cÉPwjZ AwaKvsk ˆMgB-‰ gGWj AbymiY KGi
ŠZwi| ˆhgb- fvPÆyqvj ˆÕ·vUÆm, fvPÆyqvj cywjk Kc, fvPÆyqvj ‰ÅvGivGÕ·m BZÅvw` wewf®² aiGbi ˆMBg|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 25

wPò: KwÁ·DUvi ˆMg wPò: AÕ¨ Pvjbv cÉwkÞY

mvgwiK ˆÞGò: fvPÆzqvj wiGqwjwU mvgwiK ˆÞGòI ˆek eÅenvi Kiv nGœQ| AvnZ ŠmbÅG`i wPwKrmvi K‡wòg
cwiGek I ˆmbvevwnbxi RbÅ KgeÅvU wmgyGjkb ŠZwiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆmbvevwnbxGZ fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU cÉGqvM
KGi AÕ¨ Pvjbv cÉwkÞY, AvaywbK hy«¬vÕ¨ eÅenvi A͸ mgGq I wbLyuZfvGe mÁ·®² Kiv hvGœQ| ivGZ hy«¬ cwiPvjbv,
kò‚i AeÕ©vb wbYÆq BZÅvw` KvGR D®²Z hy«¬mvgMÉxGZ eÅvcKfvGe fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU eÅenvi Kiv nq|
ˆbŒevwnbxGZ mveGgwib wmgyGjUi ŠZwii gvaÅGg hy«¬ cÉwkÞY, WzGevRvnvR Pvjbv BZÅvw` ˆÞGò cÉGqvM KiGQ|
D®²Z ˆckv ˆhgb- weËGUb ˆmbvevwnbxGZ ŠmbÅ wbGqvGMI Zviv ‰ cÉhywÚGK KvGR jvwMGqGQ|
bMi cwiK͸bvq:

wPò: bMi cwiK͸bvq fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU

bMi cwiK͸bvq wò-gvwòK fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU-‰i cÉGqvM KGi bMi D®²qb i…cGiLv, hvZvqvZ eÅeÕ©v wK aiGbi
nGZ cvGi Zv mnGR AvKlÆYxqfvGe DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq| wewf®² feb wbgÆvGYi mgq fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK| eZÆgvGb AGbK AvwKÆGUÙ ZvG`i wewΣs µÏvwbs fvPÆyqvj gGWGj evwbGq ^vGKb| KÑvGq´Ÿiv
mnGR ‰me wewΣsGqi AeKvVvGgv ˆ`LGZ cvGib I cÉGqvRGb ˆKvGbvwKQy cwieZÆGbi eÅvcvGi civgkÆ w`GZ
cvGib|
wk͸-KviLvbvq: fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi wmgyGjkGbi mvnvGhÅ wk͸-KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z cGYÅi wWRvBb wKsev
cÉGqvMmgƒGni fvPzÆqvjvBGRkb Kiv nq| dGj cÉK‡Z Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv ÷i‚i AvGMB cGYÅi wWRvBb wKsev
AvDUcyGUi ˆKvGbv ò‚wU ^vKGj Zv wPwn×Z KGi msGkvaGbi gvaÅGg Drcv`b msKÌv¯¦ SzuwK mgvavb Kiv mÁ¿e|
KgÆGÞò: mÁ·ÉwZ wdÌjÅvw´Ös IGqemvBGUi Avc IqvGKÆi (up work) ‰i ‰K MGelYvi Z^Å ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq,
mdUIqÅvi ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ ˆKvÁ·vwbàGjvGZ ‰Lb fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU ˆcÉvMÉvgviG`i Rq RqKvi PjGQ| MZ eQGii
GPGq ˆcÉvMÉvgviG`i Pvwn`v ‰evi 3k’ kZvsk ˆewk e†w«¬ GcGqGQ| ‰B LvGZ hviv KvR KGib Zviv gƒjZ Z^Å
weGklæ, ˆcÉvMÉvgvi I MwYZ weGklæ wnGmGeB cwiwPZ| fwelÅr ‰ ‰i Pvwn`v AvGiv e†w«¬ cvGe |
 26 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi ˆbwZevPK cÉfve (Negative Influence of VR in society)

evÕ¦e RxeGb cÉGZÅKwU cÉhywÚi wKQy bv wKQy ˆbwZevPK ev g±` w`K iGqGQ| Škke ˆ^GK AwRÆZ wkÞvB eGj ˆ`Ge
Avgiv ˆKvb c^ AejÁ¼b KiGev| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi ˆbwZevPK cÉfve wPwn×Z Kiv nGjv-
 fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi ˆÞGò eÅen†Z miévgvw`i `vg I RwUjZv ˆewk ‰es ‰B cÉhywÚGZ eÅen†Z mdUIqÅvi ev
ˆcÉvMÉvgI LyeB gƒjÅevb I eÅqeüj|
 fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi dGj gbylÅZ½nxbZv ev wWwnDgÅvbvBGRkb e†w«¬ cvGœQ| ‰GZ gvbyGli wKÌqv nËvm cvGe I
gvbe mgvR wejyµ¦ nGZ ^vKGe|
 fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi dGj gvbyl BGœQgGZv K͸bvi ivGRÅ wePiY KiGZ cviGe| dGj gvbyl ˆewkifvM mgq
KvUvGe K͸bvi RMGZ ‰es Lye Kg mgq ^vKGe evÕ¦e RMGZ| wK¯§ ‰fvGe gvbyl hw` K͸bv I evÕ¦Gei
gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ KiGZ bv cvGi ZvnGj c†w^exGZ Pig AwbøqZv weivR KiGe|
 fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU eÅenvGii dGj gvbyGli ˆPvGLi I kÉebkwÚi ÞwZ nGZ cvGi|

ˆRGb ivGLv: AMGgbGUW wiGqwjwU

Augmented Reality (AR)

AMGgG´ŸW wiGqwjwU (Augmented Reality) gƒjZ ‰KwU evÕ¦e bq, wK¯¦y evÕ¦Gei ˆKvbwKQzi mvG^ AvgvG`i
gwÕ¦GÓ•i Õ²vqyweK Abyf„wZGK KvGR jvwMGq K‡wîg eyw«¬gîv Avi KwÁ·DUvi wmgyGjkb eÅenvi KGi `ywU wf®²
NUbvGK wgwjGq ˆ`evi ‰KwU Dcvq| ‰B cÉhywÚ ÷ay K͸weævbGKB evÕ¦evwqZ KGi bv, A`†kÅ RMrGKI
G`LGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| ˆhgb ‰KRb ˆPqvGi eGm GPvGL GnW gvDG´ŸW wWmGµÏ jvwMGq ‰KUv wmgyGjGUW
wmGÕ¡Ggi gvaÅGg ‰GKevGiB wf®² wKQy|
AcicGÞ, fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUGZ Kx nq? ˆKvGbv ‰KRb NGi eGm wK¯¦y gGb nq wZwb NGi ˆbB ‰es PGj GMGQb
AvGiKwU RMGZ| wK¯¦y AMGgbGUW wiGqwjwUGZ ˆhGKvGbv ‰KRb NGi eGm ^vKGj Zvi gGb nGe wZwb NGiB
eGm AvGQb, wZwb ˆKv^vI hvbwb| wK¯¦y ‰LvGb ‰KRGbi ˆh dzGUR ˆ`LGZ cvGeb Zv gGb nGe Zvi NGii
wfZiB NUGQ| gGb Ki‚b Avcwb WvBGbvmi ‰i wfwWI ˆ`LGQb AR ‰i gvaÅGg, ‰Lb Avcbvi gGb nGe
ˆh WvBGbvmi Avcbvi NGii wfZiB eGm AvGQ| nqGZv Avcbvi NGii G`Iqvj ˆdGU WvBGbvmi cÉGek
KiGjv| AMGgbGUW wiGqwjwUGZ fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi gGZv Avcbvi gGb nGe bv Gh Avcwb WvBGbvmi ‰i
`ywbqvB PGj ˆMGQb, eis Avcbvi gGb nGe ˆh ‰B `ywbqvB Avcbvi NGi PGj ‰GmGQ|

KvR:
1. ævb ARÆGb ˆhgb fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi f„wgKv AGbK ˆZgwb mgvGR ‰i ˆbwZevPK w`KI iGqGQ- eÅvLÅv
Ki|
2. ˆZvgvG`i KÑvGm `ywU `j ŠZwi KGi fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU I wiGqwjwUi cGÞ wecGÞ ‰KwU weZÆGKi AvGqvRb
Ki|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 27

cvV 5-7 mvÁ·ÉwZK mgGq Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhwy Ú

1.4 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mvÁ·ÉwZK cÉeYZv (Contemporary Trends of ICT)
AGbK MGelYv I cixÞv-wbixÞvi cGi AvRGKi Z^Å cÉhywÚ weKvk jvf KGiGQ| dGj ‰Kzk kZGK ‰Gm cÉhywÚ
gvbylGK Dcnvi w`GqGQ ‰K bZzb hyM, hv Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi hyM bvGg cwiwPZ|
‰ hyGM gvbe mgvR wkÞv, Õ¼vÕ©Å, wbivcîv, eÅemvq-evwYRÅ, MGelYv, cÉwZiÞv, ˆLjvayjv, mvsÕ•‡wZK weGbv`b,
ˆUwjGhvMvGhvM, AwWI-wfwWI cÉf‡wZGZ mvgvwRK RxeGb MwZkxjZv ‰GbGQ| gvbyl meÆ`v bZzb cÉhywÚi eÅenvi
KiGZ AvMÉnx nq| ‰fvGe bZzGbi cÉwZ AvMÉn ˆ^GK m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi bvbvb weKvk| Z^Å I
ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ weKvGki cÉ^Gg AvGm ˆUwjGhvMvGhvM, ˆiwWI ˆhvMvGhvM; ‰fvGe ‰K mgq AvGm KwÁ·DUvi,
B´ŸviGbU| ‰ici gvbylGK Avi ˆcQGb wdGi ZvKvGZ nqwb| ‰GKi ci ‰K weGkl cÉhywÚ AvweÓ•vi KGi RxbZî½,
ˆivMZî½-kbvÚKiY I IlyaweævGb eÅvcK AMÉMwZ ÷i‚ KiGjv| Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mvÁ·ÉwZK cÉeYZvi
gGaÅ K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv, ˆivGevwUÝ, KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi, evGqvGgwUÇÝ, ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR, gnvKvk
Awfhvb cÉavb| wbGÁ² ‰ mÁ·GKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv|
1.4.1 AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö (Artificial Intelligence)
eyw«¬ nGœQ ævb AvniY Kiv I Zv cÉGqvM Kivi ÞgZv| BbGUwjGR´Ö ev eyw«¬gîv kõwU nGjv KZKàGjv weGkl
àGYi mgwÓ¡MZ i…c| ˆhgb- ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ welq mÁ·GKÆ aviYv KiGZ cviv, wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqvi ÞgZv, mgmÅv
mgvavGbi mÞgZv, AwfæZv ˆ^GK wkÞv ˆbIqv, ˆhGKvGbv welq mÁ·GKÆ ævb ARÆb KiGZ cviv, AwRÆZ ævbGK
KvGR jvMvGZ cviv, bZzb AeÕ©vi cwiGcÉwÞGZ `Ë‚Z I mdjfvGe mvov ˆ`Iqv, fvlv eySGZ cvivi ÞgZv-‰ meB
eyw«¬gîvi Ask| eyw«¬gîv ev BbGUwjGR´Ö-‰i AvGM AvwUÆwdwmqvj kõwU ZLbB emvGbv hvq hLb ‰ àYàGjvGK
ˆKvGbv wmGÕ¡Ggi gvGS wmgyGjU Kiv mÁ¿e nq| myZivs ejv hvq, K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv KwÁ·DUvi weævGbi ‰KwU kvLv,
ˆhLvGb gvbyGli eyw«¬gîv I wP¯¦v kwÚGK KwÁ·DUvi «¼viv AbyKiY Kivi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nGq ^vGK| gvbyGli gGZv
wP¯¦v fvebv Kiv ev ZvrÞwbK wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbqvi gGZv ÞgZv K‡wòg DcvGq KwÁ·DUvGi eÅeÕ©v Kiv nGj ZvGK K‡wòg
eyw«¬gîv eGj|
A^Ævr gvbyGli wP¯¦v fvebvi A^ev eyw«¬gîvi c«¬wZUvGK K‡wòg DcvGq cÉhywÚwbfÆi h¯¨ ev KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg
evÕ¦evqb KivUvB nGjv AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö (Artificial Intelligence) ev K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv|
AvwUÆwdwkqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö ‰i DGókÅ: AvwUÆwdwkqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö ‰i DGókÅ nGœQ KwÁ·DUvi ev ˆgwkbGK
gvbyGli gGZv ævb I wP¯¦v Kivi ÞgZv `vb Kiv| ‰wUi RbÅ cÉGqvRb eyw«¬gvb ˆcÉvMÉvg| eyw«¬gvb ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi
Kivi RbÅ cÉavbZ cÉGqvRb Knowledge Representation & Reasoning| my±`ifvGe Knowledge
Representation & Reasoning ‰i RbÅ gvbyGli ˆeËBb wKfvGe KvR KGi, weævbxiv Zvi AbyKiY Kivi ˆPÓ¡v
KiGQ|
KwÁ·DUvi ev ˆgwkb KxfvGe gvbyGli gGZv wP¯¦v KiGe, KxfvGe AmÁ·ƒYÆ Z^Å w`Gq cƒYÆvã wm«¬vG¯¦ ˆcŒuQGe,
KxfvGe mgmÅv mgvavb KiGe, KxfvGe wePÞYZvi cwiK͸bv cÉYqb KiGe, KxfvGe mdjZvi mwnZ ˆLjvayjv
KiGe BZÅvw` welqàGjv wbGq K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi Dci MGelYv PjGQ| ˆiveU Dcjwº¬ mÁ·wKÆZ, cÉvK‡wZKfvGe
fvlvi cÉwKÌqvKiY, ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g ev mywbcyY eÅeÕ©v, wbDivj ˆbUIqvKÆ, Õ¼µ²gq mwZÅ ev fvPÆzqvj wiGqwjwU
BZÅvw` ˆÞGò K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi weGkl eÅenvi cwijwÞZ nGœQ|
 28 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

AvwUÆwdwkqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö ‰i cÉKviGf`: wewf®² weGklæ

‰i gGZ AvwUÆwdwkqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö ev K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi
wZbUv ˆkÉYx iGqGQ| h^v: ˆRGb ivGLv
1. ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence): ANI
nGœQ ‰KUv wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰wiqvGZ ‰ÝcvUÆ| ˆhgb ˆh ˆgwkb
`vev ˆLjGZ cviGe, ˆm ÷ay `vevB fvGjv cviGe| `vev
ˆLjv ˆ^GK jyWz ˆLjv mnR nIqv mGî½I ZvGK `vev
ˆLjvi cwieGZÆ hw` jyWz ˆLjGZ ˆ`q, ˆm cviGe bv|
2. AGI (Artificial General Intelligence):
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi w«¼Zxq avc nGœQ AGI| ‰UvGK wPò: AÅvjvb Uzwis wPò: Rb gÅvKvw^Æ
[R¯Ã: 23 Ryb 1912 [R¯Ã: 4 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i 1927
Strong AI, ev Human-Level AI I ejv nq| ‰ g†ZzÅ: 7 Ryb 1954] g†ZzÅ: 24 AGÙvei 2011]
avGc KwÁ·DUvi gvbyGli gGZv wP¯¦v, cwiK͸bv, mgmÅv 1950 mvGji w`GK AÅvjvb Uzwis ‰KwU ˆgwkb
mgvavb KiGZ cviGe| eyw«¬gvb wKbv, Zv cixÞv Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU ˆUÕ¡ ‰i
3. ASI (Artificial Super Intelligence): ‰wU K^v DGÍÏL KGiGQb, hv Uzwis ˆUÕ¡ bvGg cwiwPZ|
‘Uzwis ˆUÕ¡’ nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU cixÞv hvi gvaÅGg Rvbv
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi Z‡Zxq avc| KwÁ·DUvi hLb gvbyl
hvq, ˆKvGbv hG¯¨i wP¯¦v Kivi ÞgZv AvGQ wKbv|
ˆ^GKI eyw«¬gvb nGe ZLb ZvGK ejGev AvwUÆwdwkqvj
ˆKvGbv ‰KwU h¯¨ Uzwis ˆUÕ¡ DrGi ˆMGj ejv hvq
mycvi BG´ŸwjGR´Ö| h¯¨wUi K‡wòg eyw«¬gZv AvGQ| AbbÅ cÉwZfvevb
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi eÅenvwiK ‰jvKv: K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi AÅvjvb Uzwis ˆgwkb Bw´ŸwjGR´Ö ‰es Zvwî½K
eÅenviGK wZbwU cÉavb ‰jvKvq fvM Kiv hvq| ‰àGjv KwÁ·DUvi weævGbi RbK wnGmGe mgv`†Z|
H mgq K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv wbGq AGbK wimvPÆ nGjI
nGjv:
‰ici AGbK w`b ‰ welGq wimvPÆ e®¬ ^vGK| ‰i
1. eyw«¬e†wîK weævb (Cognitive science): K‡wòg cÉavb KviY wQj KwÁ·DGUkbvj cvIqvi| H mgqKvi
eyw«¬gîvi ‰B ˆÞòwU nGœQ Rxewe`Åv, Õ²vqywe`Åv, KwÁ·DUvi àGjv ‰GZv cvIqvidzj wQj bv| ‰ici
1956 mvGj hyÚivGÓ¡Èi MIT-‰i John McCarthy
gGbvwe`Åv I MwYZ mÁ·wKÆZ AGbK welGqi Dci
meÆc^É g AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö kõwUi mvG^
MGelYvwfwîK ævb| ‰wU gvbe gwÕ¦Õ• wKfvGe KvR AvgvG`i cwiPq KwiGq ˆ`b| ZvGK K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi
KGi, wP¯¦v KGi ‰es ˆkGL ˆmàGjvi IcGi RbK wnGmGe AvLÅvwqZ Kiv nq|
AvGjvKcvZ KGi ^vGK| ‰i eÅenvGii wewf®²
ˆÞòàGjvi gGaÅ iGqGQ:
 ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g (Expert Systems):
‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g ‰gb ‰KwU mdUIqÅvi
hvi gvaÅGg K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvGK KvGR
jvwMGq ˆKvGbv RwUj mgmÅvi mgvavb
wKsev wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY Kiv hvq| ‰wU
gvbyGli ˆ`qv Z^Å, hywÚ I ˆWUvGeGRi wPò : AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 29
Dci wfwî KGi KvR KGi| ‰ÝcvUÆ
wmGÕ¡Gg KvR Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGg Z^Å
mieivn KiGZ nq| ˆmB mieivnK‡Z
ZG^Åi Dci wfwî KGi ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g
cÉGqvRGb wm«¬v¯¦ wbGZ cvGi| ˆhgb-
Mycin I Cadulus: wPwKrmv msKÌv¯¦
RwUj mgmÅvi mgvavb Kiv hvq|
Deep Blue: `vev ˆLjvi wePviK wnmvGe eÅen†Z nq|
Mycsyma: MvwYwZK mgmÅvi mgvavb Kiv hvq|
RI: KwÁ·DUvi wWRvBGb eÅen†Z nq|
Prospector: LwbR c`v^Æ I AvKwiK Abym®¬vGbi KvGR eÅen†Z nq|
 jvwbÆs wmGÕ¡g (Learning Systems): jvwbÆs ‰KwU wmGÕ¡Ggi cwieZÆbàGjvGK wbG`Æk KGi hv wmGÕ¡gwUGK
‰KB KvR cieZÆx mgGq AviI fvGjvfvGe mÁ·v`b Kivi ÞgZv cÉ`vb KGi| jvwbÆs ‰GR´Ÿ PviwU cÉavb
Dcv`vb wbGq MwVZ| h^v-1. jvwbÆs ‰wjGg´Ÿ 2. cvidiGg´Ö ‰wjGg´Ÿ 3. wKÌwUK 4. cÉeGjg ˆRbvGiUi
 dvwR jwRK (Fuzzy Logic): dvwR jwRK ‰gb ‰KwU hywÚ eÅeÕ©v ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv mgmÅvi mgvavb 0 ‰es
1 mn ‰G`i gaÅeZÆx ˆhGKvGbv evÕ¦e msLÅv nGZ cvGi, 1 A^ev 0 QvovI AvGiv wewf®² DcvGq ˆ`Iqv hvq|
evBbvwi eÅeÕ©vq ‰KwU mgmÅvi mgvavb ‘nÅvu’ A^ev ‘bv’ - ‰B `y'wU DcvGq ˆ`qv hvq|
 wbDivj ˆbUIqvKÆ (Neural Network): wbDivj ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰gb ‰K aiGYi K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv hv gvbyl
gwÕ¦GÕ•i wbDibGK AbyKiY KGi ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ| ˆek wKQy ˆbvW ev cGq´Ÿ ‰GK IcGii mvG^ wbw`ÆÓ¡ wKQy
wbqGg hyÚ ˆ^GK wbGRG`i gGaÅ Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vb KiGj ZvGK ˆbUIqvKÆ ejv hvq| wbDivj ˆbUIqvGKÆi
ˆÞGò ˆmB ˆbvW (Node) nGœQ ‰K ‰KwU wbDib| AvgvG`i ˆeËBGbi gGaÅ eÕ§Z wewjqb msLÅK wbDiGbi
‰KUv ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi Kiv AvGQ| ˆgvUvgywU ˆmB MVb Škjxi Dci wfwî KGi ˆWUv ˆ^GK cÅvUvbÆ
wiKMwbkGbi RbÅ ‰K aiGbi KvhÆc«¬wZi bvg nGœQ AvwUÆwdwkqvj wbDivj ˆbUIqvKÆ|
 ˆRGbwUK AÅvjMwi`g (Genetic Algorithm): ˆRGbwUK AÅvjMwi`g eÅenvi K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi ‰KwU
evo¯¦ AÅvwµÏGKkb| ‰B mdUIqÅviwU ‰KwU weeZÆbKvix cÉwKÌqvGK wmgyGjU Kivi RbÅ WviDBwbqvb
iÅvG´£vgvBwRs I MvwYwZK dvskbmgƒnGK eÅenvi KGi mgmÅv mgvavb KGi|
 BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ ‰GR´Ÿ (Intelligent Agent): BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ ‰GR´Ÿ nGjv ‰KRb ‰´£ BDRvi ev cÉwKÌqvi RbÅ
‰KwU weK͸ mdUIqÅvi hv mywbw`ÆÓ¡ cÉGqvRGb KvhÆKÌgGK cƒiY KGi|
2. ˆivGevwUÝ (Robotics): ‰B cÉhywÚwU KwÁ·DUvi eyw«¬gîv mÁ¼wjZ I wbqw¯¨Z ˆiveU ˆgwkb ŠZwi KGi I
ˆhàGjv AvK‡wZMZ w`K ˆ^GK AGbKUvB gvbyGli gGZv I Š`wnK ÞgZvmÁ·®² ^vGK|
3. bÅvPvivj B´ŸviGdm (Natural Interface): K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi ‰B ˆÞòwU gƒjZt fvlv I K^v kbvÚKiYGK
ˆevSvq| A^Ævr gvbyGli fvlvi mvG^ KwÁ·DUvi I ˆiveGUi gGaÅ msGhvM Õ©vcb KivB nGjv bÅvPvivj
B´ŸviGdm| wewf®² aiGbi bÅvPvivj B´ŸviGdm nGœQ bÅvPvivj jÅvsàGqR wÕ·P wiKMwbkb, gvwΟGm´Öwi
B´ŸviGdm, fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU BZÅvw`|
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K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvq eÅen†Z ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvsàGqR: K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvGK cÉGqvM Kivi RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
jÅvsàGqGRi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb LISP, CLISP, PROLOG, C/C++, java BZÅvw`|
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi eÅenvi (Application of AI)
1. B-ˆgBGj K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv eÅenvi KGi wdΟvGii gvaÅGg “Õ·Åvg” wnmvGe wPwn×Z KGi|
2. B-KgvmÆ IGqemvBGU ˆKvGbv ‰KRb ˆKÌZvi cƒGeÆi ˆKbvKvUv I AbÅvbÅ eÅenviKvixG`i ˆKbvKvUvi
ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ eySGZ K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv eÅenvi KiGQ| ˆhgb: Amazon ev Netflix|
3. eÅvsGK MÉvnGKi AÅvKvDG´Ÿ A«¿zZ KvhÆKjvc chÆGeÞY KiGZ Zv AvwUÆwdwkqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö eÅenvi Kiv nq|
4. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi AÅvwµÏGKkb gvbyGli K^vI wbfÆyj fvGe DcÕ©vcb KiGQ| intelligent personal
assistants, AvgvRb ‰i “AvGjÝv” ev AÅvcj ‰i “wmixq” ‰i K^v gGb KiGZ cvwi|
5. MvwYwZK mgmÅv mgvavGbi ˆÞGò|
6. ˆiveU wbq¯¨GYi ˆÞGò|
7. wiGgvU ˆmw´Ös KvGR|
8. wPwKrmvwe`Åv ˆÞGò|
9. Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe Z^Å msiÞY I weGkÏlGYi ˆÞGò|
10. gvbylÅwenxb Mvwo ‰es wegvb PjvPj wbq¯¨GYi ˆÞGò|
11. ÕÃvUÆGdvGb Õ¼qswKÌq ˆMg ŠZwiGZ|
12. Automated online assistants- ‰i gvaÅGg KvÕ¡gvi mvwfÆm cÉ`vGbi ˆÞGò|
13. cÉvK‡wZK I LwbR mÁ·` LuyGR ˆei Kivi KvGR|
14. BGjKUÇwbÝ wWfvBGmi mƒß f„j-òœwU kbvÚKiGY|
15. ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g cwiK͸bv I ŠZwi Kivi ˆÞGò|
16. ÞwZKi weGÕ¹viK kbvÚ I wbwÓKÌq Kivi KvGR|
17. Self Driving Cars A^Ævr Õ¼qswKÌq Mvwo Pvjbvi ˆÞGò| hv gvbyGli KÓ¡ KwgGq w`Ge|
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi Amyweav (Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligent)
1. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv I ˆiveU wmGÕ¡g ‰i KviGY AGbK gvbyl KgÆnxb nGq coGe|
2. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi AceÅenvi gvbeRvwZi RbÅ gvivñK ügwKÕ¼i…c|
3. ‰wU ‰KwU eÅqeüj I iÞYvGeÞY ZzjbvgƒjK RwUj|
4. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi KviGY gvbyGli m†RbkxjZv KGg hvq|
gvbe eyw«¬gîv I K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ
gvbe eyw«¬gîv K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv
gvbe eyw«¬gîv mivmwi Bw±`ÊqmgƒGni AwfæZvGK K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv mivmwi Bw±`ÊqmgƒGni AwfæZvGK
eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi| eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi bv|
gvbe eyw«¬gîv ˆhGKvGbv welGq ˆhGKvGbv mgq wP¯¦v K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv ˆhGKvGbv welGq ˆhGKvGbv mgq
KiGZ cvGi| wP¯¦v KiGZ cvGi bv|
gvbe eyw«¬gîv m†wÓ¡kxj| K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv m†wÓ¡kxj bq|
gvbe eyw«¬gîv mKj welGq cvi`kÆx| K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv mKj welGq cvi`kÆx bq|
gvbe eyw«¬gîv cÉK‡wZMZfvGe cÉvµ¦| K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv gvbyl «¼viv cÉvµ¦|
gvbe eyw«¬gîvi ÕÆwZ wPiÕ©vqx bq, mgGqi mvG^ K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvq ÕÆwZ Õ©vqx nq|
AebwZ NUGZ cvGi|
gvbe eyw«¬gîv mgGqi mvG^ weKwkZ nGZ cvGi| K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvq myGhvM ˆbB|
gvbe eyw«¬gîvGK wjGL ivLv mÁ¿e bq| K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvq mÁ¿e|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 31
1.4.2 ˆivGevwUÝ (Robotics)
ˆivGevwUÝ nGjv ˆiveU ˆUKGbvjwRi ‰KwU kvLv ˆhLvGb
ˆiveGUi bKkv, wbgÆvY, KvhÆKgÌ , ŠewkÓ¡Å I cÉGqvM wbGq KvR
Kiv nq| ˆivGevwUÝ ev ˆiveUweævb nGjv KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z
h¯¨mgƒn wWRvBb I wbgÆvY msKÌv¯¦ weævb| ˆiveUweævb
BGjKUÇwbÝ, cÉGKŒkj, ejwe`Åv, ˆgKvwbÝ I mdUIqÅvi
ˆKŒkGji mvG^ mÁ·KÆhyÚ| ˆivGevwUÝ-‰i mvaviY welqàGjv
nGjv K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv, Bwéwbqvwis I gGbvwe`Åv| ‰B cÉhywÚwU
KwÁ·DUvi eyw«¬gîv msewjZ I KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z ˆiveU
ˆgwkb ŠZwi KGi ˆhàGjv AvK‡wZMZ w`K ˆ^GK AGbKUv
gvbyGli gGZv nq I Š`wnK ÞgZvmÁ·®² ^vGK| KÅvij wPò: weLÅvZ bvix ˆiveU ‘ˆmvwdqv’
KÅvGcK wQGjb ‰KRb ˆPK bvUÅKvi| 1920 mvGj wZwb Zvi
‰KwU bvUGK cÉ^g ˆiveU kõwU eÅenvi KGib| Robot kõwU gƒjZ ‰GmGQ ˆPK kõ Robota nGZ hvi A^Æ nGjv
‘KÑvw¯¦Ki kÉg’| AvGgwiKvb K^vmvwnwZÅK AvBRÅvK AvwkGgvf 1981 mvGj Zvi ˆQvU M͸ ‘wjiv (Lira)’ ˆZ
meÆcÉ^g ˆivewUÝ kõwU eÅenvi KGib| ˆiveU nGjv ‰K aiGbi BGjKGUÇvGgKvwbKÅvj hvw¯¨K eÅeÕ©v, hv
KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg ev BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU KZ†ÆK wbqw¯¨Z ‰K aiGbi Õ¼qswKÌq ev Avav-Õ¼qswKÌq h¯¨ ev h¯¨gvbe|
ˆiveGU ‰Kevi ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆmU KGi w`Gj hv ˆcÉvMÉvg AbymvGi gvbyGli bÅvq KvR KiGZ cvGi| ˆiveU
Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe ˆcÉvMÉvg AbymvGi mKj KvR mÁ·®² KGi| Nievwo ev AveRÆbv cwiÓ•vimn evwoNGii KvR ev
gnvkƒGbÅi KvGR eÅen†Z ˆiveU nGjv Õ¼qswKÌq ˆiveU hv AGUvGbvgvm ˆiveU bvGg cwiwPZ| AbÅw`K ˆm mgÕ¦
ˆiveUGK cwiPvjbvi RbÅ gvbyGli wKQy wbq¯¨Y I cwiPvjbv cÉGqvRb nq, ˆmMyGjvGK Avav-Õ¼qswKÌq ev ˆmwg
AGUvGbvgvm ˆiveU eGj| wk͸ KiLvbvq ‰ aiGbi wKQy ˆiveU eÅen†Z nq|
nsKs wfwîK cÉwZÓ¤vb nÅvbmb-‰i ˆiveU “ˆmvwdqv” mvivweGk¼ LÅvwZ jvf KGi| 2017 mvGji 6 wWGmÁ¼i
evsjvG`Gk AbywÓ¤Z XvKv wWwRUvj IqvΣÆ-2017 mGÁÃjGb ‰B bvix ˆiveUwU ˆhvM ˆ`q| ˆmvwdqvGK weGk¼i cÉ^g
mvgvwRK ˆiveU ejv nGœQ|
ˆiveUGK ˆhme ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`Iqvi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nq ˆmàGjv nGjv@
 `kÆGbw±`Êq ev wfRyqÅvj cviGmckb (Visual Perception)
 msÕ·kÆ ev Õ·kÆGbw±`ÊqMÉvnÅ mÞgZv (Tactile Capabilities)
 wbq¯¨Y I gÅvwbcyGjkGbi ˆÞGò `ÞZv ev wbcyYZv (Dexterity)
 ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vGb Š`wnKfvGe bovPovi ÞgZv ev ˆjvGKvGgvkb (Locomotion)|

Voice Recognition
Voice Synthesis
2 Cameras
Emotions
Embedded CPU Swithcable Head
with Wi-R Prehensive Hands
Lipo Battery
Linux OS
25 Degrees of
23
Freedom

wPò : ˆiveU ‰i Aã cÉZÅã

 32 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆiveGUi Askmgƒn: ‰KwU ˆiveGU mvaviYZ ˆh Dcv`vbàGjv ^vGK

 cvIqvi wmGÕ¡g (Power system): mvaviYZ ˆjW ‰wmW w`Gq ŠZwi wiPvGRÆej eÅvUvwi w`Gq ˆiveGUi
cvIqvi ˆ`Iqv nq|
 gyGfej ewW (Movable Body): ˆiveGUi PvKv, hvw¯¨K msGhvMmÁ·®² cv A^ev Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nIqvi
h¯¨cvwZ hyÚ ^vGK|
 BGjKwUÇK mvwKÆU (Electric circuit): ‰wU ˆiveGUi ˆgvUimgƒGn we`yÅr msGhvM cÉ`vb KGi| ‰KB mvG^
nvBGWÈvwjK I wbDGgwUÇK wmGÕ¡gGK we`yÅr msGhvM ˆ`Iqv nq|
 gwÕ¦Ó• ev KwÁ·DUvi (Brain or Computer): ˆiveGUi gwÕ¦Ó• ˆiveUGK wbq¯¨Y KGi| AvPiY cwieZÆb
KiGZ nGj gwÕ¦GÓ• ˆcÉvMÉvg cwieZÆb KiGZ nq|
 AÅvKPzGqUi (Actuator): ‰KwU ˆiveGUi nvZ cv BZÅvw` bovPov Kivi RbÅ KZKàGjv Še`yÅwZK
ˆgvUGii eÅeÕ©v ^vGK| ‰GK ‰KwU ˆiveGUi nvZ I cvGqi ˆcwk eGj AwfwnZ Kiv hvq|
 Abyf„wZ (Sensing): gvbyGli Abyf„wZ ‰KwU weGkl ŠewkÓ¡Å| ˆZgwb ˆiveGUi Abyf„wZ ‰KwU weGkl
Dcv`vb| ˆiveGUi nvZ ev cv ˆKvGbv ‰KwU RvqMvq Õ·kÆ KiGj ˆm RvqMv mÁ·GKÆ hveZxq Z^Å ˆbIqvi
ÞgZv ^vKGZ cvGi| ˆPvGLi bÅvq 360 ˆKvY chƯ¦ KÅvGgiv w`Gq mvgGbi ev ˆcQGbi `†kÅ ˆbIqv nq|
 gÅvwbwcDGjkb (Manipulation) ev cwieZÆb Kiv: ‰KwU ˆiveGUi AvGkcvGki eÕ¦yàGjvi AeÕ©vb
cwieZÆb Kivi c«¬wZGK ejv nq Manipulation| ˆiveU nvZ I cv cwieZÆGbi hveZxq KvR KGi ^vGK|
ˆiveU ‰i eÅenvi (Application of Robot)
1. wewf®² wk͸KviLvbvq ˆhme wRwbmcò gvbyGli cGÞ IVvbvgv I Õ©vcGbi RbÅ KwVb ˆmme ˆÞGò ˆiveU
eÅenvi Kiv hvq| weGkl KGi hvbevnb ev Mvwoi KviLvbvq ˆiveU eÅen†Z nq|
2. KviLvbvi wRwbmcò msGhvRb, cÅvwKs I cwienGbi RbÅ ˆiveU eÅenvi djcÉmƒ|
3. hy«¬GÞGò hy«¬hvGb WÈvBfvGii weK͸ wnGmGe ˆiveUGK eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
4. BGjKUÇwbÝ-‰i AvBwm (IC) I PCB (Printed Circuit Board) evbvGbvi RbÅ ˆiveU eÅen†Z nq|
5. wPwKrmv ˆÞGò mvRÆvixi KvGR ˆiveUGK eÅenvi Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ|
6. weiwÚKi I ‰KGNGq KvGRi ˆÞGò|
7. wecäbK I wbivcîvi KvGR|
8. Lwb ˆ^GK gƒjÅevb c`v^Æ DGîvjGbi KvGR ˆiveU eÅenvi Kiv nq|
9. weGbv`b, MGelYv I wkÞv ˆÞGò|
10. cy›Lvbycy›L i…Gc gvBGKÌvmvwKÆGUi cixÞv KiGZ|
11. mvgwiK KvGR ˆhgb ˆevgv wbwÕ˜q Kiv, f„wg gvBb kbvÚKiY, wgwjUvwi AcvGikGb eÅen†Z nq|
12. NGivqv KvGR i‚wUb gvwdK NGii KvRKgÆ, cwiÓ•vi cwiœQ®², Pv-Kwd ŠZwi, K^v ejvi KvGR wiwmcmwbÕ¡ wnGmGe|
13. gnvKvk MGelYvq gvbyGli cwieGZÆ ˆiveU eÅen†Z nq ˆhgb bvmvi wKDwiwmwU ˆiveU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|
ˆiveU eÅenvGii myweavmgƒn
1. ˆiveU «¼viv ŠZwi cGYÅi àYMZgvb Lye fvGjv I mƒÞZvI ˆewk|
2. ˆiveGUi KvR Kivi MwZ ˆewk ‰es AvDUcyU ˆewk cvIqv hvq|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 33
3. wecäbK cwiGeGk ˆiveGUi gvaÅGg KvR Kiv wbivc`|
4. ‰wU KÑvw¯¦nxbfvGe `xNÆÞY KvR KiGZ cvGi|
ˆiveU eÅenvGii Amyweavmgƒn
1. gvbyl mgq cwiwÕ©wZ I cwiGek eyGS wbGRi eyw«¬ LvwUGq KvR KiGZ cvGi| wK¯§ ˆiveU wbGRi eyw«¬
LvwUGq Õ¼vaxbfvGe KvR KiGZ cvGi bv|
2. ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv KÓ¡mvaÅ I mgq mvGcÞ|
3. ˆivGevwUÝ h¯¨cvwZ KÌq KiGZ hG^Ó¡ cwigvY AG^Æi cÉGqvRb iÞYvGeÞGYi RbÅ `Þ ˆjvK cÉGqvRb|
4. ˆiveUGK mPj ivLGZ AwaK we`yÅGZi cÉGqvRb nq| dGj ‰wU eÅqeüj|
5. ˆiveGUi gGaÅ ˆKvGbv m†wÓ¡kxjZv ˆbB ‰es fzj ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv wkÞv MÉnY KiGZ cvGi bv|
6. dÅvÙwiGZ ˆiveGUi eÅvcK eÅenvi ÷i‚ nGj KgÆxG`i PvKzwi
nvivGbvi mÁ¿vebv nGZ cvGi|
1.4.3 KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi (Cryosurgery)
wMÉK kõ cryo A^Æ Lye kxZj ‰es surgery A^Æ nvGZ Kiv KvR|
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU wPwKrmv c«¬wZ hvi gvaÅGg AwZ Vvív
Zvcgvòvq kixGii AÕ¼vfvweK I AmyÕ© wUmyÅ (ˆKvl) a»sm Kiv nq|
‰GÞGò kxZjxKiGYi RbÅ Zij bvBGUÇvGRb (Liquid nitrogen),
KveÆb WvB-AÝvBW (Carbon di-oxide), AvMÆb (Argon) I WvB
wg^vBj B^vi-ˆcÉvGcb (Dimethyl ether–propane) ‰es wnwUs ˆmvmÆ
wnmvGe wnwjqvg eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰ mKj c`v^ÆGK ‰KwU ˆMvjvKvi
bGj wbGq Zzjvi mvnvGhÅ ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ wUmyÅi Dci cÉGjc ˆ`IqvGK wPò: KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ eÅen†Z
KÌvGqvcÉe (cryoprobe) eGj| wewf®² ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ ˆKvGli wPwKrmvq ‰wU KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g
eÅen†Z nq| weGkl KGi AmyÕ© Z½GKi cwiPhÆvq ‰wU ˆewk eÅenvi Kiv
nq| gvbe ˆKvlmgƒnGK Aek KGi eÅv^v wbevib KivGK eGj
AÅvGbmG^wmqv| BsGiR wPwKrmK ˆRgm AvibU 1850 mvGj ‰B c«¬wZ
AvweÓ•vi KGib|
wPwKrmv c«¬wZ : KÌvGqvG^ivwcGZ wUDgvi wUmyÅi Zvcgvòv 12 ˆmGKG´£i
wfZGi KwgGq 120-165 ˆm. Zvcgvòvq wbGq Avmv nq| ewnivMZ
wUDgvGii KÅv´Övi ˆKvGl mivmwi Zij bvBGUÇvGRb ev AvMÆb ‰KwU muyP,
Zzjv ev ˆÕ·É Kiv h¯¨ w`Gq cÉGqvM Kiv nq| Afů¦ixY wUDgvGii ˆÞGò, wPò : KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ eÅen†Z h¯¨
KÌvGqvGcÉve (Cryoprobe) bvgK ‰KwU duvcv bj ev mƒGPi cÉv¯¦ «¼viv
wUDgvi wUmyÅi wfZGi Lye `Ë‚Z Zij bvBGUÇvGRb ev AvMÆb MÅvGmi wb:miY
KivGbv nq| ‰GÞGò WvÚviMY AvΟÈvmvD´£ ev ‰gAviAvB (MRI-
Magnetic Resonance Imaging) eÅenvi KGib| Zvcgvòvi
AZÅvwaK nËvGmi dGj ˆKvGli cvwb RgvUe«¬ nGq H wUmyÅwU ‰KwU
eidwcGí cwiYZ nq| eid wcG´£i wfZGi wUDgvi wUmyÅwU AvUKv cGo
ˆMGj ‰GZ iÚ I AwÝGRb mieivn e®¬ nGq hvq| KviY -165 ˆm.
Zvcgvòvq iÚ I AwÝGRb cwienb mÁ¿e bq| ‰i dGj RgvUe«¬
AeÕ©vq wUDgvi wUmyÅwUi Þq mÁ·®² nq| Avevi mƒGPi cÉv¯¦ w`Gq
wUDgvi wUmyÅwUi wfZGi wnwjqvg MÅvm wbtmiGYi wPò: KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ eÅen†Z KÌvGqvcÉe
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-03K
 34 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

gvaÅGg wUmyÅwUi Zvcgvòv 20-40 ˆm. ‰ DVvGbv nq| ZLb RgvUe«¬ wUDgvi wUmyÅwUi eid MGj hvq ‰es
wUmyÅwU a»sm nGq hvq|
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ wPwKrmK wUDgvi wUmyÅi Zvcgvòvi nËvm-e†w«¬ ‰es eid LGíi AvKvi AvK‡wZ wbq¯¨Y KiGZ
cvGib| KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ Zvcgvòv nËvme†w«¬i cÉwKÌqvwU A¯¦Z `y’wU PGKÌ mÁ·®² nq| kxZjxKiY cÉwKÌqvwU ZZÞY
PjGZ ^vGK hZÞY bv cyGiv wUDgviwUi AvkcvGki wUmyÅ 5-10 wg. wg. cyi‚ eid «¼viv fvGjvfvGe Ave†Z nq| eo
wUDgvGii ˆÞGò ‰KvwaK kxZjxKiY mƒP eÅenvi KiGZ nq| cÉGqvRb mvGcGÞ ‰B cÉwKÌqvwU `yB ˆ^GK wZbevi
mÁ·®² Kiv nq|
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi KvG`i RbÅ DcGhvMx
1. hvG`i Z½GK ˆQvU wUDgvi, KÅv´Övi, wZj I AvwPj
BZÅvw` KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii gvaÅGg wPwKrmv Kiv nq| ˆRGb ivGLv
2. ‰QvovI KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii «¼viv Afů¦ixY wKQy ˆivM
ˆhgb wjfvi KÅv´Övi, e†Ø KÅv´Övi, cÉGÕ¡U KÅv´Övi, ˆnvqvBU nvDm ‰es wbD BqGKÆi wiGcvGUÆ 1907
dzmdzm KÅv´Övi, gyGLi KÅv´Övi, MÉxevG`kxq mvGj 15 Rb Z½K KÅv´Övi AvKÌv¯¦ ˆivMxi
wPwKrmvq KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii cÉvq mdj cÉGqvGMi
ˆMvjGhvM, cvBjm BZÅvw` ˆivMxi wPwKrmvI Kiv
DGÍÏLÅ cvIqv hvq| ‰ici wkKvGMvi wPwKrmK
nq| DBwjqvg cwm KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ KwVb KveÆb WvB-
3. Plantar Fascia I Fibroma BZÅvw` ˆÞGòI AÝvBGWi cÉeZÆb KGib| wesk kZvõxi ÷i‚GZ
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii cÉGqvM Kiv nq| KwVb KveÆb WvB AÝvBW eÅvcKfvGe
4. ZvQvov hviv kvixwiKfvGe `yeÆj I ˆKvGbvi…c KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ eÅen†Z nq| 1920 mvGji w`GK
AcvGikGbi aKj mnÅ KiGZ cviGe bv ZvG`i RbÅ KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ Zij AwÝGRGbi eÅenvi ÷i‚
‰B c«¬wZ DcGhvMx| nq| 1950 mvGj W. ˆi ‰wjsUb KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ
Zij bvBGUÇvGRb cÉGqvM KGib| W. Biwfs Kzcvi
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi KvG`i RbÅ DcGhvMx bq
‰es AGbÆv´£ wj’i nvZ aGi AvaywbK KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii
1. hvG`i Vv´£vq msGe`bkxjZv ˆewk| hvòv ÷i‚ nq|
2. hvG`i ÞZ ˆ`wiGZ ÷Kvq ev WvqvGewUK AvGQ|

KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi eÅenvi Kx?

KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡Gg ˆh KvRàGjvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv ^vGK Zv nGjv
1. wPwKrmv ‰jvKvi wPò ARÆb|
2. wPwKrmv ‰jvKvi Ici wfwî KGi wPwKrmv gvòv wbYÆq|
3. wPwKrmv gvòvi Ici wbfÆi KGi wPwKrmv Õ©vGb KxfvGe KÌvGqvcÉe ev bj hvGe Zv wPò ˆ^GK wbYÆq|
4. cÉK‡Z KÌvGqvcÉe KxfvGe hvGœQ Zvi BGgR cÉ`kÆb|
5. cÉÕ¦vweZ KÌvGqvcÉe KxfvGe hvGe Zvi ZyjbvgƒjK wPò ARÆb| dGj mwVKfvGe kixGii Afů¦Gi KÌvGqvcÉe
cwiPvjbv KiGZ cvGi|
6. hviv KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi wPwKrmv wbGq MGelYv KGib ZvG`i gGaÅ gZ wewbgq Kivi RbÅ BbUviGbU,
ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös, wfwWIKbdvGiw´Ös ‰i eÅenvi|
7. ‰ wPwKrmv msKÌv¯¦ MGelYvi djvdj msiÞGYi RbÅ ˆWUvGeR eÅenvi Kiv|
8. cyGiv wPwKrmv cÉwKÌqvwU KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z ˆiveGUi gvaÅGg mÁ·®² Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
9. WvÚviG`i cÉwkÞGYi RbÅ KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi wmgyGjU mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-03L
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 35
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi wPwKrmv c«¬wZi myweavmgƒn (Advantages of Cryosergery Treatment):
1. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii myweav nGjv ‰wU evievi Kiv mÁ¿e|
2. ‰wU mvRÆvwii ˆPGq Kg ˆe`bv`vqK I eÅ^v, iÚÞiY ‰es AGÕ¨vcPvGii AbÅvbÅ RwUjZv KwgGq AvGb|
3. ˆKGgvG^ivwc ev ˆiwWI ˆ^ivwc wPwKrmvq ‰es wewf®² AGÕ¨vcPvGii gGZv ‰B c«¬wZi ˆKvGbv
cvkƾcÉwZwKÌqv ˆbB|
4. AbÅvbÅ wPwKrmv c«¬wZi Zzjbvq ZzjbvgƒjK LiP Kg|
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi wPwKrmv c«¬wZi Amyweavmgƒn (Disadvantages of Cryosurgery):
1. `xNÆKvjxb KvhÆKvwiZv wbGq AwbøqZv|
2. ˆivM QwoGq cGowb ‰gb KÅv´Övi wPwKrmvq ‰ c«¬wZ KvhÆKi, AbÅ^vq ˆZgb KvhÆKi bq|
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii mvBW BGdÙmgƒn (Side Effects of Cryosurgery):
1. nvjKv eÅv^v nGZ cvGi|
2. ˆdvÕ•v coGZ cvGi|
3. BbGdKkb nGZ cvGi|
4. A͸ iÚÞiY nGZ cvGi|
5. wjfvi ev dzmdzGmi bigvj Õ¡ÈvKPvi bÓ¡ nGZ cvGi|
6. dzmdzm mvRÆvwii mgq dzmdzm webÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi|
ZGe mwVKfvGe wPwKrmv mÁ·®² Kiv ˆMGj ‰me mgmÅv AGbK ˆÞGòB nq bv|
1.4.4 gnvKvk Awfhvb (Space Exploration)
gnvKvk Awfhvb nGœQ gnvkƒGbÅi inmÅ AvweÓ•vGii DGóGkÅ gnvkƒGbÅ PvwjZ Abym®¬vb| gnvKvGk gvbe I ˆiveU
PvwjZ gnvKvkhvGbi cvwVGq ‰B Abym®¬vb PvjvGbv nq| 'Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy' eBGq mÅvi AvBRÅvK wbDUb meÆcÉ^g 1687 mvGji 5 RyjvB gnvKvk Awfhvb mÁ·GKÆ AwfgZ
ˆ`b| gnvkƒGbÅ gvbe wbwgÆZ eÕ¦y cvVvGbvi cÉ^g c`GÞcwU wQj RvgÆvb weævbxG`i| 3 AGÙvei 1942 mvGj RvgÆvb
weævbxiv iGKU “wf-2” cixÞvgƒjKfvGe gnvkƒGbÅ cvVvb| ‰ici 4 AGÙvei 1957 mvGj ˆmvwfGqZ BDwbqb
c†w^exi cÉ^g DcMÉn “Õ·yUwbK-1” gnvkƒGbÅ ˆcÉiY KGi| weGk¼i cÉ^g gvbyl enbKvix gnvKvkhvb nGœQ “fÕ¡K-
1” (Vostok-1)| “fÕ¡K-1”-‰ KGi 12 ‰wcÉj 1961 mvGj 27 eQi eqmx ivwkqvb gnvKvkhvòx BDwi
MÅvMvwib (Yuri Gagarin) gnvkƒbÅ ögY KGib| ‰B mgq “fÕ¡K-1” c†w^exi PvicvGki KÞcG^ ‰K N¥Ÿv
AvUPwÍÏk wgwbGU ‰Kevi AveZÆb KGi| ‰i ‰K gvGmi wfZGi hyÚivÓ¡Ì ‰jvb ˆkdvGWÆi DcKÞc^xq gnvKvkhvb
“gviwKDwi ˆiWGÕ¡vb 3” ‰ KGi ‰KRb gnvKvkhvòx gnvkƒGbÅ cvVvq| ‰ici 20 ˆdeË‚qvwi 1962 hyÚivÓ¡Ì Rb
ˆ™ÏGbi gnvKvkhvb “gviwKDwi-‰Ujvm 6” gnvkƒGbÅ ˆcÉiY KGi|

wPò: gnvKvk AwfhvGb cÉhywÚ

 36 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆRÅvwZtweævb I gnvKvk cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ewnweÆGk¼ Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi bvg gnvKvk Awfhvb| gnvKvk AwfhvGbi
RbÅ eÅen†Z bGfvhvbàGjvGZ gvbyl ^vKGZI cvGi Avevi bvI ^vKGZ cvGi| gbylÅevnx bGfvhvGbi Zyjbvq
ˆivGevwUK bGfvhvGbi msLÅv AGbK ˆewk| eZÆgvGb hZ gnvKvkhvb ŠZwi nGœQ Zvi ˆewkifvMB KwÁ·DUvi
wbqw¯¨Z| KwÁ·DUvi w`Gq gnvKvkhvGbi bKkv cÉYqb Kiv nGœQ| ‰ Qvov gnvKvkhvb wbq¯¨Y, MÉGni AeÕ©vb,
MÉGni AvKvi-AvK‡wZ wbYÆq BZÅvw` KvGR KwÁ·DUvi eÅen†Z nGœQ| bvmvi gnvKvkweævbxiv KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi
KGi gnvKvkhvGbi AeÕ©vb, MwZ-cÉK‡wZ wbq¯¨GYi KvR KiGQb|
1.4.5 AvBwmwUwbfÆi Drcv`b eÅeÕ©v (ICT Dependent Production System)
eZÆgvb wewf®² wk͸ KjKviLvbvq Drcv`b eÅeÕ©v cÉvq Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ wbfÆikxj| cGYÅi Drcv`b ÷i‚ ˆ^GK
ˆkl chƯ¦ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mvG^ ˆKvGbv bv ˆKvGbvfvGe mÁ·KÆhyÚ| ˆhgb- KjKviLvbvq Drcvw`Z cGYÅi gvb
h^vh^ nGœQ wKbv Zv KwÁ·DUvi w`Gq hvPvB Kiv| Drcv`bKvGR ˆh mKj h¯¨cvwZ eÅen†Z nGœQ Zv wVKgGZv KvR
KiGQ wKbv Zvi myÓ¤z Z`viwKGZ KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi Kiv| wewf®² ivmvqwbK I BÕ·vZ KviLvbv, we`yÅrGK±`Ê
BZÅvw`GZ KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ h¯¨cvwZ wbq¯¨Y Kiv nq| ‰me ˆKG±`Êi wewf®² hG¯¨i Pvc I Zvcgvòv mwVKfvGe
wbq¯¨GY ivLvi cÉGqvRb nq| CAD (Computer Aided Design) eÅenvi KGi A͸mgGq cGYÅi bKkv ŠZwi
Kiv hvq| ‰ c«¬wZGZ ˆKvGbv bZzb cYÅ ŠZwiGZ wewf®² avc AwZKÌg KiGZ nq| avcàGjv nGjv- 1. cÉv^wgK
wWRvBb, 2. gƒj wWRvBb, 3. gGWj D®²qb, 4. gGWj ˆUÕ¡, 5. gƒj ˆUÕ¡, 6. Drcwî I MVb|
cÉwZwU avcB KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg Kiv nq| D`vniYÕ¼i…c- ˆKvGbv weËR, Mvox, eo RvnvR ev wegvb evÕ¦Ge ŠZwi
Kivi cƒGeÆ KwÁ·DUvi ‰BGWW BwéwbqvwisGqi wmgyGjkb c«¬wZGZ gGWj ŠZwi KGi chÆGeÞY nq| ‰B gGWj
cÉvK‡wZK `ƒGhÆvM, evZvGmi Pvc, AvenvIqv, mvMGii m†Ó¡ wbÁ² Pvc, Zvcgvòv, IRb, eÕ§i ˆgKvwbKÅvj mnÅ ÞgZv
wmgyGjU (Simulate) Kiv nq ‰es cÉGqvRGb wWRvBb I msGkvab Kiv nq| ‰fvGeB wmgyGjkb Kivi ci Kvw›LZ
djvdGji wfwîGZ evÕ¦e Drcv`Gb hvIqv nq| ‰B c«¬wZi gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv cGYÅi evÕ¦e AeÕ©vq ŠZwii cƒGeÆ
KwÁ·DUvi w^Ë-wW BGdÙ eÅenvi KGi ˆKÌZvi AvKlÆY ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ‰QvovI KjKviLvbvq AwaK SzuwKcƒYÆ,
wecäbK I kÉgmvaÅ KvGR AvRKvj KwÁ·DUvi PvwjZ ˆiveU eÅenvi Kiv nq| KviLvbvq wewf®² aiGbi cYÅ
Drcv`Gb ˆgvU eÅq wnmve-wbKvGk Z^Å cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nq| KgÆiZ kÉwgGKi KvGRi mgq, Š`wbK gRywi ‰es
IfviUvBg wnmve Kivi RbÅ Z^Å cÉhwy Ú eÅenvi Kiv nGœQ|
MRP (Manufacturing Requirements Planing) mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi KGi ‰KwU gvwΟbÅvkbvj ˆKvÁ·vwbi
cGYÅi Drcv`Gbi cÉwKÌqv wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq| eZÆgvGb wk͸ KviLvbvàGjvGZ Drcv`b eÅeÕ©v Õ¼qswKÌq KiGZ PLC
hyÚ AvBwmwU h¯¨ eÅenvi KiGQ| PLC ‰i cƒYÆic … Programmable Logic Controller, ‰wUi gvaÅGg
KviLvbvi KgÆxMY Kgv´£ cÉGqvM KGi Õ¼qswKÌq KvR KiGZ cvGi|

wPò: Drcv`b wkG͸ KwÁ·DUvi

 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 37

1.4.6 cÉwZiÞv (Defence)

cÉwZiÞvevwnbx cwiPvjbv, AvG™²qvÕ¨ wbq¯¨Y, ˆÞcYvÕ¨ eÅeÕ©v, UÅvsK cwiPvjbv, ivWvi eÅeÕ©v, Rwãwegvb I
hy«¬RvnvR cwiPvjbv ‰es cÉwZiÞv ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆÞGò KwÁ·DUvi eÅen†Z nGœQ| Õ©j, ˆbŒ I wegvbevwnbxi gGaÅ
meÆ`v ˆhvMvGhvM I wbivcîv iÞv KiGZ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM
cÉhywÚ eÅenvi Kiv nq|
ˆWÈvb Kx?
AvBwmwUi KjÅvGY ‰KRb Kgv´£vi hy«¬GÞGò DcwÕ©Z bv
nGqI hy«¬GÞGòi cÉwZgynƒGZÆi NUbv chÆGeÞY I ˆWÈvb nGœQ f„wg ˆ^GK wbq¯¨YGhvMÅ ‰K aiGbi
eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGZ cviGQ| KviY hy«¬vÕ¨àGjv BGjKUÇwbK Õ¼qswKÌq AvKvkhvb| ‰ aiGbi AvKvkhvb mvaviYZ
hy«¬wegvb wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| gbylÅwenxb ˆWÈvb
wWfvBm «¼viv ŠZwi hv mdUIqÅvi wbqw¯¨Z| ÷ay ZvB bq, hy«¬wegvbMyGjvGZ msGe`bkxj h¯¨ I kwÚkvjx
‰i gvaÅGg ŠmbÅiv ZvG`i MwZc^ I wbw`ÆÓ¡ jGÞÅ ˆcuŒQvGZ KÅvGgiv ^vGK| IB KÅvGgivi gvaÅGg M†nxZ
Kx cwigvY kwÚ cÉGqvRb Zv wbaÆviY KiGZ cvGi| dGj wfwWIwPòàGjv wegvb wbq¯¨YKvix AcvGiUGii KvGQ
ˆcuŒGQ hvq|
kò‚cÞGK a»sm KiGZ mnvqZv KGi| ‰Lb hy«¬GÞGò AvKvkmxgvq ൦Pie†wî PvjvGbv, wbR ˆ`Gki
gvbyGli cwieGZÆ eÅen†Z nGœQ wKjvi ˆiveU| AvKvkcG^ AvKvkmxgv cvnviv ˆ`Iqv, AvenvIqv chÆGeÞY,
eÅen†Z nGœQ ˆWÈvb, `ƒimxgvi ivWvi, wRwc‰m, wgmvBj kò‚cGÞi ˆeZvi I ivWvi wmGÕ¡Gg eÅvNvZ NUvGbv,
Avwo ˆcGZ Z^Å ˆRvMvo Kiv ‰es AviI bvbv f„wgKv
BZÅvw`| cvwbcG^ eÅen†Z nGœQ AvaywbK AÕ¨ hv Mfxi cvjb KiGZ cvGi ‰ wegvb| mÁ·ÉwZ PjwœPGòi `†kÅ
mgyG`Ë RvnvGRi KÁ·b weGkÏlY KGi RvnGRi AeÕ©vb aviY ‰es msevG`i Z^ÅwPò AvniGY eüjfvGe
wPwn×Z KiGZ cvGi ‰es kò‚cGÞi RvnvR a»sm KiGZ eÅen†Z nGœQ ˆWÈvb| ‰gbwK mvaviY eÅenviKvixG`i
Qwe ˆZvjvi RbÅI Drone eÅenvi KiGQ|
cvGi|
1.4.7 evGqvGgwUÇÝ (Biometrics)
evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGjv evGqvjwRKÅvj ˆWUv gvcv I weGkÏlY Kivi ŠeævwbK cÉhywÚ| wMÉK kõ “Bio” (hvi A^Æ Rxeb) I
“metric” (hvi A^Æ cwigvc) ˆ^GK Drcwî nGqGQ evGqvGgwUÇÝ (Biometrics)| evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGœQ ‰K aiGbi
ˆKŒkj ev cÉhywÚ hvi gvaÅGg gvbyGli kvixwiK KvVvGgv, AvPvi-AvPiY, ŠewkÓ¡Å, àYvàY, eÅwÚZ½ cÉf‡wZ «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡
eÅwÚGK wPwn×Z ev kbvÚ Kiv hvq|
evGqvGgwUÇÝ ‰i gƒj KvR nGœQ cÉwZwU gvbyGli ˆh AbbÅ
ˆRGb ivGLv
ŠewkÓ¡Å AvGQ ˆmàGjv LuyGR ˆei Kiv ‰es ˆmB ŠewkGÓ¡Åi
AvGjvGK c†^K c†^KfvGe wPwn×Z KiGZ mvnvhÅ Kiv| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 500 AGõ eÅwewjqvbiv eÅemvwqK KvGR
KwÁ·DUvi c«¬wZGZ wbLyuZ wbivcîvi RbÅ evGqvGgwUÇÝ ˆQvU ˆQvU kyKGbv Kv`vi LG´£ AvãyGji Pvc w`GZv|
c«¬wZ eÅenvi nq| ‰ c«¬wZGZ gvbyGli evGqvjwRKÅvj 14k kZGK PxGb eÅemvqxiv wk÷G`i kbvÚ Kivi
RbÅ ZvG`i nvGZi Zvjy I cvGqi Qvc eÅenvi
ˆWUv KwÁ·DUvGii ˆWUvGeGR msiwÞZ KGi ivLv nq ‰es KiGZv| 1891 mvGj AvGRÆw´Ÿbvi Rb eyGQwUm (Juan
ciewZÆGZ ‰me ˆWUv wbGq Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe wgwjGq ˆ`Lv nq| Vucetich) AvãyGji QvGci eÅenvi KGi Acivax
ˆWUvGZ wgj ˆcGj Zv Šea eGj weGewPZ nq I AbygwZ cÉvµ¦ aivi c«¬wZ AvwÓ•vi KGib| 1980-‰i `kGK
nq| evGqvGgwUÇÝ cÉhywÚi eÅvcK cÉmvi NGUGQ|

wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vb ZvG`i AwdGmi wbivcîvi RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi AÅvKGmm KG´ŸÈvj (cÉGekvwaKvi) msiÞY KGi
^vGK| ‰K ‰K AwdGm ‰K ‰K aiGbi ˆgwkb eÅenvi KGi cÉGekvwaKvi wbq¯¨Y KGi| ˆhgb- cÉwÝGgGUW
AvBGWw´Ÿ KvWÆ, wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ, nvGZi Zvjy BZÅvw` ˆgwkGbi Dci ˆiGL eÅwÚi DcwÕ©wZmn mgÕ¦ gyfGg´Ÿ
(Movement) ˆWUvGeGR msiÞY KGi| Avevi KLbI KLbI KwÁ·DUvGii wmGÕ¡g cvmIqvWÆ wnGmGe gyGLi
Qwe, ˆPvGLi gwY, wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ BZÅvw` eÅenvi KGi ^vwK| AvmGj ‰meB nGœQ evGqvGgwUÇÝ wmGÕ¡g|
 38 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

wPò: wewf®² aiGbi evGqvGgwUÇÝ c«¬wZ

evGqvGgwUÝ wmGÕ¡Gg kbvÚKiGY ˆhme evGqvjwRKÅvj ˆWUv eÅen†Z nq Zv nGjv
 kvixie†î (Physiological): gvbyGli gyLgíj, nvGZi AvOzj, nvGZi ˆiLv, ˆiwUbv, AvBwim, wkiv, DNA|
 AvPiYMZ (Behavioral): K¥¤Õ¼i, eÅwÚi AvPiY, nvGZi ˆjLv, K^vejv ev PjvGdivi Õ¡vBj|
wbGÁ² KGqKwUi eYÆbv ˆ`Iqv nGjv:
 gyLgíj: c†w^exi cÉGZÅK gvbyGli ˆPnvivq Awgj iGqGQ| ‰KRGbi ˆPnvivi mvG^ AvGiKRGbi ˆPnvivi
ˆKvb wgj cvIqv hvq bv| ˆh evGqvGgwUÇÝ c«¬wZGZ gvbyGli gyGLi MVb I ŠewkÓ¡ÅGK kbvÚ KGi
Aw«¼ZxqfvGe ˆKvGbv eÅwÚGK wPwn×Z Kiv nq ZvGK ˆdBm wiKMwbkb c«¬wZ eGj| ‰GÞGò `yB ˆPvGLi
gaÅKvi `ƒiZ½, bvGKi Š`NÆÅ, ˆPvqvGji ˆKŒwYK gvc eÅen†Z nq| gyLgíGji ŠewkÓ¡Å weGkÏlY KGi wbivcîv
ˆ`Iqv| ‰B cÉhywÚGZ AvGjvi cv^ÆGKÅi KviGY AGbK ˆÞGò RwVjZv m†wÓ¡ nq| ZvQvov PzGji Õ¡vBj, `vwo
ˆMvd cwieZÆb, ˆgKAvc eÅenvi, Mnbvi eÅenvi gyLg´£j kbvÚKiGY eÅvnZ KGi|
 nvGZi AvOzj: eZÆgvGb Awdm, Av`vjZ, wewf®² Õ¼vqî½kvwqZ cÉwZÓ¤vGb KgÆPvix kbvÚKiGYi RbÅ ZzjbvgƒjK
eüj eÅen†Z c«¬wZ nGœQ wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ wiWvi (Fingerprint Reader)| ˆh evGqvGgwUÇÝ c«¬wZGZ AvãyGji
Qvc BbcyU wnGmGe MÉnY KGi cƒGeÆ msiwÞZ AvãyGji QvGci ˆWUvi mvG^ wgwjGq wbGq Aw«¼ZxqfvGe
kbvÚKiY cÉwKÌqvGK wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ wiWvi eGj| ‰ c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi ‰KRb eÅwÚi nvGZi AvãyGji QvGci
BGgR Õ•ÅvGbi gvaÅGg MÉnY Kiv nq| Zvici Zv KwÁ·DUvGi cÉwKÌqvKiGYi gvaÅGg ˆWUvGeGR (evBbvwi
ˆKvW) msiÞY Kiv nq| cieZÆxGZ wiWvGii gvaÅGg nvGZi AvãyGji wbGPi QvcGK wWwRUvj dGgÆ i…cv¯¦i
KGi gÅvwPs cGq´ŸàGjv Zzjbv KGi eÅwÚ kbvÚ Kiv nq| evGqvGgwUÇK c«¬wZàGjvi gGaÅ wek¼RyGo wdãvi
wcÉG´Ÿi RbwcÉqZv meÆvwaK|
myweav :
i. wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ c«¬wZGZ eÅen†Z wWfvBGmi `vg Kg
ii. ‰B c«¬wZ eÅenvGi LiP ZzjbvgyjK Kg
iii. mdjZvi nvi cÉvq kZfvM
iv. kbvÚKiGYi RbÅ LyeB Kg mgq jvGM|
Amyweav :
i. hviv kÉwgGKi KvR KGi- weGkl KGi nvZzwi ˆcUv ‰B RvZxq ˆjvKG`i RbÅ ‰B wmGÕ¡g fvGjv KvR
KGi bv| KviY nvZzwo ˆcUvi dGj wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ bÓ¡ nGq ˆhGZ cvGi|
ii. ÷Ó•Zv, AvãyGj gqjv ev ˆKvGbv cÉKvi AvÕ¦iY jvMvGbv ^vKGj mwVK eÅwÚ kbvÚKiY Kiv hvq bv|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 39
Raw Enhanced
image image
Ridge
Quality Image
control enhancement Feature extraction
Minuta
Fingerprint device
Template(s)

Matching
(1:1 or 1:N) Whorl
Features
System DB

Result

Fingerprint
wPò: AvãyGji QvGci gvaÅGg evGqvGgwUÇGÝi KgÆ cÉwKÌqv
wdãvi wcÉG´Ÿi eÅenvi (Use of Fingerprint)
1. eÅwÚi RvZxq cwiPqcò wbe®¬Gbi ˆÞGò|
2. eWÆvi wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ cvmGcvUÆ hvPvBGqi ˆÞGò|
3. Av`g÷gvwii wiGcvUÆ ŠZwii ˆÞGò|
4. ˆckvRxex eÅwÚG`i cwiPqcò hvPvBGqi ˆÞGò|
 nvGZi ˆiLv: nvGZi AvKvi I AvãyGji Š`NÅÆ weGkÏlY KGi hvPvB Kiv nq| ‰BGÞGò kbvÚKiGY djvdGji
mƒßZv wdãvi wcÉG´Ÿi gGZv mƒß bq|
Amyweavmgƒn: nvGZi ˆiLv kbvÚKiGY eÅen†Z wWfvBGmi `vg ZzjbvgƒjK ˆewk| nvZzwoGcUv KvR Kiv ˆjvKG`i
RbÅ ‰B wmGÕ¡g fvGjv KvR KGi bv| KviY nvZzwi ˆcUvGbvi dGj nvGZi ˆiLv bÓ¡ nGq ˆhGZ cvGi|
 ˆiwUbv I AvBwim: evGqvGgwUÇÝ kbvÚKiY c«¬wZàGjvi gGaÅ ˆiwUbv I AvBwim ‰KwU AbÅZg c«¬wZ|
AvBwim kbvÚKiY c«¬wZGZ gvbyGli ˆPvGLi AvBwimGK (Iris) A^vÆr ˆPvGLi Zvivi iwãb AskGK MÉnY
Kiv nq| ‰KRb gvbyGli ˆPvGLi AvBwim AbÅ ˆKvGbv gvbyGli ˆPvGLi AvBwiGmi cÅvUÆvGbi mvG^ wgj nGe
bv| dGj ˆhGKvGbv eÅwÚGK AvBwim kbvÚKiGYi gvaÅGg Aw«¼ZxqfvGe kbvÚ Kiv hvq| ‰ RbÅ KÅvGgiv
ˆPvGLi `ywU Qwe ˆbq hvi gGaÅ ‰KwU mvaviY AvGjvGZ I AbÅwU A`†kÅ AvGjv Z^v BbdÌvGiW AvGjvGZ MÉnY
Kiv nq| mvaviY AvGjvi QwewUGK ˆPvGLi Zvivi `†kÅgvb iwOb AskGK cixÞv KiGZ eÅen†Z nq| AbÅw`GK
BbdÌvGiW AvGjvq ˆbqv QwewUi ˆPvGLi Zvivi Mvp KvGjv AskwU cixÞv Kiv nq| ‰B `ywU QweGK
KwÁ·DUvGi wbGq AcÉGqvRbxq Askmgƒn ev` ˆ`Iqv nq I ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Aw«¼Zxq wKQy we±`yGK kbvÚ Kiv nq|
‰àGjvGK evBbvwi ˆKvGW i…cv¯¦i KGi Zv AvBwim ˆKvW wnGmGe MYÅ Kiv nq| ‰fvGe cƒGeÆ msiÞY Kiv
ˆKvGbv eÅwÚi AvBwim ˆKvGWi mvG^ Zv wgwjGq wbGq Aw«¼ZxqfvGe kbvÚ Kiv nq| ‰wU wewf®² miKvwi
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cÉwZÓ¤vb, wgwjUvwi, Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vb BZÅvw`GZ AvBwim kbvÚKiY c«¬wZ eÅenvi nq|
myweavmgƒn:
i. gvbyGli ˆPvGLi AvBwim Õ¼œQ c`Æv «¼viv AvœQvw`Z ^vGK, ˆKvGbv Þq ˆbB| dGj ‰wU kbvÚKiY eÅeÕ©v
Õ©vqx I `†kÅgvb|
ii. kbvÚKiGYi myßZv AvãyGji Qvc wcÉ´Ÿ ˆ^GK ZzjbvgƒjK AGbK ˆewk|
Amyweavmgƒn: ‰B c«¬wZGZ eÅen†Z wWfvBGmi `vg I ˆgGgvwi AZÅvwaK| ‰B c«¬wZGZ AvGjvK ռ͸Zv cyGiv
KvhÆKgÌ GK eÅvnZ KiGZ cvGi| ˆPvGL Pkgv ^vKGj ‰B KvhÆKÌg eÅvnZ nq| ˆPvGLi ÞwZ nIqvi mÁ¿vebv ^vGK|
 Õ¼vÞi: KvGiv bvg Õ¼vÞi Kivi c«¬wZ weGkÏlY KGi kbvÚKiY Kiv hvq| ‰Uv eÅenvGi LiP ‰es mgq Kg
jvGM| ZGe ‰B c«¬wZGZ kbvÚKiY wdãvi wcÉG´Ÿi ˆPGq AGbK Kg| evÕ¦Ge ˆ`Lv hvq ˆKvGbv eÅwÚi
cÉwZwU Õ¼vÞi ‰KB iKg nq bv dGj ‰GÞGòI mgmÅv nq|
 wkiv: nvGZi I Kwôi wkivi aib weGkÏlY KGi kbvÚKiY Kiv hvq|
 K¥¤Õ¼i: KvGiv K¥¤Õ¼i, kGõi myi, K¥¤Õ¼Gii Dïvb-cZb, DœPvwiZ kGõi gvòv BZÅvw` weGkÏlY KGi kbvÚKiY
Kiv hvq| ‰wU mnR c«¬wZ LiP ZzjbvgƒjK Kg| ZGe ‰B c«¬wZGZ KwÁ·DUvi ev fGqm ˆiKWÆvi eÅenvi KGi
ˆKvGbv eÅwÚi fGqm mnGR bKj Kiv hvq| dGj ‰B c«¬wZGZ wbivcîv ‰GKevGi Kg|
 40 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cÉPwjZ kbvÚKiY c«¬wZi ˆPGq evGqvGgwUÇÝ c«¬wZ AGbK ˆewk wbfÆiGhvMÅ I `Ë‚Z| ‰GZ eÅwÚi ˆMvcbxqZv
iÞv Kiv mÁ¿e nq| gvbweK ŠewkÓ¡Å, kvixwiK MVb BZÅvw` wewf®² welq weGePbvq evGqvGgwUÇÝ c«¬wZ KvR
KGi| mvaviYZ ˆKvGbv ‰KK evGqvGgwUÇÝ c«¬wZ evÕ¦Gei mKj kbvÚKiY KvGR eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| ZGe
evGqvGgwUÇÝ c«¬wZ ˆhb meÆRbxb, ‰KK, `Þ I cwigvcGhvMÅ nq Zv jÞ Kiv DwPZ|
eZÆgvGb wbivcîv I hvPvBKiGYi KvGR wewf®² KGcÆvGiU ‰es cvewjK wmwKDwiwU wmGÕ¡gm, KbRygvi BGjKUÇwbÝ
evGqvGgwUÇÝ-‰i eÅenvi e†w«¬ cvGœQ|
‰KwU evGqvGgwUÇÝ wWfvBGm mvaviYZ wbGÁ²vÚ Askmgƒn ^vGK| h^v :
1. ‰KwU wiWvi A^ev Õ•Åvwbs wWfvBm|
2. ‰KwU KbfvUÆvi mdUIqÅvi hv Õ•ÅvbK‡Z Z^Å wWwRUvGj i…cv¯¦i KGi gÅvwPs-‰i RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
3. ‰KwU ˆWUvGeR ˆhLvGb Zzjbvi RbÅ evGqvGgwUÇÝ ˆWUv msiwÞZ ^vGK|
Biometric Enrolment (at earlier time) evGqvGgwUÇÝ wmGÕ¡g KvR
Biometric KGi KxfvGe?
reader
‰ wmGÕ¡gwU `ywU chÆvGq KvR KGi@
No
Rejected cÉ^gZ: ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvBGWw´ŸwU (eÅwÚ cwiPq)
Match?
ev ˆKvGbv eÅwÚi evGqvGgwUÇK ˆWUv (wW‰b‰,
Yes
Biometric Authentication (at later time)
Authenticated AvOzGji Qvc, ˆPvGLi ˆiwUbv I AvBwim, fGqm
wb`kÆb, gyGLi wb`kÆb) evGqvGgwUÇÝ wWfvBm «¼viv
Biometric
reader Õ•Åvb KGi ˆfwiwdGKkGbi RbÅ ˆWUvGeGR ˆiGL
ˆ`Iqv nq|
w«¼ZxqZ: ˆfwiwdGKkGbi mgq DÚ eÅwÚi
wPò: evGqvGgwUÇÝ wmGÕ¡g
Õ•ÅvbK‡Z evGqvGgwUÇK ˆWUv ˆWUvGeGR iwÞZ
evGqvGgwUÇÝ-‰i myweav: ˆWUvi mvG^ wgwjGq ˆ`Lv nq| hw` bZzb
1. ˆhGnZz wmGÕ¡gwU Abyf„wZnxb, myZivs wbivcîvi ˆÞGò Õ•ÅvbK‡Z ˆWUv, ˆWUvGeGR iwÞZ ˆWUvi mvG^
cÞcvwZGZ½i myGhvM ˆbB ‰es wbivcîvI wbLuyZ| cyGivcywi wgGj hvq ZvnGj wmGÕ¡gwU DÚ eÅwÚGK
2. cÉv^wgK LiP ˆewk nGjI mvweÆKfvGe LiP Kg| wPbGZ cvGi Avi bv wgjGj DÚ eÅwÚGK wPbGZ
cvGi bv|
evGqvGgwUÇÝ-‰i Amyweav: ‰B cyGiv wmGÕ¡Ggi RbÅB AvGM ˆ^GK ‰KwU
1. AvGjvi cÉwZdjb gyLgíGji Qwei ˆÞGò cÉfve ˆdGj, mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KGi wbGZ nq|
dGj gvGS gvGS ‰ wmGÕ¡gwU gyLgíj wPbGZ cvGi bv|
2. kvixwiK wdUGbGmi Ici K¥¤Õ¼Gii ZxeËZvi IVvbvgv nq| dGj ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv mgq wmGÕ¡gwU K¥¤Õ¼i
wVKgGZv wPbGZ cvGi bv|
3. cÉwZwU Õ¼vÞi ‰KB iKg nq bv dGj ‰GÞGòI mgmÅv nq|
4. BbÕ¡Gjkb LiP ˆewk|
5. wmGÕ¡gwU myÓ¤zfvGe cwiPvjbv Kivi RbÅ `Þ ˆjvGKi cÉGqvRb|

KvR:
1. Awdm AGUvGgkGb ˆiveU eÅenvi KiGj evsjvG`Gk ˆeKviZ½ evoGe Zzwg Kx ‰B K^vi mvG^ ‰KgZ?
2. “evGqvGgwUÇÝ eÅenvi KGi evsjvG`Gk AGbKvsGk `ƒbxÆwZ KwgGq Avbv mÁ¿e”‰i cGÞ ev wecGÞ gZvgZ
`vI|
3. evsjvG`Gki wPwKrmv ˆÞGò KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi Kx f„wgKv ivLGZ cvGi- eywSGq ˆjL|
1.4.8 evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ
4. “AvwUÆwdwkqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ eÅenvi KGiI `ƒbxÆwZ KwgGq Avbv mÁ¿e”‰i cGÞ-wecGÞ gZvgZ `vI|
(Bioinformatics)
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 41

1.4.8 evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ (Bioinformatics)

Rxe ev cÉvY AGbK inmÅgq welq| RxeweævGbi
KvR nGjv ‰B cÉvY wbGq MGelYv Kiv| ‰Kmgq
ˆRGb ivGLv
Rxeweævb ˆKej Dw«¿`we`Åv I cÉvYxwe`Åv ‰B
`yBfvGM wefÚ wQGjv| cGi mgGqi mvG^ mvG^ Z^Å ˆcÉiY, AvGivnY ‰es ŠRe wmGÕ¡g cÉwKÌqvKiGYi ài‚GZ½i
Õ¼xK‡wZ Õ¼iƒc 1978 mvGj “Paulien Hogeweg” bvGgi
RxeweævGbi bvbv kvLv-cÉkvLv evoGZ ^vGK| ‰KRb MGelK Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiGY Rxeb mÁ·wKÆZ wmGÕ¡g
MGo DGV AYyRxeweævb, ˆRGbwUÝ, cÉvYimvqb, MGelYvq evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ kõwU eÅenvi KGib|
AYycÉvYweævb BZÅvw` wefvM| MZ kZvõxi
gvSvgvwS mgGq hLb wW‰b‰-i MVb Rvbv ˆMj,
ˆevSv ˆMj wW‰b‰-i ài‚Z½| wewf®² AvaywbK
cÉhywÚ ˆhgb wW‰b‰ wmGKvGqw´Ös ‰i D«¿veGbi
dGj `Ë‚Z evoGZ ^vKGjv ‰B ŠReZG^Åi mgvnvi|
ZvB RxeweævGb evoGZ ^vKGjv MYKwe`Åv ev Chromosome DNA Database
KwÁ·DGUkbvj ˆUKwbK, Z^Åwe`Åv ev wPò: evGqvBbdigÅvwUGÝi gvaÅGg wW‰b‰-‰i Z^Å msMÉn
BbdigÅvwUÝ| weKwkZ nGjv evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ|
ŠRe Z^Åweævb Z^v evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ (Bioinformatics, computational biology) ‰gb ‰KwU ˆKŒkj
ˆhLvGb dwjZ MwYZ, Z^Åweævb, cwimsLÅvb, KwÁ·DUvi weævb, K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv, imvqb ‰es ŠRe imvqb
eÅenvi KGi RxeweævGbi mgmÅvmgƒn mgvavb Kiv nq| Rxe msKÌv¯¦ Z^Å eÅeÕ©vcbvi KvGR KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywÚi
cÉGqvM nGjv evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ| Ask.com AbymvGi evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ ‰i msæv “evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ nGjv
weævGbi ˆmB kvLv, hv evGqvjwRKÅvj ˆWUv ‰bvjvBwmm Kivi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywÚ, BbdiGgkb w^Iwi ‰es
MvwYwZK ævbGK eÅenvi KGi| ‰GÞGò ˆWUv A¯¦fÆÚ z KGi wW‰b‰, Rxb, AÅvwgGbv ‰wmW I wbDwKÑK ‰wmWmn
AbÅvbÅ welqGK|”
cwiGkGl ejv hvq ˆh, RxeweævGbi mgmÅvàGjv hLb ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DGUkbvj cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi mgvavb Kiv nq,
ZLb ˆmUvGK ejv nq evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ|
evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ gƒjZ PviwU welq
wbGq MwVZ-
1. AvYweK Rxewe`Åv| Molecular
Biology
2. ˆWUvGeR: ˆRGbwUK
Bwéwbqvwis mÁ·KÆhyÚ ‰K ev
Computer
‰KvwaK ˆWUv dvBj wbGq Science
Database

MwVZ nq ‰KwU ˆWUvGeR| Statistics

3. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs| wPò: evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ wmGÕ¡g
4. cwimsLÅvb|
 42 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ AvaywbK Rxeweævb I Ilya weævGbi ˆWUv eÅeÕ©vcbvi RbÅ ‰KwU weGkl c«¬wZ|
D`vniYÕ¼i…c- ˆKvGbv ‰KwU RwUj ˆivGMi fvBivGmi wei‚G«¬ fÅvwÝb ŠZwi Kiv nGe| nqGZv ‰B fvBivGmi RbÅ
KGqKk fÅvwÝb ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e| wK¯§ ‰G`i gGaÅ nqGZv 2-5wU fÅvwÝb KvR KiGe, AewkÓ¡àGjv KiGe bv|
‰Lb hw` KGqKk fÅvwÝGbi cixÞv KiGZ ˆ`Iqv nq, ZvnGj AGbK LiP, cwikÉg ‰es mgq jvMGe| ‰GÞGò
evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ AcwinvhÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| ŠRe Z^Å wbGq KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ MGelYv Kiv nq, ‰GK eGj
WÈvBjÅve| WÈvBjÅvGe MGelKiv KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi bvbv aiGbi weGkÏlY KGi wògvwòK gGWwjs,
wmgyGjkb KGi fvBivGmi wei‚G«¬ KvR KiGZ mÞg ‰iKg 5-10wU fÅvwÝb ˆei KGi AvGbb| AZtci KGqKk
fÅvwÝb wbGq KvR bv KGi gvò 5-10wU fÅvwÝb wbGq KvR KGi Kvw›ÞZ mdjZv ˆcGZ cvGi| ‰fvGeB
JlyaweævGb evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ A^Æ, mgq, Rbej I cwikÉg KwgGq ˆ`q|

Human vaccination

New biological Systems biology

insights approaches applied
guide to vaccinology
vaccine design
Clinical
trials

Discovery
based
Bioinformatics
science analyses

Mechanistics studies
(e.g. KO mice, in vitro
experiments, challenging)
Generation of
new hypotheses

wPò: evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ c«¬wZGZ fÅvKwmb ŠZwi

evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ-‰i DGókÅ: evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ ‰i gƒj DGókÅ nGœQ ŠRweK c«¬wZ mÁ·GKÆ mwVK aviYv jvf
Kiv| ‰B welGq gƒjZ wnmve-wbKvk KGi aviYv ARÆb Kivi ˆPÓ¡v PvjvGbv nq| ˆh me c«¬wZ cÉGqvM KGi
wnmve-wbKvk Kiv nq Zvi gGaÅ iGqGQ cÅvUvbÆ wiKMwbkb, K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi AÅvjMwi`g, ˆWUv gvBwbs, BGgR
cÉGmwms, wmgyGjkb, wWmwKÌU gÅv^, KG´ŸÈvj w^Iwi, wmGÕ¡g w^Iwi, wfRyqvjvBGRkb BZÅvw`|
evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ-‰i KvR: ‰B kvLvi cÉavb KvR Rxeweævb mÁ¼®¬xq ævb eÅenvi KGi mdUIqÅvi Uzjm ŠZwi
Kiv| ZGe wmKzGq´Ö AÅvjvBbGg´Ÿ, wRb Abym®¬vb, wRGbvg mg¯¼q, ˆcÉvwUGbi MvVwbK AÅvjvBbGg´Ÿ, ˆcÉvwUGbi MVb
fwelÅ«¼vYx, wRb ewntcÉKvk mÁ¼G®¬ fwelÅ«¼vYx, ˆcÉvwUb-ˆcÉvwUb wg^wÕ˜qv, wRb dvBw´£s, wRGbvg mgvMg, WÈvM bKkv,
WÈvM AvweÓ•vi ‰es weeZÆGbi bKkv cÉYqb cÉf‡wZ welq wbGqI ‰B kvLvq MGelYv Kiv nq|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 43
evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ-‰ eÅen†Z mdUIqÅvi I Uzjmmgƒn :
DGÍÏLGhvMÅ mdUIqÅvi nGjv
 Rvfv  wm/wm++  cvB^b  cvjÆ  ˆÕ·ÉWwkU
 ‰Ý‰g‰j  wm kvcÆ ev C#  ‰mwKD‰j  gÅvUjÅve AÅvbvjvBwmm
 KzWv
IGcbGmvmÆÆ evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ mdUIqÅvi wnGmGe Bioconductor, Bioperl, Biojova, EMBOSS,
UGENE, Taverne, Workbench, Bioelipse, ‰es IGqewfwîK mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ ‰i eÅenvi (Application of Bioinformatics):
1. gvBGKÌvweqvj wRGbvg (Microbial genome) 9. evGqvGUKGbvjwR (Biotechnology)
2. gwjwKDjvi ˆgwWwmb (Molecular Medicine) 10. K‡wl (Agriculture)
3. cvGmÆvbvjvBRW ˆgwWwmb (Personalized Medicine) 11. Jla D®²qb (Drug development)
4. wcÉGfbGUwUf ˆgwWwmb (Preventative medicine) 12. ŠRe AÕ¨ m†wÓ¡ (Bio-weapon Creation)
5. wRb ˆ^ivwc (Gene therapy) 13. ˆfGUwibvwi weævb (Veterinary Science)
6. ZzjbvgƒjK wkÞv (Comparative studies) 14. gvbe wUKv (Human Vaccination)
7. cÉvYx (Animals) 15. cywÓ¡ gvb D®²qb (Improve nutritional
quality)
8. AvenvIqv cwieZÆb wkÞv (Climate change studies)
evGqvBbdigÅvwUGÝi myweav
1. Rxewe`Åvi D®²qGb Z^Å cÉhwy Úi Aeva cÉevn wbwøZ KGi|
2. AvYweK eskMwZwe`Åvi D®²qGb eÅvcK f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
3. Rxeweævb wfwîK ZG^Åi MGelYvGZ ZG^Åi msiÞY I cybteÅenvi wbwøZ KGi|
evGqvBbdigÅvwUGÝi Amyweav
1. ˆRGbwUK ZG^Åi ˆMvcbxqZv fGãi AvksKv ^vGK|
2. ˆhme wPwKrmv evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ wbfÆi ˆmàGjv mywbqw¯¨ZfvGe cwiPvjbv bv Kiv nGj ˆivMxi eo
aiGbi ÞwZi mÁ¿vebv ^vGK|
3. ‰wU ‰KwU eÅqeüj cÉwKÌqv|
evGqvGgwUÇÝ I evGqvBbdigÅvwUGÝi cv^ÆKÅ
evGqvGgwUÇÝ evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ
1. gvbyGli evGqvjwRKÅvj ˆWUv ˆhgb kvixwiK 1. RxeweævGbi mgmÅvàGjv KwÁ·DGUkbvj cÉhywÚ
MVb, AvPvi-AvPiY, ŠewkÓ¤Å, àYvàY wPwn×Z ev eÅenvi KGi mgvavb Kivi cÉwKÌqvB
kbvÚ Kivi cÉhywÚ nGjv evGqvGgwUÇÝ| evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ|
2. evGqvGgwUÇÝ cÉhywÚ wdãviwcÉ´Ÿ, wW‰b‰, 2. evGqvjwRKÅvj ˆWUv ‰bvjvBwmm Kivi RbÅ
ˆPvGLi ˆiwUbv ‰es AvBwim, K¥¤Õ¼i, ˆPnviv, KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywÚ, BbdiGgkb w^Iwi ‰es MvwYwZK
nvGZi gvc BZÅvw` cwigvc ‰es weGkÏlY KGi ævbGK eÅenvi KGi|
kbvÚKiY KGi|
3. eÅwÚ kbvÚKiY I wbLyuZ wbivcîvi RbÅ 3. gwjKzjvi (AvbweK) ˆRGbwUÝ ‰i
eÅen†Z nq| wfRyqvjvBGRkbGK mÁ¿e KGi ZzjGZ eÅen†Z nq|
 44 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

evGqvGgwUÇÝ evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ
4. cÉ^Gg evGqvjwRKÅvj ˆWUvGK KwÁ·DUvGi 4. wecyj cwigvY cyive†wîgƒjK ‰es Acive†wîgyjK
msiwÞZ KGi ivLv nq ciewZÆGZ ˆmB ˆWUvi Z^ÅmgƒGni msiÞGY mnvqZv KGi| cÅvUvYÆ
mvG^ BbcyUK‡Z ˆWUvGK gÅvwPs KGi ˆ`Lv wiKMwbkb ‰es AÅvjMwi`wgK ˆWUv gvBwbs Kiv
nq| hw` wgj cvq ZvnGj Šea eGj weGewPZ nq|
nq ‰es AbygwZ cÉvµ¦ nq|
5. ‰wU ZzjbvgƒjK Kg eÅq eüj I ˆewk eÅen†Z 5. ‰wU AZů¦ eÅqeüj ‰KwU cÉhywÚ| cÉK͸ PvwjGq
nq | ˆhGZ cÉPzi AG^Æi cÉGqvRb cGo|
1.4.9 ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis (Genetics Engineering) ev wRbZî½ cÉGKŒkj
ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i A^Æ nGjv wRbZî½
cÉGKŒkj| ˆh weGkl Bwéwbqvwis I
ˆRGb ivGLv
ˆUKGbvjwR eÅenvi KGi RxGei ŠewkÓ¡
cwieZÆb Kiv nq ZvGK ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis 1951 mvGj RÅvK DBwjqvgmb (Jack Williamson) ‘ˆRGbwUK
Bwéwbqvwis’ kõwU cÉ^g eÅenvi KGib Zvi ‰KwU mvGq´Ö wdKkb
eGj| wek`fvGe, cÉvYx I Dw«¿G`i Þz`ZË g ‰KK
DcbÅvm Dragon’s Island ‰| Zvi ‰K eQi AvGM DNA ˆh
nGjv ˆKvl (cell)| ˆKvGli cÉvYGK±`ÊGK ejv nq eskMwZi evnK Zv wbwøZ KGib Alfred Hershey I Martha
wbDwKÑqvm (Nucleus) | ‰B wbDwKÑqvGmi wfZGi Chase| Herbert Boyer ‰es Robert Swanson 1976 mvGj weGk¼i
weGkl wKQy ˆcuPvGbv eÕ¦y ^vGK hvGK ejv nq cÉ^g ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ˆKvÁ·vwb “Genetech” cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| ‰i
ˆKÌvGgvGRvg (Chromosome)| ˆKÌvGgvGRvg ‰K eQi ci “Genetech” E.coli eÅvKGUwiqv ˆ^GK gvbe ˆcÉvwUb
somatostatin Drcv`b KGi hv wnDgÅvb Bbmywjb (Human Insulin)
RxGei wewf®² ŠewkÓ¡Å enb KGi ^vGK|
wnGmGe mycwiwPZ| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i mvnvGhÅ Pxb fvBivm
ˆKÌvGgvGRvGgi gGaÅ Avevi ˆPBGbi gGZv ˆcuPvGbv cÉwZGivaKvix ZvgvK MvGQi cÉeZÆGbi gvaÅGg UÇv´ÖGRwbK Dw«¿`GK
wKQy eÕ¦y ^vGK hvGK ejv nq wW‰b‰ (DNA- meÆcÉ^g evwYwRÅK i…c `vb KGib| 1972 mvGj cvj evMÆ (Paul
Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid)| ‰B wW‰b‰ Berg) evbGii SV40 I lambda virus-‰i wW‰b‰i msGhvM NwUGq
AGbK AsGk fvM Kiv ^vGK | ‰i ‰K ‰KwU weGk¼i meÆcÉ^g DNAAYy ŠZwi KGib| ‰ KviGY Paul Berg ˆK
ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i RbK ejv nq|
wbw`ÆÓ¡ AskGK eGj Rxb (Gene)| gƒjZ:
ˆKÌvGgvGRvGgi Afů¦Gi AewÕ©Z RxbB RxGei wewf®² ŠewkÓ¡Å enb KGi ^vGK| D`vniYÕ¼ic
… : gvbyGli kixGi 23 ˆRvov
ˆKÌvGgvGRvg iGqGQ I weovGji iGqGQ 34 ˆRvov| Avevi gkvi AvGQ 6 ˆRvov| ‰G`i gGaÅ ‰KGRvov ˆKÌvGgvGRvg
eskMwZi evnK| AvgvG`i kixGi cÉvq 300000 Rxb iGqGQ| ‰K ˆmU cƒYvÆã RxbGK RxGbvg (Genome) ejv nq |
A^vÆr evGqvGUKGbvjwRi gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv cÉvYxi wRGbvgGK (Genome) wbGRi myweavbyhvqx mvwRGq ˆbqv ev gwWdvB
KivGKB ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis eGj| msGÞGc, ˆKvGbv Rxe ˆ^GK ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ wRb enbKvix DNA Lí c†^K KGi
wf®² ‰KwU RxGe Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆKŒkjGK ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ev wRbZZ½ cÉGKŒkj eGj| wRb cÉhywÚi gƒj DGókÅ
nGœQ ˆKvGbv weGkl wRbGK ˆKÌvGgvGRvGgi wW‰b‰ (DNA) AYy ˆ^GK c†^K KGi ZvGK KvGR jvMvGbv| ‰B
c†^KxK‡Z wRbGK ˆKvGbv RxeGKvGl cÉGek KwiGq ev ˆKvl nGZ mwiGq DÚ RxewUi ŠewkGÓ¡Åi eskMwZ e`Gj
ˆ`q| ‰i dGj-
(K) RxewU cÉ^Gg ˆh KvGR AfÅÕ¦ wQj bv, Zv ‰Lb KiGZ mÞg nq|
(L) ò‚wUcƒYÆ wRbhyÚ ‰KwU KgÆÞgZvwenxb RxGei ˆKvGl AbÅ Rxe ˆ^GK msM†nxZ KgÆÞg ev fvGjv wRb
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ KGi RxewUGK KgÆÞg Kiv hvq|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 45
(M) gvbyGli cÉGqvRbxq niGgvb ev ‰bRvBGgi wbtmiY wbq¯¨YKvix wRb wbÁ²Õ¦Gii ˆKvGbv cÉvYx ev eÅvKGUwiqvi
ˆ`Gn cÉGek KwiGq `Ë‚Z I ˆewk cwigvGY DÚ niGgvb ev ‰bRvBg Drc®² Kiv hvq| ÞwZKi wRb AcmviGYi
gvaÅGg ˆ`Gni ˆivMevjvB ev ˆKvGbv Lvivc AfÅvm `ƒi Kiv mÁ¿e|
RxbZî½ cÉGKŒkj cÉhywÚi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ mvdjÅ nGjv wiKwÁ¼GbU wW‰b‰ (DNA) ŠZwi
Kiv hv w`Gq cÉGqvRbgGZv I cwigvYgGZv we÷«¬ gvbe Bbmywjb ‰es gvbyGli
e†w«¬wbq¯¨YKvix niGgvb Drcv`b KiGZ mÁ¿e| K‡wlweævbxiv ‰B cÉhywÚ eÅenvi
KGi AwaK djbkxj D®²Z gvGbi Lv`Å`ËeÅ (avb, gUi, wkg BZÅvw`) Drcv`b
KiGQ| AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki weLÅvZ weævbx W. gvKmy`yj Avjg ˆZvlv cvGUi wRGbvg
ˆKvW AvweÓ•vi KGib| ‰GZ D®²Z RvGZi mwVK Drcv`bkxj dmj cÉvwµ¦ mÁ¿e
nGqGQ| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i mvnvGhÅ bvbv aiGbi ÞwZKi I cwiGek
`ƒlYK‡Z c`v^ÆàGjv bÓ¡ KGi ˆdjv nGœQ| ‰B cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi wW‰b‰
(DNA) cixÞvi gvaÅGg AcivaKvix kbvÚKiY I m¯¦vGbi wcZ‡Z½ ev gvZ‡Z½ W. gvKmy`yj Avjg
wbYÆq Kiv hvq| eZÆgvGb ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ICT ‰i ‰KwU AbÅZg cÉhywÚ [R¯Ã: 14 wWGmÁ¼i 1954-
wnGmGe AvGjvwPZ nGœQ| g†ZzÅ: 20 wWGmÁ¼i 2014]
wRb ˆKŒkGji gvaÅGg Rxeb cwieZÆGbi gƒjbxwZ wbÁ²i…c:
 DNA wbeÆvPb: meÆcÉ^Gg ˆh wRbwU «¼viv ‰KwU
RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Å cwieZÆb Kiv nGe ZvGK Avjv`v Kiv
nq| A^vÆr cÉ^Gg `vZv (Doner) ˆ^GK DNA
wbeÆvPb KGi Avjv`v Kiv Kiv nq|
 DNA -‰i evnK wbeÆvPb: wbeÆvwPZ DNA ˆK enb
Kivi RbÅ evnK wnmvGe E.Coli eÅvKGUwiqv
wbeÆvPb Kiv nq| DÚ eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆ`Gn mvaviY
DNA AYy QvovI AwZwiÚ Õ¼wbqw¯¨Z e†îvKvi ˆh
DNA ^vGK ZvGK µÏvRwgW eGj| evnGKi ‰B
µÏvRwgWGK DNA-i mvG^ hyÚ Kivi RbÅ eÅenvi
Kiv nq|
 DNA Lí KZÆb: wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg
eÅenvi KGi wbeÆvwPZ DNA ˆ^GK myweavgZ DNA
µÏvRwgW AskwU ˆKGU ˆbIqv nq|
 KZÆbK‡Z DNA Lí cÉwZÕ©vcb: wbeÆvwPZ DNA ˆK
KZÆbK‡Z µÏvRwgGW cÉGek KivGbv nq jvBGMR
‰bjvBGgi gvaÅGg| ‰KwU DNA ‰i wRb AbÅ
‰KwU wRGb Š`ePqb fvGe cÉwZÕ©vcb A^ev DNA-
wU ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb cÉwZÕ©vcb Kiv nq| Zvc I
BGjKwUÇK kK w`Gq ‰KwU DNA-ˆK eÅvKGUwiqv
ˆKvGl ˆXvKvGbv hvq| cwieZÆbK‡Z µÏvRwgW DNA
ˆK wiKwÁ¼GbU eGj|
wPò: wRb cÉGKŒkj
 46 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

 ˆcvlK ˆ`Gn wiKwÁ¼GbU DNA Õ©vbv¯¦i: mvaviYZ

AbyKzj cwiGeGk ˆcvlK ˆ`Gni DNA mgƒnGK
Recombinant E.coli
gvBGKÌv BbGRKkGbi gvaÅGg cÉvYxGKvGli Plasmid Host Cell
wbDwKÑqvGm cÉGek KivGbv nq hvGZ ‰i msLÅv e†w«¬
ˆcGZ ^vGK| Avi ‰ DNA MÉnbKvix eÅvKGUwiqvGK
UÇv´ÖdgÆW eÅvKGUwiqv eGj| Transformed
Cell
 wiKwÁ¼GbU DNA-‰i msLÅv e†w«¬ I gƒjÅvqb:
wiKwÁ¼GbU DNA eÅvKGUwiqvGK KvjPvi wgwWqvGg
ˆiGL msLÅv e†w«¬ KivGbv nq| ‰ mgq Kvw›LZ wRbevnx
µÏvRwgWI ˆcvlK ˆKvGli msLÅv e†w«¬ KGi| ‰fvGe
ˆcvlKG`Gn AwaK wiKwÁ¼GbU DNA m†wÓ¡ nq|

Step 2
Step 1

Plasmid Plasmid cut by enzyme

bacterium Plasmid
(small piece of DNA) enzyme
Step 3

human
insulin gene
is inserted
bacterium divides and into plasmid
insulin begins producing insulin
engineered plasmid inserted
Step 5
into new bacterium

Step 4 new bacterium

wPò: ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis-‰i cƒYÆvã avcmgƒn

ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis-‰i eÅenvi: eZÆgvb weGk¼ cwiGek iÞv, gvbe Õ¼vGÕ©Åi D®²qb, ˆeKviZ½ `ƒixKiY,
wk͸RvZ `ËeÅ Drcv`b, eÅemv-evwYRÅ, A^ÆbxwZ I Avw^ÆK AeÕ©vi D®²wZmn wewf®²GÞGò gvbyGli Rxeb hvòvi gvb
D®²qGb ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ˆek cÉfve weÕ¦vi KGiGQ|
1. K‡wl D®²qGb ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis: ‰KwU Dw«¿` ev Dw«¿`vsk nGZ A͸ mgGqi eÅeavGb ‰KB
ŠewkÓ¡ÅmÁ·®² AmsLÅ Pviv ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ˆh mgÕ¦ Dw«¿` exGRi gvaÅGg eskweÕ¦vi KGi bv, ZvG`i
PvivcÉvwµ¦ I mGZR AeÕ©vq Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv hvq| mnGR ˆivMgyÚ, weGkl KGi fvBivmgyÚ Pviv Drcv`b
Kiv mÁ¿e| ˆKvGbv ebÅRvZ ‰i wRb Aci dmjx kGmÅi gGaÅ mçvwjZ KGi AwaK djbkxj kmÅ
Drcv`b Kiv hvq| ˆhgb- avb-IR8, IR28, IR29, Mg, cvU, ˆZjexR BZÅvw`| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
eÅenvi KGi Dw«¿`RvZ `ËeÅvw`i MVb, eYÆ, cywÓ¡àY, Õ¼v` BZÅvw`i D®²qb Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ|
AvMvQvbvkK Jla cÉwZGivax wRb cÉwZÕ©vcb KGi ZvG`i cÉwZGiva ÞgZv m†wÓ¡ Kiv nGqGQ| ˆhgb-
Streptomyces hygroscopicus bvgK eÅvKGUwiqv ˆ^GK c†^KK‡Z Bar wRb UGgGUv, Avjy I ZvgvGK
Õ©vbv¯¦i KGi dmwdGbvw^Ëwmb bvgK AvMvQv bvkGKi cÉwZGiva ÞgZv ARÆb Kiv nGqGQ|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 47
2. Jla wkG͸ ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis: ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis cÉGqvM KGi fÅvKwmb ev wUKv Drcv`b Kiv
nGœQ ˆhàGjv ˆcvwjI, hßv, nvg, em¯¦mn wewf®² msKÌvgK ˆivGMi cÉwZGivaK wnGmGe eÅen†Z nGœQ|
ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis cÉGqvM KGi evwYwRÅK DcvGq B´ŸviGdib Drcv`b Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ‰wU
ˆncvUvBwUm ‰i wPwKrmvq eÅen†Z nq| KÅv´Övi ˆivMxG`iGK cÉv^wgKfvGe B´ŸviGdib cÉGqvM KGi
KÅv´ÖviGK wbq¯¨GY ivLvi c`GÞc ˆbqv nq| wewf®² aiGbi niGgvb ˆhgb WvqvGewUm ˆivGMi Bbmywjb,
gvbyGli ˆ`n e†w«¬i niGgvb BZÅvw` Drcv`b ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ w`K|
ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i gvaÅGg cÉÕ§ZK‡Z niGgvb mnRmvaÅ ‰es `vGgI Kg nq| Kg mgGqi gGaÅ
wecyj cwigvY AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK Drcv`Gbi RbÅ ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis cÉGqvM KGi eZÆgvGb ‰K
nvRvGiiI ˆewk AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK Drcvw`Z nGœQ| ˆhgb- ˆcwbwmwjb, ˆUUÇvmvBwKÑb, cwjwgwKÌb BZÅvw`|
3. M†ncvwjZ c÷ I grmÅ D®²qGb ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis: D®²ZRvGZi c÷ Drcv`Gbi jÞÅ nGœQ- PweÆgyÚ
gvsm Drcv`b, `yGai cwigvY e†w«¬, `ËyZ e†w«¬ I weKÌqGhvMÅ Kiv, ˆivM cÉwZGivax ‰es wKQy gƒjÅevb ˆcÉvwUb
Drcv`bmg†«¬ Kiv| wewf®² UÇv´ÖGRwbK cÉvYx ˆhgb- kƒKi, gyiMx, LiGMvk, Miy, ˆfov ŠZwiGZ ˆRGbwUK
Bwéwbqvwis àiyZ½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| AekÅ BwZgGaÅ UÇv´ÖGRwbK ˆfov D«¿veb Kiv nGqGQ| D«¿vweZ
nGqGQ UÇv´ÖGRwbK QvMj| ‰me QvMGji `yGa cvIqv hvq ‰K weGkl aiGbi ˆcÉvwUb hv RgvU evuav iÚGK
MwjGq KGivbvwi ^ËGÁ¼vwmm ˆ^GK gvbylGK iÞv KGi| UÇv´ÖGRwbK Miy D«¿veGbi gvaÅGg gvsGmi Drcv`b
e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ gvbyGli gvZ‡`yG™¬i AwZ cÉGqvRbxq ˆcÉvwUb, jÅvKGUvGdwibI cvIqv ˆMGQ|
4. `y™¬RvZ `ËeÅ Drcv`Gb ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis: `yGa mivmwi bvbvwea eÅenvi ^vKGjI `ya ˆ^GK
ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i gvaÅGg wewf®² `y™¬RvZ `ËeÅvw` ŠZwi Kiv nq| ˆhgb- `ya ˆ^GK gvLb, cwbi,
`B BZÅvw` Lv`ÅmvgMÉx cÉÕ§Z Kiv nq| `y™¬RvZ Lv`ÅmvgMÉx ŠZwii RbÅ ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis «¼viv bvbv
iKGgi eÅvKGUwiqv eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb- Streptococcus lactis, Lactobacillus helveticus, L.
bulgaricus BZÅvw`|
5. dGibwmK ˆUGÕ¡i ˆÞGò ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis: iÚ, exhÆ im, gƒò, AkÉ,y jvjv BZÅvw`i wW‰b‰ A^ev
AÅvw´ŸewW ˆ^GK dGibwmK ˆUGÕ¡i gvaÅGg AcivaxGK kbvÚ Kiv nq| ˆmGivjwR ˆUÕ¡ «¼viv gvbyGli
iÚ, exhÆ I jvjvGK wPwn×Z KGi Zv wW‰b‰ weGkÏlY «¼viv AcivaxGK kbvÚ Kiv nq| gvbeG`Gn ÞwZKi
wRbGK AcmviY KGi myÕ© wRb cÉwZÕ©vcb Kiv hvq| ‰GK wRb ˆ^ivwc ejv nq|
6. cwiGek iÞvq ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis: cqtcÉYvjx ˆkvab I gvbyGli gjgƒò `yMÆ®¬gyÚKiGY ˆRGbwUK
Bwéwbqvwis ‰i Ae`vb Acwimxg| ˆcGUÇvj I ˆcGUÇvwjqvgRvZ `ËGeÅi àYvàY iÞvG^Æ ˆRGbwUK
Bwéwbqvwis ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivGL| cwiGek myiÞv I ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ Dw«¿G` ˆcwÕ¡mvBGWi eÅenvi nËvm Kivi
ˆÞGò wewf®² ˆivGMi ŠRweK wbq¯¨GY ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis àiyZ½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| wRb eÅvsK
Õ©vcb KGi Rxe‹ewPòÅ iÞv Kiv nq|
wRb cÉGKŒkj ev ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis-‰i fqvenZv ev ÞwZKi w`KàGjv nGjv-
1. wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA hw` ˆKvGbv KviGY ÞwZKi nGq cGo ZvnGj ‰i cÉfvGe Rxe RMGZ wechÆq ˆbGg AvmGe|
2. wbGewkZ wRb hw` ÞwZKi ev welvÚ ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlY KGi ZvnGj KÅv´Övimn wewf®² bZzb ˆivM m†wÓ¡ nGZ cvGi|
3. hw` ˆKvGl cÉweÓ¡ AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK ˆiwRÕ¡Åv´Ÿ wRb ˆKvGbv ˆivM m†wÓ¡Kvix eÅvKGUwiqvq Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq
ZvnGj AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK eÅenvi KGi H ˆivMRxevYy `gb Kiv mÁ¿e nGe bv|
ˆRGbwUK BwéwbqvwisGq Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi eÅenvi:
 ˆRGbwUK BwéwbqvwisGq eÅen†Z evGqvBbdGgwUÝ ŠZwiGZ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nq|
 MGelYvi Z^Å I djvdj MGelKG`i gGaÅ Av`vb-cÉ`vb I gZ wewbgq Kivi RbÅ B´ŸviGbU eÅen†Z nq|
 wewf®² cÉvYxi wRGbi Z^Å ‰es ‰ msKÌv¯¦ wewf®² MGelYvi djvdj msiÞY Kivi RbÅ ˆWUvGeR eÅen†Z nq|
 ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis cÉwKÌqv wbGq MGelYvi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi wmgyÅGjkb eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi|
 ‰B cÉwKÌqvq wewf®² avGc KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z weGkl wmGÕ¡g eÅen†Z nq|
 48 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

1.4.10 bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR (Nano technology)

bÅvGbvwgUvi nGjv cwigvGci ‰KK| 1
bÅvGbvwgUvi = 10-9 wgUvi hv gvbyGli
PzGji eÅvGmi 80,000 fvGMi ‰KfvM| ˆRGb ivGLv
bÅvGbvwgUvi ˆÕ•Gj ˆh mgÕ¦ ˆUKGbvjwR
bÅvGbv kõwU wMÉK nanos kõ ˆ^GK ‰GmGQ hvi AwfavwbK A^Æ nGjv
mÁ·wKÆZ ˆmàGjv nGjv bÅvGbv cÉhywÚ| dwarf (evgb ev LvGUv ev Rv`yKix ÞgZvmÁ·®² Þz`ËvK‡wZi cÉvYx)| wK¯§
bÅvGbvcÉhywÚ (bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR ev ‰wU gvGci ‰KK wnmvGe eÅen†Z nGœQ| dÌv´Ö RvZxq cwil` ‰KK
msGÞGc bÅvGbvGUK) c`v^ÆGK AvYweK àGjvGK mvaviYfvGe eÅenvGii RbÅ KwgwU MVb KGi ‰es ZvivB cÉ^g
chÆvGq cwieZÆb I wbq¯¨Y Kivi we`Åv| ˆWwmgÅvj wKsev `k ‰KK ‰i gÅvwUÇÝ c«¬wZi cÉÕ¦ve KGib ‰es Š`GNÅÆ
myZivs bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR nGjv ‰gb ‰KK wgUvi ‰i mƒPbv KGib| wgUvi kõwU wMÉK kõ metron ˆ^GK
‰KwU cÉhywÚ ˆhLvGb bÅvGbvwgUvi ˆÕ•Gj ‰GmGQ hvi A^Æ nGjv, cwigvc| ‰Qvov wgUvi ‰i 100 fvGMi ‰K
fvMGK ˆmw´ŸwgUvi ejv nq| ‰B wgUvi ‰i 1,000,000,000 (100
‰KwU eÕ§GK wbcyYfvGe eÅenvi Kiv ˆKvwU) fvGMi ‰K fvMGK bÅvGbvwgUvi ejv nq A^Ævr 1 bÅvGbvwgUvi =
hvq A^Ævr ‰i cwieZÆb, cwieaÆb, a»sm 10-9 wgUvi hv gvbyGli PzGji eÅvGmi 80,000 fvGMi ‰KfvM| hw` Bwçi
ev m†wÓ¡ Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ bÅvGbvcÉhywÚ mvG^ Zzjbv Kiv nq ZvnGj 25,400,000 bÅvGbvwgUvi = ‰K Bwç|
‰gb me KvVvGgv wbGq KvR KGi hv
A¯¦Z ‰KwU gvòvq 100 bÅvGbvwgUvi ˆ^GK ˆQvU| bÅvGbvcÉhywÚ eügvwòK,
‰i mxgvbv cÉPwjZ ˆmwgK´£vKUi c`v^Æwe`Åv ˆ^GK AZÅvaywbK AvYweK
Õ¼qs-msGkÏlY cÉhywÚ chƯ¦; AvYweK KvVvGgvi wbq¯¨Y ˆ^GK bZyb
ŠewkÓ¡ÅmÁ·®² bÅvGbvc`vG^Æi D«¿veb chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z| ZGe bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
kõwU cÉ^g eÅenvi KGib ˆUvwKI wek¼we`ÅvjGqi weævbx bwiI ZvwbàwP|
1959 mvGji 29 Rvbyqvwi wiPvWÆ dvBbgÅvb (Richard Feynman)
meÆcÉ^g bÅvGbvcÉhywÚi aviYv ˆ`q| ‰KviGY wiPvWÆ dvBbgÅvbGK bÅvGbv
cÉhywÚi RbK ejv nq| 1989 mvGji bGfÁ¼Gii 9 ZvwiL bÅvGbv wPò : wiPvWÆ dvBbgÅvb
ˆUKGbvjwRi RbÅ ‰KUv AbÅZg ÕÃiYxq w`b wnGmGe weGewPZ nGe| [R¯Ã: 11 ˆg 1918
ˆmw`bB cÉ^g AYyGK BGœQgGZv mvwRGq cQ±`gGZv wKQy ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e -g†Z zÅ: 15 ˆdeË‚qvwi 1988]
nq gvbyGli cGÞ|

carbon
nanotube
atom diameter transistor red blood cell grain of sand
0.1 nm 5-10 nm 35 nm 10 m 1 mm

101 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 nm

1 nm 10 nm 150m human hair
DNA diameter protein diameter

wPò : bÅvGbv ˆUwej

 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 49
bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwRi ˆÞGò `ywU cÉwKÌqv AvGQ| ‰KwU nGjv Dci Nano Optical Defence &

ˆ^GK wbGP (Top-down) I AciwU nGjv wbP ˆ^GK Dci Devices Engineering Security

(Bottom-up)| Uc-WvDb c«¬wZGZ ˆKvGbv wRwbmGK ˆKuGU Nanobio-

technology
Bio
Engineering

ˆQvU KGi ZvGK wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvKvi ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰B ˆÞò mvaviYZ

Etching cÉwKÌqvwU mÁ·wKÆZ| Avi eUg-Avc nGjv Þz`Ë Þz`Ë Medicine
& Drugs Innovative Cosmetics

AvKvGii ˆQvU wRwbm w`Gq eo ˆKvGbv wRwbm ŠZwi Kiv| application

AvgvG`i eZÆgvb BGjKUÇwbÝ nGjv, Uc-WvDb cÉhywÚ| Avi Energy
Nano
Fabrics

bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR nGjv, eUg-Avc cÉhywÚ| bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwRGZ

bÅvGbvwgUvi ˆÕ•Gj Þz`Ë Þz`Ë eÕ¦yi Dcv`vb w`Gq ŠZwi Kiv nGe Nanotechnology
wewf®² cÉGqvRbxq eÕ§|
nvWÆwWGÕ•i Z^Å msiÞGYi ÞgZv w`b w`b evoGQ| ‰B
nvWÆwWGÕ•I eÅen†Z nGœQ bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR| ‰Lb evRvGi 1
ˆUivevBGUi nvWÆwWÕ• cvIqv hvGœQ| A^P ‰B eÅvcviUv AvR wPò : bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
nGZ 10 eQi AvGMI wQj K͸bvi evBGi|
bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwRi eÅenvi
1. KwÁ·DwUs-‰i ˆÞGò: cÉGmmi D®²qGb Z^v ‰i MwZe†w«¬,
`xNÆ Õ©vwqZ½, Kg kwÚ LiP KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgGgvwi MwZ
`ÞZv BZÅvw` e†w«¬i RbÅ eÅen†Z nq| bÅvGbv cÉhywÚ eÅenvi
KGi ‰gb KwÁ·DUvi ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ ˆh KwÁ·DUviGK
fuvR KGi cGKGU ivLv hvGe ‰es cÉGqvRGb Avevi cGKU
ˆ^GK ˆei KGi fvuR LyGj KvR Kiv hvGe| wPò: bÅvGbvüBj
2. Lv`Å wk͸: Lv`ÅRvZ `ËGeÅi cÅvGKwRs, wf®²agÆx
Õ¼v` ŠZwiGZ bÅvGbvgÅvGUwiqvj eÅen†Z nq|
3. wPwKrmv: ÕÃvUÆ WÈvM ŠZwiGZ I KÅv´Övi ˆKvl ˆRGb ivGLv
a»sm KiGZ ‰B cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nGœQ| dGj cÉK‡wZGZ bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwRi AGbK eÅenvi iGqGQ| ˆhgb:
KÅv´Övi AvKÌv¯¦ ˆKvGl AvGiv mƒßfvGe Ilya KPzicvZvi DcGii AsGk (Õ˜xGb) bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
ˆcŒuGQ hvGe| ‰BRbÅ eÅen†Z nGe KveÆb mÁ¼wjZ ‰K aiGbi AveiY iGqGQ| hvGK Wax eGj| Avi
bÅvGbvwUDe «¼viv ŠZwi bÅvGbv muyP| ‰B muyGPi ‰B Wax ‰i KviGYB KPzi cvZvq cvwb RGg bv|
‰KcvGk ^vKGe weGkl aiGbi cÉwZcÉf c`v^Æ cÉRvcwZi WvbvGZI bÅvGbvcÉhywÚ mÁ¼wjZ bÅvGbvcÉGjc
hvi AvGjvK ‰i mvnvGhÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ iGqGQ ZvB ‰iv cvwbGZ ˆfGR bv|
ˆKvl wbwøZ Kiv hvGe| dGj wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGl wUKwUwKi cvGq iGqGQ Nanowhole| hvi dGj wUKwUwK
Ilya ˆ`qv nGqGQ wKbv Zv wbwøZ Kiv hvGe| ˆh ˆKvGbv ˆ`qvj/Qv` ˆeGq PjvGdiv KiGZ cvGi|
‰B cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi gvbyGli K‡wòg Aã
cÉZÅã ŠZwi Kivi MGelYv PjGQ|
4. ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆÞGò: nvjKv IRGbi I R¾vjvwb
mvkÉqx evnb ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z nq|
5. R¾vjvwb ˆÞGò: mÕ¦v I D®²Z gvGbi ˆmvjvi
‰bvwRÆ ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z nq|
6. ivmvqwbK wkG͸: BÕ·vGZi ˆPGq 100 àY ˆewk kwÚkvjx ˆgUvj ŠZwi, wUUvwbqvg WvB AÝvBW ŠZwii KvGR,
wewf®² eÕ§i Ici cÉGjc ŠZwii KvGR eÅen†Z nq|
7. BGjKUÇwbÝ wkG͸: BGjKUÇwbÝ h¯¨cvwZi bƒÅbZg we`yÅr LiP, IRb I AvK‡wZ KgvGbv, KvhÆÞgZv I `ÞZv
e†w«¬ KiGZ ‰B cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nGœQ| bÅvGbv cÉhywÚ «¼viv ŠZwi eÅvUvwi, dzGqj I ˆmvjvi ˆmj BZÅvw`i gvaÅGg
ˆmŒikwÚGK AwaKZi KvGR jvMvGbv hvq| ZvQvov bÅvGbv UÇvbwRÕ¡i, bÅvGbv WvGqvW, µÏvRgv wWmGµÏ BZÅvw`
eÅenvGii dGj BGjKUÇwbÝ RMGZ ŠeµÏweK cwieZÆb nGœQ ‰es ˆKvqv´Ÿvg KwÁ·DwUs weKwkZ nGœQ|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-04K
 50 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

8. ˆLjvayjv I wKÌqv miévg ŠZwiGZ: wKÌGKU I ˆUwbm eGji Õ©vqxZ½ e†w«¬i RbÅ I evZvGm Mjd eGji
cwRkb wVK ivLvi RbÅ ‰wU eÅen†Z nq|
9. ˆmvjvi ˆmj ŠZwi: wmwjKb bÅvGbvIqÅvi «¼viv ˆmvjvi ˆmj ŠZwi Kiv nq|
10. bÅvGbvwPc I gwbUi ŠZwiGZ: fwelÅr KwÁ·DUvi wPc ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ KveÆb bÅvGbvwUDe UÇvbwRÕ¡i eÅenvi
Kiv nGe| ‰es KveÆb bÅvGbvwUDe «¼viv cÅvGbj gwbUi ŠZwi nGe| ‰Lb ˆ`qvGj Szjvevi RbÅ KÅvGj´£vGii
gGZv cvZjv wUwf evRvGi ‰GmGQ hv ŠZwi nq bÅvGbv cÉhwy Ú eÅenvi KGi|
11. cwiGek myiÞvq: wewf®² ˆgvUihvb I wk͸KviLvbv nGZ wbMÆZ KvGjv welvÚ ˆauvqv cwiGkvwaZ KGi eRÆÅ
Dcv`vbGK AcmvwiZ KGi wbgÆj evqyGZ cwibZ KiGZ bÅvGbvcvwUÆKÅvj eÅenvi Kiv nq| fzMfÆÕ© cvwb
ˆ^GK wewf®² eRÆÅ Dcv`vb ‰es wk͸eRÆÅ mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe AcmviY Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ|
12. ˆiwdÌRvGiUi ŠZwiGZ: ˆiwdÌRvGiUi ŠZwiGZI bÅvGbv cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nGœQ| bÅvGbv cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii dGj
ˆiwdÌRvGiUGi msiwÞZ Lv`Å`ËeÅ `xNÆw`b aGi UvUKv ^vGK| ‰wU ŠZwiGZ gyj Dcv`vGbi mvG^ 10% bÅvGbv
cvwUÆKÅvj ˆgkvGbv nq dGj LvevGi ÞwZKi eÅvKGUwiqvi AbycÉGek Õ¼qswKÌq fvGe cÉwZGiva Kiv hvq|
13. K‡wlGZ bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwRi eÅenvi: RwgGZ K‡lGKiv gÅvGKÌv wbDwUÇGq´Ÿ wnGmGe ivmvqwbK mvi (‰bwcGK)
bvBGUÇvGRb, dmdivm I cUvwkqvg eÅenvi KGi| bvBGUÇvGRGbi RbÅ BDwiqv, dmdivGmi RbÅ wU‰mwc I
cUvwkqvGgi RbÅ cUvk mvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| hv RwgGZ wQwUGq
eÅenvi KiGZ nq eGj gvò 30 ˆ^GK 34 fvM eÅenvi nq|
AewkÓ¡ kZKiv 60 ˆ^GK 70 fvM AcPGqi gvaÅGg ˆÞGZi
cvk¼ÆeZÆx Rjvkq ev AbÅvbÅ cvwbi mGã wgGk cwiGeGki ÞwZ
mvab KGi ^vGK| bÅvGbv dvwUÆjvBRvi nGœQ ‘ˆÕÏv wiwjRvi’| ‰wU
dmGji ˆÞGZ eÅenvi KiGj MvGQi ˆMvovq Rgv ^vKGe ‰es
cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx MvQGK cywÓ¡ mieivn KiGZ mÞg nGe|
evsjvG`Gk K‡wlGZ bÅvGbv cËhywÚ eÅenvGii ˆÞòàGjv nGœQ ˆivM
wbYÆq, ˆivMevjvB eÅeÕ©vcbv bÅvGbv ˆcwÕ¡mvBW, bÅvGbv
dvwUÆjvBRvi, bÅvGbv nvweÆmvBW, g†wîKv `ƒlY wbYÆq I `ƒixKiY, wPò: K‡wlGZ bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
dmj D®²qb (RvZ), bÅvGbv ˆm´Öi, ˆmGPi `ÞZv e†w«¬ cÉwKÌÌqvKiY
I msiÞY ‰es wbLyuZ K‡wl|
14. cvwb we÷«¬KiGY: cvwbGZ AYyRxe QvovI AvGmÆwbK I KxUbvkGKi gGZv ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb wgGk ^vGK|
bÅvGbvcvwUÆKÅvj cvwbi wewf®² AYyRxeGK a»sm KGi ˆ`q ‰es cvwb ˆ^GK ivmvqwbK Ac`ËeÅàGjv `ƒi KGi|
15. hy«¬wegvb ŠZwiGZ: ivWvi, gvBGKÌvIGqf KÁ·vGâ KvR KGi| ‰B gvBGKÌvIGqf KÁ·vâ bÅvGbvwUDe
ˆkvlb KGi wbGZ cvGi| dGj ˆh ˆKvGbv DGovRvnvGR ‰Uv eÅvenvi KiGj Zv ivWvGi A`†kÅ ^vKGe| hyG«¬i
mgq kòy cGÞi ivWvi duvwK ˆ`qvi RbÅ ‰wU ‰KwU fvj Dcvq|
bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwRi myweav:
 bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR eÅenvi KGi Drcvw`Z cYÅ gReyZ, ˆUKmB, AvKvGi ˆQvU I nvjKv nq|
bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwRi Amyweav:
 bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwRi MGelYv I cÉGqvM ˆewk eÅqeüj| dGj ‰B cÉhywÚi cÉGqvGM Drcvw`Z cYÅ ‰LbI AwaK `vgx|
 bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR cƒYÆgvòvq weKwkZ nGj AvbweK kwÚ mnRjfÅ nGq ˆhGZ cvGi hv gvbeRvwZi RbÅ wec`äbK|
bÅvGbvcÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi gvivñK hy«¬vÕ¨ ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e weavq hy«¬GÞGò fqvenZvi AvksKv iGqGQ|
 bÅvGbvcvwUÆKÅvj A^vÆr bÅvGbvcÉWvÙ gvbyGli kixGii RbÅ ÞwZKi| ZvQvov ‰B cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii dGj cvwb I
evqy `ƒlY nGZ cvGi hv gvbyl I AbÅvbÅ cÉvYxi RbÅ gvivñK ÞwZKi|
 ‰B cÉhwy Ú eÅenvGii dGj A`Þiv KgÆnxb nGq hvGe|
KvR:
1. cwiGek msiÞGY bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR I ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis eÅvcK f„wgKv ivLGZ cvGi eÅvLÅv KGiv|
2. Lvevi ŠZwiGZ ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i f„wgKv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
3. Ilya wkG͸i RbÅ ˆKvb cÉhywÚwU AwaK KvhÆKix? hywÚmn DcÕ©vcb KGiv|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-04L
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 51

cvV 8 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhwy Ú eÅenvGi ŠbwZKZv

1.5 AvBwmwU eÅenvGi ŠbwZKZv (Morality in Using ICT)

BGjKUÇwbK ˆWUv msMÉGni RbÅ Z^Å eÅeÕ©vcbv nGjv AwZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰KwU welq| ‰GÞGò ŠbwZKZvi welqwU
AãvwãfvGe RwoZ| Z^Å eÅeÕ©vGK Amr DcvGq ev A‹eafvGe eÅenvi Kivi NUbv cÉvqB NGU ^vGK|
eÅenviKvix Zvi wbGRi myweav Av`vGqi jGÞÅ A^ev AbÅ KvGiv Z^Å Pzwi ev weK‡Z Kivi RbÅ Z^Å eÅeÕ©vGK
A‹eafvGe eÅenvi KiGZ cvGib| Z^Å eÅeÕ©vi gvaÅGg webv AbygwZGZ AGbÅi Z^Å eÅenvi I ˆmàGjv cvPvi
Kiv bxwZwei‚«¬ KvR hv Z^Å eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mãwZcƒYÆ bq| ŠbwZKZv nGjv ˆgvivj ˆKvW ˆhLvGb ˆek wKQz wbqg-
Kvbyb ^vGK hv Õ¼vfvweKfvGe mKGji AvPiY «¼viv Õ¼xK‡Z| ‰wU eÅwÚGK ˆevSvGZ mnvqZv KGi ˆKvb KvRwU Kiv
“wVK” ‰es ˆKvbwU “fzj”| ‰B ˆevaGK RvMÉZ Kiv ‰es bxwZGevaGK eÅvcKfvGe QwoGq ˆ`Iqv ŠbwZKZvi gƒj
jÞÅ| ŠbwZKZv nGjv gvbyGli KvRKgÆ, AvPvi-eÅenvGii ˆmB gƒjbxwZ hvi Ici wfwî KGi gvbyl ‰KwU KvGRi
fvGjv ev g±` w`K wePvi weGkÏlY KiGZ cvGi| ŠbwZKZvi ˆÞGò PviwU gƒjbxwZ iGqGQ| Zv nGjv- AvbycvwZKZv,
Z^Å cÉ`vbcƒeÆK mÁÃwZ, bÅvqwePvi, SzuwK wbq¯¨Y| Z^Å eÅeÕ©vq ‰B ŠbwZKZvGK AekÅB ˆgGb PjGZ nq| Z^Å
eÅeÕ©vi ŠbwZKZvi mvG^ RwoZ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KGqKwU welq nGjv-
1. cÉvBGfwm (Privacy): Z^ÅGK ‰gbfvGe eÅenvi KiGZ nGe ˆhb Zv AGbÅi eÅwÚMZ ˆMvcbxqZvGK fã bv
KGi ‰es AGbÅi AwaKvi LeÆ bv nq|
2. eÅenvi (Uses): Z^Å eÅeÕ©vi wKQy eÅenvi cÉvBGfwmi ài‚Zi j›Nb ‰es ˆbUIqvKÆ wmGÕ¡Ggi bxwZewRÆZ
eÅenvi eGj weGewPZ nq|
3. AÅvKGmm (Access): Z^Å eÅeÕ©vq eÅenviKvixMY hviv eÅwÚMZ Z^Åvw` enb KGib ZvG`iGK wbRÕ¼
Z^ÅàGjvGK ˆhgb- bvg, wVKvbv, B-ˆgBj I ˆdvb bvÁ¼vi cÉf‡wZGK Acivax ‰es AbÅG`i KvQ ˆ^GK `ƒGi
ivLvi ŠbwZK evaÅevaKZv gvbGZ nq|
4. ˆÕ¡vGiR (Storage): Z^Å eÅeÕ©vq eÅenviKvixG`i AekÅB ŠbwZK c«¬wZàGjv ˆgGb wbGq wZwb Kx aiGbi
Z^Å msiÞY KiGeb ˆh welGq wm«¬v¯¦ wbGZ nGe| ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Z^ÅàGjv hvGZ nvwiGq bv hvq ˆmRbÅ KLbI
KLbI wewf®² gvaÅGg ‰i eÅvKAvc ivLv nq|
5. mwVKZv (Accuracy): wKQy wKQy Z^Å eÅeÕ©v weGkl KGi wPwKrmv I Avw^ÆK wmGÕ¡Ggi RbÅ wbfÆyjZv
‰KwU ŠbwZKZvi welq nGq `uvovq| ‰GÞGò ˆWUvàGjv Avc-Uz-ˆWU ‰es wbfzÆj ivLvUv wbwøZ KiGZ nq|
1992 mvGj “KwÁ·DUvi Bw^Km BbwÕ¡wUDU” KwÁ·DUvi Bw^Km-‰i welGq `kwU wbG`Ækbv ŠZwi KGi| ‰B
`kwU wbG`Ækbv nGjv-
1. AbygwZ eÅZxZ AGbÅi dvBj, ˆMvcb
Z^Å msMÉn bv Kiv|
2. KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi KGi AGbÅi ÞwZ
bv Kiv|
3. cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi AGbÅi KvGRi
Ici nÕ¦GÞc bv Kiv|
4. Pzwii DGóGkÅ KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi bv Before After
Kiv| wPò : IGqemvBU nÅvK nevi AvGM-cGii bgybv `†kÅ
5. wg^Åv mvÞÅ cÉgvY enGbi RbÅ KwÁ·DUviGK eÅenvi bv Kiv|
6. jvBGm´Öwenxb mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi ev Kwc bv Kiv|
7. webv AbygwZGZ Z^Å-msKÌv¯¦ wiGmvmÆ eÅenvi bv Kiv|
 52 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

8. AGbÅi eyw«¬e†wî msKÌv¯¦ djvdj Avñmvr bv Kiv|

9. Z^Å cÉhywÚi Lvivc w`K wP¯¦v KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv|
10. KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvGii ŠbwZK wePvi, kÉ«¬v cÉ`kÆb Kiv|
eZÆgvGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ weKvGki KviGY eÅenviKvixi msLÅv w`b w`b e†w«¬ cvGœQ| ˆmB mvG^ mvBevi
KÌvBgI e†w«¬ cvGœQ| B´ŸviGbUGK ˆK±`Ê KGi ˆh mKj KÌvBg msNwUZ nq Zv mvBevi KÌvBg bvGg cwiwPZ|
KGqKwU mvBevi KÌvBg mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv-
 ÞwZKviK fvBivm (Virus): fvBivm nGjv
‰K aiGbi ARvbv ÞwZKviK ˆcÉvMÉvg hv
Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe wbeÆvn, msKÌgY I esk e†w«¬
KGi KwÁ·DUvGi iwÞZ AbÅvbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK
bÓ¡ KGi ˆ`q| 1980 mvGj cÉLÅvZ MGelK
“ˆdÌW ˆKvGnb” KwÁ·DUvGii ‰B ÞwZKviK
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvgKiY KGib VIRUS|
VIRUS kGõi cƒYÆic … nGœQ Vital
Information Resources Under Siege.
KGqKwU KwÁ·UDUvi fvBivm nGjv Trojan
horse, Abraxas, Melissa, The Anna
Kournikova, My Doom cÉf‡wZ|
 Õ·Åvwgs (Spamming) : AbvKvw›ÞZ evKÅ wPò: fvBivm AvKÌv¯¦ nevi bgybv ˆgGmR
ˆgGmRmgƒGn eÅvcKfvGe ˆcÉiGY BGjKUÇwbK
ˆgGmwRs wmGÕ¡gmgƒGni eÅenvi nGjv Õ·Åvg Z^v Õ·Åvwgs| B-ˆgBj AÅvKvDG´Ÿ cÉvqB wKQy AbvKvw›ÞZ I
AcÉGqvRbxq ˆgBj cvIqv hvq hv AvgvG`i weiwÚ NUvq ‰ mgÕ¦ ˆgBjGK Õ·Åvg ˆgBj eGj|
 Õ·ywds I wÕ²wds (Spoofing and Sniffing): Õ·ywds ‰K aiGbi cÉZviYv| ‰B cÉwKÌqvq nÅvKvi KvDGK
ˆKvGbv wKQy cvVvq ˆcÉiK wVKvbv ˆgvwWdvB KGi| dGj hvGK cvVvGbv nq ˆm eySGZ cvGi bv ˆh ‰wU bKj,
Avi ‰B myGhvMUvGK nÅvKvi KvGR jvMvq| mvaviYZ nÅvKviiv wbGRG`i BbdiGgkb nvBW KiGZ wKsev
cÉZviYvi DGóGkÅ Õ·ywds KGi ^vGK| wewf®² wmGÕ¡Gg Õ·ywds Kiv nq ˆhgb- Caller ID spoofing, IP
spoofing, E-mail spoofing, MAC Spoofing BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| AbÅw`GK UÇv´Öwgkb jvBb w`Gq
Z^Å hvevi mgq Z^ÅGK ZyGj ˆbqvi ‰KwU RbwcÉq c«¬wZ nGjv ‘wÕ²wds’| mvaviYZ kÚ Zvi ev Zviwenxb
eÅeÕ©vGZ wÕ²wds Kiv nGq ^vGK| wÕ²wds kbvÚ Kiv cÉvq AmÁ¿e| ZvB ‰i wei‚G«¬ myiÞvi RbÅ ˆWUv
‰bwKÌckb nGjv ‰Kgvò c^|
 wdwks (Phishing): BGjÙÌwbK KwgDwbKkGb wdwks ejGZ KvGiv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Z^Å nvZvGbvi DGóGkÅ wek¼Õ¦
cÉwZÓ¤vGbi bvg eÅenvi KGi Q«ÂGek aviY eÅeÕ©vGK ˆevSvq| ˆhgb- ˆKvGbv B-ˆgBj ˆcÉvfvBWvi
ˆKvÁ·vwbi jMBb ˆcBRGK bKj KGi ‰KwU ˆdBK ˆcBR (wdwks mvBU) ŠZwi Kiv| ˆmB wdwks mvBGUi
wjsK nÅvKviiv KvDGK w`j, Avi ˆm Zvi wbGRi AvBwW, cvmIqvWÆ w`Gq jMBb Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KiGjv| ‰GZ
DÚ jMBb ˆWUvàGjv nÅvKvGii KvGQ ˆcŒuGQ hvGe| wdwksI nGœQ ‰K aiGbi cÉZviYv|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 53

 nÅvwKs (Hacking) : AbygwZ eÅZxZ AGbÅi KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvGKÆ cÉGek KGi eÅenvi Kiv ev cyGiv
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡gGK duvwK w`Gq KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g ev ˆbUIqvGKÆi ÞwZ KivGK nÅvwKs eGj| ˆh nÅvwKs
KGi ZvGK nÅvKvi eGj| nÅvKviiv nGjv my`Þ A^P AwbqgZvw¯¨K ˆcÉvMÉvgvi| nÅvKviiv mvaviYZ AZů¦
`Þ ˆcÉvMÉvgvi nGq ^vGK I wmGÕ¡g ÞwZKviK ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvq Drmvn ˆeva KGi|
 mvBevi AvKÌgY (Cyber Attack): mvBevi AvKÌgY nGjv ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvGii wbq¯¨Y ARÆGbi cÉGPÓ¡v I
ˆKvGbv eÅwÚ ev MÉ‚Gci AbygwZ QvovB ZvG`i mgMÉ MwZwewaGK UÇÅvK Kiv A^Ævr ZvG`i dvBj, ˆcÉvMÉvg wKsev
nvWÆIqÅvi a»sm ev ÞwZ mvab Kiv|
 mvBevi Pzwi (Cyber Stealing): KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi KGi eÅemvwqK A^ev eÅwÚMZ Z^Åvw` Pzwi KivB
nGjv mvBevi Pzwi| mvBevi Pzwi `yB aiGbi| h^v-1. ˆWUv Pzwi I 2. AvBGWw´ŸwU Pzwi|
 mdUIqÅvi cvBGiwm (Software Piracy): mdUIqÅvi cvBGiwm ejGZ cÉÕ§ZKvixi webv AbygwZGZ
ˆKvGbv mdUIqÅvi Kwc Kiv, wbGRi bvGg weZiY Kiv wKsev ˆKvGbvcÉKvi cwieZÆb KGi wbGRi bvGg
PvwjGq ˆ`Iqv BZÅvw` KvhÆKÌgGK eySvq|
 ˆµÏRvwiRg (Plagiarism): eZÆgvGb Z^Å cÉhywÚi Aeva Õ¼vaxbZvi dGj ˆµÏRvwiRg ‰KwU eo aiGbi
A‹bwZK KvGR cwiYZ nGqGQ| ˆµÏRvwiRg nGjv AGbÅi ˆjLv ev MGelYvjº¬ Z^Å wbGRi bvGg PvwjGq
ˆ`Iqv| B´ŸviGbGU c†w^exi cÉvq me welGqB ˆKvGbv bv ˆKvGbv Z^Å AvGQ| ‰me Z^Å eÅenvGii ˆÞGò cÉK‡Z
Z^Å`vZvi Ae`vb Õ¼xKvi Kiv bv nGj Zv ˆµÏRvwiRGgi gGaÅ coGe| Avgiv cÉwZwbqZ eyGS bv eyGS ‰
Aciva KiwQ| eZÆgvGb ˆµÏRvwiRg aivi bvbv aiGbi ˆKŒkj ˆei nGqGQ|
Z^Å cÉhywÚi wbivcîv eÅeÕ©v: Z^Å wbivcîv eÅeÕ©vq ˆh me c`GÞc ˆbIqv Ri‚wi ˆmàGjv nGjv- ‰KGmm
KG´ŸÈvj Kiv, dvqviIqvj mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv, BbUÇymb wWGUKkb wmGÕ¡g eÅenvi Kiv, ‰w´ŸfvBivm
mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv, ˆWUv ‰bwKÌckb c«¬wZ eÅenvi Kiv, nÅvwKs cÉwZGiva Kiv, wmwKDwiwU gwbUwis
mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv, Z^Å eÅvKAvc ˆbIqv, dΟ UjvGi´Ö wmGÕ¡g ^vKv, wmGÕ¡g KG´ŸÈvj I AwWU eÅeÕ©v ^vKv
Ri‚wi|

KvR:
1. mvBevi KÌvBGgi dGj ˆ`Gki wkÞv eÅeÕ©v SuzwKi gGaÅ iGqGQ Zzwg Kx ‰i mvG^ ‰KgZ?
2. ‰KwU ˆKvÁ·vwb mvBevi KÌvBGgi gvaÅGg KxfvGe ÞwZMÉÕ¦ nGZ cvGi Zvi Ici MÉc ‚ wfwîK cÉwZGe`b ŠZwi
KGiv|
 54 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 9 mgvRRxeGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhwy Úi cÉfve

1.6 mgvRRxeGb AvBwmwUi cÉfve (Effect of ICT in Social Life)

hyGM hyGM ævb weævGbi MGelYvq mvaviY gvbyGli nvGZ
Z^Å cÉhywÚi gGZv ‰gb kwÚkvjx cÉhywÚ Avi AvGmwb
K^vUv ejGj fzj nGe bv| cÉGZÅK gvbyGli gGaÅ Zvi
kvixwiK kwÚi wcQGb ˆh wP¯¦v kwÚUv AvGQ ZvGK mnGR
ˆei KGi Avbv ‰es ZvGK AviI AGbK gvbyGli wP¯¦v
kwÚi mGã wgwjGq KvGR jvMvGbvi c«¬wZUv ŠZwi
KGiGQ ‰ Z^Å cÉhywÚ| eÅemv, eÅeÕ©vcbv, ˆhvMvGhvM,
wkÞv, weævb, wPwKrmv, wk͸ msÕ•‡wZ BZÅvw` ‰gb
ˆKvGbv ˆÞò LyuGR cvIqv hvGe bv ˆhLvGb Z^Å cÉhywÚi
mv^ÆK cÉGqvM NGUwb| wewf®² ˆÞGò Z^Å cÉhywÚi mydj
wPò: eZÆgvGb eüj eÅen†Z wKQy mvgvwRK
AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv: ˆhvMvGhvGMi IGqemvBU
1. eÅemvwqK ˆÞò: KwÁ·DUvi Qvov AvRKvj eÅvsK
exgv, ˆKÌwWU ˆKvÁ·vwb, wegvb cwienY ‰es D®²Z weGk¼i mvaviY ˆKbvKvUvmn AGbK KvhÆKgÌ e®¬ nGe|
eÅemv evwYGRÅ KwÁ·DUvGii eÅvcK eÅenvi cwijwÞZ nq| B-KgvmÆ, B-kwcs, B-wiGUBwjs BZÅvw`i Z^Å
cÉhywÚ wfwîK c«¬wZàGjv cÉPwjZ avivi A^ÆbxwZ ˆ^GK ˆewiGq AvmGZ mvnvhÅ KiGQ|
2. weævb I wPwKrmv ˆÞò: AvR ˆ^GK ‰Kk eQi AvGM ˆh MGelYv nGqGQ Zv wbGq bZyb KGi Avevi
MGelYvi cÉGqvRb cGo bv hv AZxGZ KiGZ nGZv| Z^Å cÉhywÚi D®²wZi dGjB ‰Uv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| weævGbi
wewf®² MGelYv ˆiwWI, ˆUwjwfkb, B-ˆgBj, B´ŸviGbU cÉf‡wZi gvaÅGg PZyw`ÆGK QwoGq cGoGQ| hvi dGj
gvbylGK Avi wcQGbi w`GK ZvKvGZ nq bv| bZyb Z^Å wbGq bZzb MGelYvGK ‰wMGq wbGZ ‰es bZzb bZzb
AvweÓ•vGi mÞg nGœQ|
3. wPwKrmv ˆÞò: wPwKrmv ˆÞGò Z^Å cÉhywÚi ixwZgGZv weµÏe m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| gvbe wRGbi MGelYv ˆh mvdjÅUv
‰GbGQ Zvi c«¬wZUv ˆ`LGjB ˆevSv hvGe KxfvGe KZ gvbyGli MGelYvi dmjGK mgw¯¼Z KGiGQ Z^Å
cÉhywÚ| cÉ^g gvbe wRGbi Afů¦ixY ivmvqwbKàGjv wmGKvGqw´Ös ˆZv weGkl aiGbi KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ
nGqGQ, Zvici QqwU ˆ`Gki 1100 MGelGKi KgÆKvG´£i mg¯¼q KGiGQ B´ŸviGbU|
4. wkÞv ˆÞò: wkÞv ˆÞGò Z^Å cÉhywÚi eÅvcK eÅenvi wkÞvGK gvbyGli «¼viGMvovq ˆcuŒGQ w`GqGQ| ‰Lb ˆKD
BœQv KiGj evsjvG`Gk eGm hyÚivÓ¡Ç, KvbvWv ev BsjÅvG´£i gGZv ˆ`Gki ˆmiv jvBGeËwii ˆkÉÓ¤ eBàGjv coGZ
cviGQ| ˆhGnZz D®²Z ˆ`kàGjvi ˆkÉÓ¤ jvBGeËwiàGjv B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg mshyÚ ZvB wkÞveÅeÕ©v ‰gb mnR
cÉvcÅ nGq DGVGQ|
5. wk͸ mvwnZÅ: wk͸ mvwnGZÅ eÅvcK KjÅvY mvab nGqGQ ‰ Z^Å cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg| cÉKvkbvi ˆÞGò hyÚ nGq ‰
wk͸GK mg†w«¬ KiGQ|
6. weGbv`Gb: weGbv`Gbi K^v ˆZv ejvB evüjÅ| Z^Å cÉhywÚi KjÅvGY wek¼ AvgvG`i nvGZi gyGVvq| mviv weGk¼i
AbyÓ¤vb AvR NGi eGmB ˆ`Lv hvq| hvi dGj wewf®² ˆ`Gki msÕ•‡wZ mÁ·GKÆ mnGRB aviYv Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 55
7. ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©vq Z^Å cÉhywÚ: moKc^, ˆijc^,
Rjc^ I AvKvkc^ ˆKv^vq Z^Å cÉhywÚi eÅenvi ˆbB?
meLvGbB ‰i eÅenvi eÅvcK nvGi cwijwÞZ nq| Z^Å
cÉhywÚi eÅenvi ‰i dGj ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v nGqGQ
mnRZi `Ë‚Z I jvfRbK| kÉGgi AcPq ˆiva, mgq ˆeuGP
hvIqv mÁ¿e nGœQ ‰- cÉhywÚi KjÅvGY| ˆUwjGdvb, dÅvÝ,
ˆUwjwfkb, ˆUwjwcÉ´Ÿvi, KwÁ·DUvi, B-ˆgBj BZÅvw`
ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅGg Z^Å cÉhywÚ `vi‚Y weµÏe ‰Gb w`GqGQ|
eZÆgvGb ˆ`Gki gvbyl ‰Lb UÇv´ÖGcvGUÆi RbÅ eÅenvi KGi
Pathao, Uber, Amar Ride AÅvcm| Devi AÅvcm ‰i wPò : wewf®² ivBW ˆkqvwis AÅvcm
mvnvGhÅ ˆKv^vI hvIqvi RbÅ wbKUeZÆx PvjKGK AWÆvi KiGjB KGqK wgwbGUi gGaÅ mvgGb ‰Gm nvwRi nGe
Devi UÅvwÝ| M¯¦GeÅ ˆcŒuQvi ci fvov cwiGkva KiGZ nGe| cvVvI ‰gb ‰KwU evBK ivBW ˆkqvwis AÅvc
hvi gvaÅGg mnGRB ‰KwU evBK ivBW wiGKvGqÕ¡ KGi mnGRB UÇvwdK RÅvg ‰woGq `Ë‚Z mgGq I mvkÉqx
fvGe hvIqv hvq Kvw›LZ M¯¦GeÅ|
8. eÅvswKs wmGÕ¡Gg: Z^Å cÉhywÚ wbfÆi eÅvwKs wmGÕ¡Ggi gvaÅGg 24 N´ŸvB
MÉvnKG`i ˆmev cÉ`vb Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ| eÅvsGKi MÉvnKG`i wnmve,
AÅvKvD´Ÿ bs Abyhvqx gRy` AG^Æi cwigvY wbYÆq, eÅvsGKi KgÆPvixG`i
wewf®² Z^Å KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg wbqw¯¨Z nGœQ|
9. wiRvGfÆkb wmGÕ¡Gg: ‰qvi jvBb, ˆijIGq I evm wUwKU weKÌGqi mwVK
wbq¯¨Y ‰es wewf®² ˆnvGUj-ˆgvGUj ‰i wmU eywKs ‰Lb KwÁ·DUvGii
gvaÅGg Kiv nGœQ|
Z^Å cÉhywÚi nvRvGiv mydGji mvG^ wKQy wKQy Kzdj cwijwÞZ nIqvUvB
Õ¼vfvweK| wbGÁ² Z^Å cÉhywÚi wKQy Kzdj ZzGj aiv nGjv:
1. AkÏxjZv: ˆUwjwfkb I B´ŸviGbGU AGbK AkÏxj ‰es b™² cÉPviYvq wPò : Z^ÅcÉhywÚi KjÅvGY 24 N´Ÿv
gvbyGli ŠbwZK PwiGòi Dci weiƒc cÉwZwKÌqvi m†wÓ¡ nGœQ| weGkl KGi MÉvnK ˆmev
wk÷ I wKGkviG`i wec^Mvgx nIqvi mÁ¿vebv KÌGgB evoGQ|
2. Aciva cÉeYZv: mÅvGUjvBGUi dGj wewf®² ˆÞGò weG`wk msÕ•‡wZi cÉfve jÞÅ Kiv hvGœQ| weGkl KGi Zi‚Y
mgvGRi gGaÅ AvPvi-AvPiY, ˆcvlvK cwiGœQ`, gvbwmKZv, kÉ«¬vGeva cÉf‡wZ welGq DG«¼MRbK cwieZÆb
ˆ`Lv hvGœQ|
3. ˆMvcbxqZv: Z^Å cÉhywÚi eÅvcK eÅenvGii dGj eÅwÚMZ ˆMvcbxqZv AGbKGÞGò cÉKvwkZ nGq hvGœQ hv
ˆgvGUB KvgÅ bq|
4. KÌgeaÆgvb ˆeKviZ½: Z^Å cÉhywÚi eÅenvi eÅvcKfvGe e†w«¬ cvIqvi dGj meÆòB AGUvGgkGbi ˆQvuqv ˆjGMGQ|
dGj weGkl weGkl ˆÞGò cÉwZwbqZB ˆeKviZ½ evoGQ|
5. kvixwiK mgmÅv: Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi wewf®² h¯¨cvwZ weGkl KGi KwÁ·DUviGK wewf®² cÉKvi Õ¼vÕ©Å
mgmÅvi RbÅ `vqx Kiv hvq- ˆPvGLi Dci Pvc, Kôxi ÞwZ, wcGVi mgmÅv, gvbwmK PvcRwbZ mgmÅv,
Avjmvi cÉf‡wZ|
ZGe Z^Å cÉhywÚ mgvGR mydj bv Kzdj AvbGe, ˆmUv wbfÆi KiGQ eÅwÚi wbRÕ¼ wP¯¦v I ˆPZbvi Dci| ˆKD BGœQ KiGj
‰GK Lvivc KvGR eÅenvi KiGZ cvGib, Avevi fvGjv KvGRI eÅenvi KiGZ cvGib| Z^Å cÉhywÚ mgvGRi RbÅ ‰K
weivU AvkxevÆ`| ZvB ‰i wbqw¯¨Z eÅenvi, `ËyZ cÉmvi ‰es D®²qb c†w^exGK AviI my±`i ‰es mg†«¬ KiGe|

KvR:
`ywU `j MVb KGi mgvR RxeGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi cÉfve welGq ‘Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mydj’ ‰es
‘Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi Kzdj’ ‰i Ici weZGKÆi AvGqvRb KGiv|
 56 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 10 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhwy Ú ‰es A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb

1.7 AvBwmwU I A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb (ICT I Economical Development)

mÁ·ÉwZ AvGgÆwbqvi wewmwR wmwbqi cvUÆbvi I ˆ™Ïvevj wjWvi di wWwRUvj MfbÆGg´Ÿ wgàGqj KvivimGKv eGjb,
cÉhywÚ KgÆmsÕ©vb ŠZwi KGi| AvMvgx w`Gb ˆh iKg KvR nGe, ‰i 10 kZvsk KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs, 20 kZvsk
KiGe cÉhywÚ| evwK 70 kZvsGki RbÅ gvbylGKB jvMGe| AbjvBb jvwbÆs µÏÅvUdgÆ ˆKviGmivi Šewk¼K `ÞZv mƒPK
ev ‘ ˆ™Ïvevj wÕ•jm BbGWÝ 2019’ (wR‰mAvB) Abyhvqx, cÉhywÚMZ `ÞZvi w`K ˆ^GK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g,
mdUIqÅvi BwéwbqvwisGqi gGZv ˆÞGò fvGjv KiGQ evsjvG`k| IB ZvwjKvq evsjvG`kmn ‰wkqv-cÉkv¯¦
gnvmvMixq AçGji ˆ`kàGjvi cvidigÅvb&m ZzGj aiv nGqGQ| IB mƒPGK ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ, 90 kZvsk D®²qbkxj
A^ÆbxwZ ‰Lb wKÌwUKÅvj wÕ•j ev RwUj `ÞZv ARÆGbi ˆÞGò ˆcQGb cGo hvGœQ ev SzuwKGZ coGQ| ‰ ˆÞGò
cÉhywÚMZ `ÞZvi ˆÞGò fvGjv KiGQ evsjvG`k|
PZz^Æ wk͸weµÏGei ˆgvKvwejvq evsjvG`Gki Z^ÅcÉhywÚ LvZ `Þ gvbemÁ·` D®²qbmn wewf®² AeKvVvGgvMZ D®²qGb
ˆRvi w`GqGQ| cÉavbg¯¨xi Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvMcÉhywÚ welqK DcG`Ó¡v mRxe IqvGR` Rq ivRavbxi AvBwmwU
UvIqvGi B-MfbÆGg´Ÿ gvÕ¡vi µÏÅvb wiGcvUÆ cÉKvk AbyÓ¤vGb eGjb, ‘wWwRUvj ˆmevi weÕ¦†wZ I D®²wZ NwUGq
evsjvG`k AvMvgx cuvP eQGi RvwZmsGNi B-MfbÅvÆ´Ö D®²qb mƒPGK ˆmiv 50wU ˆ`Gki ZvwjKvq ^vKGe| B-
MfbÅvÆG´Öi RvZxq BbGWGÝ Avgiv ‰Lb 115 bÁ¼Gi AvwQ| AvMvgx cuvP eQGi Avgiv AviI 50 avc D®²wZ KGi
`yB AGâi msLÅvq Avme, ‰gb jÞÅgvòv AvgvG`i| 10 eQi AvGM Avgiv wWwRUvj evsjvG`Gki DGóGkÅ hvòv
÷i‚ KGiwQjvg| ZLb AGbGKB eySGZ cvGiwb ˆh wWwRUvj evsjvG`k Kx? ZGe A͸ mgGqi gGaÅB Avgiv ZvG`i
fzj cÉgvY KGiwQ| wWwRUvj evsjvG`k ‰Lb Avi Õ¼µ² bq, evÕ¦e| AvR hv ˆ`LGQb, Zv wWwRUvj evsjvG`Gki
mvgvbÅ wKQz| AviI AGbK wKQz Avgiv KGiwQ ‰es mvgGb Kie|’
‘eZÆgvGb AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (AvBwmwU) LvGZi Avq 100 ˆKvwU Wjvi| 2021 mvj bvMv`
‰ Avq 500 ˆKvwU WjvGi DîxYÆ Kivi jÞÅ wbavÆiY Kiv nGqGQ| cÉhywÚ weGK±`ÊxKiY Kivi dGj ˆ`keÅvcx 28wU
nvBGUK cvKÆ ŠZwi nGqGQ| ‰LvGb AvgvG`i mevi ‰KUvB BœQv, Zv nGjv A^Æ‹bwZK-mvgvwRK D®²qGb cÉhywÚ
eÅenvi Kiv|’ (mƒò: cÉ^g AvGjv AbjvBb, 22ˆk bGfÁ¼i 2019)
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qGb KxfvGe f„wgKv ivLGQ wbGÁ² Zv AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
1. KgÆmsÕ©vb: Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi dGj bZzb ˆckv I myGhvM m†wÓ¡ nGœQ| AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg `ÞZv I
AwfæZv AbymvGi KvR KGi cÉPzi ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆb Kiv hvq| NGi eGm AbjvBGb KvR Kivi RbÅ wKQy
IGqe mvBU nGjv www.upwork.com, www.freelancer.com, www.peoplesperhour.com,
www.fiverr.com| Z^Å cÉhywÚi dGj bZzb bZzb PvKwi m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ I Drcv`bkxjZv evwoGqGQ|
2. ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©vi D®²qb: Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ MÉvg I knGii eÅeavb KwgGq ‰GbGQ ÷ay ZvB bq
KwgGq ‰GbGQ ‰K ˆ`k ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆ`Gki `ƒiZ½| dGj kÉg I A^Æ DfqB mvkÉq nGœQ|
3. wkÞv weÕ¦vi: wkÞv nGjv ‰KwU ˆ`Gki A^ÆGbwZK D®²qGbi gƒj PvwjKv kwÚ| Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ
wkÞvGÞGò ‰Gb w`GqGQ ŠeµÏweK cwieZÆb| Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi c†w^exi `ƒi `ƒivG¯¦ eGm
wkÞv^Æxiv IGqemvBGUi gvaÅGg B-jvBGeËix, fvPÆyqvj KÅvÁ·vm BZÅvw` eÅenvGii gvaÅGg DcK‡Z nGœQ| w`GZ
cviGQ AbjvBb cixÞv|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 57
4. bvix D®²qb: Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi dGj NGi eGm bvixiv wbGRi cQ±`gGZv KvR KiGZ cviGQ| cÉhywÚi
D®²qGbi dGj NGi eGm bvixiv wewf®² welq RvbGZ cviGQ hv ZvG`iGK AwaKvi welGq mGPZb KGi ZzjGQ|
5. B-MfGbÆ´Ö: B-MfGbÆ´Ö nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU eÅeÕ©v ˆhLvGb cÉkvmGbi mgÕ¦ KvhÆKgÌ cwiPvwjZ nq Z^Å I
ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg| ‰B eÅeÕ©vi dGj miKvGii wewf®² g¯¨YvjGqi gGaÅ mg¯¼q evoGQ dGj cÉkvmGb
KvGRi MwZ evoGQ, dvBGj `ybÆxwZ mnGR aiv coGQ ‰es cÉkvmGbi mvG^ RbMGYi `ƒiZ½ KgGQ| ‰i dGj
AvgjvZvw¯¨K RwUjZv KgGe|
6. B-KgvmÆ: B-KgvGmÆi dGj ˆKÌZv NGi eGm ˆhgb wewf®² cGYÅi gvb, `vg ˆ`LGZ cvGi ˆZgwb IGqe mvBGUi
gvaÅGg Zv AWÆviI w`GZ cvGi| B-KgvGmÆ ˆjbG`b BGjKUÇwbK cÉwKÌqvq nGq ^vGK| ˆKÌwWU KvWÆ I ˆWweU
KvWÆ cÉPjGbi dGj bM` UvKv-cqmv wbGq PjvGdiv Kivi cÉGqvRb ^vGK bv|
7. Õ¼qswKÌq eÅvswKs KvhÆKgÌ : ‰ eÅeÕ©vq mgMÉ ˆjbG`b I Z^Å ‰KwU ˆK±`Êxq mvfÆvGi ivLv nq ‰es mnGR
ˆjbG`b Kiv mÁ¿e nq| dGj ‰KRb MÉvnK ATM eyG^i gvaÅGg ˆhGKvGbv mgGq ˆjbG`b KiGZ cviGQ|
dGj kÉg I mgq AcPq e®¬ nGœQ|
8. ˆgvevBj eÅvswKs: ˆ`Gki A^Æ‹bwZK ˆjbG`b Pvjy ivLvi RbÅ ‰KwU mnR eÅvswKs wmGÕ¡g nGjv ˆgvevBj
eÅvswKs| ˆgvevBj eÅvswKs ‰i gvaÅGg ˆ`Gki cÉZů¦ AçGj QwoGq wQwUGq ^vKv RbGMvÓ¤x Lye mnGR ‰ ˆmev
ˆcGq ^vGK| RvZxq cwiPq cò, Qwe I ˆgvevBj bvÁ¼vi w`Gq Lye mnGRB ‰KwU ‰KvD´Ÿ ˆLvjv hvq|
evsjvG`Gk wewf®² aiGbi ˆgvevBj eÅvswKs nGjv- iGKU, weKÅvk, evsjvG`Gki WvK wefvGMi bM`, BDKÅvk
BZÅvw`|
9. B-K‡wl: Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg K‡lKiv AwfæG`i KvQ ˆ^GK K‡wl mÁ·wKÆZ wewf®² Z^Å (ˆhgb-
dmj ecb I cwiPhÆv, mvi I KxUbvkK cÉGqvM, ˆivMevjvB `gb BZÅvw`) RvbGZ cviGQ| dGj Zviv mgq
gGZv DœP djbkxj exR ecb I cwiPhÆv KiGZ cviGQ| KLGbv KLGbv K‡lGKiv wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös ‰i
gvaÅGg ˆÞGZi AeÕ©v ˆ`wLGq AwfæG`i DcG`k MÉnY KiGQ| dGj Drcv`b evoGQ|
10. ivRÕ¼ Avq e†w«¬GZ: Z^Å cÉhywÚi eÅenvGii dGj RbMGYi cGÞ ˆKvGbv Z^Å ˆMvcb ivLv Avi mÁ¿e bq|
dGj ‰i gvaÅGg UÅvÝ I fÅvU duvwK ˆ`Iqv e®¬ KGi A^ÆGbwZK AmgZv `ƒi Kiv mÁ¿e|
11. B-cywjwks: ‰B eÅeÕ©vi dGj cÉwZwU cywjk ˆÕ¡kbGK ‰KwU ˆbUIqvGKÆi AvIZvq Avbv hvq dGj ‰G`i
gGaÅ mg¯¼q I KvGRi MwZkxjZv evGo| ‰fvGe ˆ`Gki cÉwZw`Gbi AvBbk†›Ljv gwbUwis Kiv mnR nq|
wRwW I ‰Rvnvi ‰w´ŸÈ, gvgjvi eÅvcvGi ˆWUvGeR eÅenvi KiGj ˆhGKvGbv mgq ˆhGKvGbv Z^Å Rvbv hvq|
dGj m¯¨vmx KvhÆKÌg mnGRB wbq¯¨Y Kiv mÁ¿e nq|
12. B-ˆnj^: B-ˆnj^ evÕ¦evqGbi dGj ˆ`Gki bvMwiK AwZ `Ë‚Z ‰es MÉvGgi cÉZů¦ AçGj ˆ^GKI weGklæ
WvÚvGii wbKU ˆ^GK wPwKrmv ˆmev cvIqv mÁ¿e|

KvR:
MZ 10 eQGi evsjvG`Gki MÉvgvçGj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi eÅenvi ‰es ‰i dGj A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qGbi
Ici ‰KwU cÉwZGe`b cÉÕ¦yZ KGiv|
 58 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc

wek¼MÉvg ‰gb ‰KwU aviYv hv c†w^exi mKj ˆ`kGK ‰KwU ‰KK MÉvGgi AvIZvq wbGq
wek¼MÉvg
‰GmGQ ‰es ‰GÞGò f„wgKv ˆiGLGQ BGjKUÇwbK Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ|
Z^Å cÉhywÚ nGœQ Z^Å eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ cÉhywÚ Avi ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ nGœQ ˆWUv
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ KwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ cÉhywÚ| eZÆgvGb Z^Å cÉhywÚGK Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM
cÉhywÚ ejv nq| KviY ‰B `yB cÉhywÚi gGaÅ iGqGQ wbweo mÁ·KÆ|
B´ŸviGbGUi mvG^ mÁ·KÆhyÚ wdwRKÅvj wWfvBmàGjvi gGaÅ msGhvM Õ©vcGbi dGj ˆh
B´ŸviGbU Ad w^sm (IoT)
Õ¼qswKÌq ˆhvMvGhvM eÅem^v MGo DGV ZvGK B´ŸviGbU Ad w^sm eGj|
ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU evmÕ©vb ˆhLvGb wiGgvU KG´ŸÈvwjs ev ˆcÉvMÉvwgs wWfvBGmi
ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg
mvnvGhÅ evwoi wnwUs, Kzwjs, jvBwUs I wmwKDwiwU KG´ŸÈvj wmGÕ¡g wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq|
cÉK‡Z AG^Æ evÕ¦e bq wK¯¦y evÕ¦Gei ˆPZbv DG`ËKKvix weævb wbfÆi cÉhywÚGK fvPzÆqvj
fvPzqÆ vj wiGqwjwU wiGqwjwU ev AbyfGe evÕ¦eZv wKsev K͸ evÕ¦eZv eGj| fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU gƒjZ KwÁ·DUvi
cÉhywÚ I wmgyGjkb ZGî½i Ici cÉwZwÓ¤Z|
gvbyGli wP¯¦vfvebvi A^ev eyw«¬gîvi c«¬wZwUGK K‡wòg DcvGq cÉhywÚwbfÆi h¯¨ ev
AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö
KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb KivUvB nGjv AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö|
ˆivGevwUÝ ev ˆiveUweævb nGjv KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z h¯¨mgƒn wWRvBb I Drcv`b msKÌv¯¦
ˆivGevwUÝ
weævb|
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU wPwKrmv c«¬wZ hv AwZ Vvív AÕ¼vfvweK I AmyÕ© wUmyÅi
KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi
RxevYy a»sGmi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGjv gvbylGK Zvi wKQy ŠewkGÓ¡Åi Ici wfwî KGi kbvÚKiY c«¬wZ| ‰wU
evGqvGgwUÇÝ
KwÁ·DUvGi kbvÚKiY I AÅvKGmm wbq¯¨GY eÅenvi Kiv nq|
ŠRe Z^Åweævb Z^v evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ (Bioinformatics, computational biology) ‰gb
‰KwU ˆKŒkj ˆhLvGb dwjZ MwYZ, Z^Åweævb, cwimsLÅvb, KwÁ·DUvi weævb, K‡wòg
evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ
eyw«¬gîv, imvqb ‰es ŠRe imvqb eÅenvi KGi RxeweævGbi mgmÅvmgƒn mgvavb Kiv
nq| gƒjZ RxeweævGbi AvYweK chÆvGqi MGelYvB ‰LvGb A¯¦ÆfyÚ nq|
mvBevi AvKÌgY nGjv ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvGii wbq¯¨Y ARÆGbi cÉGPÓ¡v ‰es ˆKvGbv eÅwÚ ev
mvBevi AvKÌgY
MÉ‚Gci AbygwZ QvovB ZvG`i mgMÉ MwZwewaGK UÇËÅvK Kiv|
KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi KGi eÅemvwqK A^ev eÅwÚMZ Z^Åvw` Pzwi KivB nGjv mvBevi Pzwi|
mvBevi Pzwi
mvBevi Pzwi `yB aiGbi| h^v-1. ˆWUv Pzwi I 2. AvBGWw´ŸwU Pzwi|
eskMwZ msKÌv¯¦ welGq AvnwiZ ævbGK gvbyGli gãGji DGóGkÅ KvGR jvMvGbvi
ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
cÉwKÌqvGK ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis eGj|
bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR bÅvGbvwgUvi ˆÕ•Gj ˆhme ˆUKGbvjwR eÅen†Z nq ˆmàGjv bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 59

Abykxjbx

K. eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
 wek¼MvÉ Ggi aviYv 7. ˆKvb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi wf®² Õ©vGb ˆ^GKI wgwUs-
‰i KvR mÁ·®² Kiv hvq?
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² K. B-ˆgBj L. ˆdmeyK
1. Marshall McLuhan 1964 mvGj ˆh Mɯ©wU iPbv M. ˆUwj KbdvGiw´Ös N. UzBUvi
KGib Zvi bvg Kx? 8. B´ŸviGbU-‰i gvaÅGg KgÆmsÕ©vGbi myGhvMGK Kx eGj?
K. Understanding Media K. B-gvGKÆwUs L. B-KgvmÆ
L. Engins of Creation M. B-weRGbm N. AvDUGmvwmÆs
M. The Gutenberg Galaxy 9. wek¼MÉvGgi KviGY ˆKvbwU NUGQ?
N. The Global Village K. evÕ¦e mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM nËvm cvq
2. "The Gutenburg Galaxy : The Making of L. mnbkxjZv nËvm cvq
Typographic Man" eBwU cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ KZ M. cviÕ·wiK ˆhvMvGhvM nËvm cvq
N. mnvbyf„wZ I mngwgÆZv nËvm cvq
mvGj
10. cÉavbZ ˆKvbwUi KviGY c†w^ex Šewk¼K MÉvGg cwiYZ nGqGQ?
K. 1964 mvGj L. 1966 mvGj
K. KwÁ·DUvi L. ˆgvevBj ˆdvb
M. 1962 mvGj N. 1968 mvGj
M. jÅv´£ ˆdvb N. B´ŸviGbU
3. Z^Å msMÉn, ‰i mZÅZv I ŠeaZv hvPvB, msiÞY,
cÉwKÌqvKiY, AvaywbKxKiY KiGZ ˆKvb cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
nq? 11. wek¼MÉvGgi mshyÚ nIqvi RbÅ cÉGqvRb nq@
K. Z^Å cÉhywÚ i. nvWÆIqÅvi ii. mdUIqÅvi
L. ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ iii. KvGbKwUwfwU
M. Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
N. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU K. i I ii L. i I iii
4. Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi weKvGk meGPGq ˆewk M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
f„wgKv ˆKvbwUi? 12. eZÆgvb hyM
K. ˆUwjGdvb L. KwÁ·DUvi i. Z^Å cÉhywÚi hyM ii. ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi hyM
M. ˆiwWI N. ˆUwjwfkb iii. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi hyM
5. Herbert Marshall Mcluhan Zvi ˆKvb eBGq wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
cÉ^g wek¼MÉvGgi aviYv ˆ`b? K. i I ii L. i I iii
K. Gutenberg Galaxy : The making of M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
Typographic Man (1962) and 13. Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ Ae`vb ivLGQ
Understanding Media (1964) i. ivÓ¡Çxq KvGR ii. mgvR MVGb
L. Gutenberg Galaxy : Globalization iii. A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qGb
M. Gutenberg Galaxy: Information & wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
Globalization K. i I ii L. i I iii
N. Globalization and information & M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
communication 14. wkÞv eÅeÕ©vGK AvaywbK KiGZ cÉGqvRb
6. eZÆgvGb wek¼ ‰KwU MÉvGg cwiYZ nGqGQ ˆKb? i. gvwΟwgwWqv ii. B´ŸviGbU
K. Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi KviGY iii. IGqemvBU
L. Z^Å cÉhywÚi KviGY wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi KviGY K. i I ii L. iI iii
N. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi KviGY M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
 60 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk² eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²

wbGPi DóxcKwU cGo 15 I 16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: 24. eZÆgvGb wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös eÅen†Z nGœQ@
Avigvb Zvi KzGqZ cÉevmx ˆevGbi ˆUwjGdvGb wbqwgZ i. wkÞvq ii. Õ¼vÕ©Å LvGZ
ˆhvMvGhvM ivGL| wK¯§ Zvi gv cÉevmx ˆgGq I `yB bvwZi iii. eÅemÅ-evwYGRÅ
mvG^ ˆ`GL K^v ejvi RbÅ AvigvbGK wcovwcwo KivGZ ˆm wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
‰KUv eÅeÕ©v wbGZ mÁÃZ nq| K. i I ii L. i I iii
15. Avigvb ˆKvb eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KiGe? M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. ˆUwj KbdvGiw´Ös L. B-ˆgBj 25. B-KgvmÆ Pvjy KiGj
M. dÅvÝ N. wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös i. eÅemvq Õ©vqx Õ©vcbvi cÉGqvRbxqZv KGg hvq
16. AvigvGbi gvGqi RbÅ ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v@ ii. eÅemvi Avw^ÆK LiP nËvm cvq
i. ˆdmeyK ii. UzBUvi iii. ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZvi cÉZÅÞ ˆhvMvGhvM e†w«¬ cvq
iii. Õ•vBwc wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K. i L. i I ii
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 26. B´ŸviGbGUi KjÅvGY mÁ¿ e nGœQ@
i. wfwWI PÅvwUs ii. wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös
 wek¼MvÉ g aviYv mswkÏÓ¡ cÉavb Dcv`vbmgƒn iii. B-ˆgBwjs
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
17. wbGPi ˆKvbwU B-KgvGmÆi IGqemvBU? M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. www.odesk.com L. www.bikroy.com
M. www.guru.com N. www.elance.com Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk²
18. B-ˆgBj wmGÕ¡g ˆK Pvjy KGib? wbGPi DóxcKwU cGo 27 I 28bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
K. ˆig´£ im ÷f mvGne ‰i ˆQvU fvB bxj BD‰b wgkGb ˆMGjb|
L. RvKvievMÆ ‰Kw`b ‰KwU cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi ÷f Zvi AmyÕ© gv ‰i
M. wej ˆMUm mvG^ bxGji K^v ejvi eÅeÕ©v KiGjb| AvGiKw`b wZwb
N. ˆig´£ mÅvgyGqj Ugwjbmb w«¼Zxq AvGiKwU cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi bxGji mvG^ gvGqi K^v
19. ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös ‰i D«¿veK ˆK? I ˆ`Lvi eÅeÕ©v KGi w`Gjb|
K. ˆig´£ im L. RvKvievMÆ 27. DóxcGK wek¼MÉvGgi ˆKvb Dcv`vGbi BwãZ ˆ`qv nGqGQ?
M. gwi Uvid N. wej ˆMUm K. wkÞv L. ˆhvMvGhvM
20. ˆKvbwU eÅemvGqi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ? M. wPwKrmv N. Awdm
K. B-ˆgBj L. B-BjvwbÆs 28. DóxcGK bxGji eÅen†Z cÉ hywÚGZ 
M. B-eyK N. B-KgvmÆ i. weGkl mdUIqÅvi cÉGqvRb
21. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv I ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g wbGPi ˆKvbwUi A¯¦MÆZ? ii. ˆUwjGgwWwmb ˆmev cvIqv hvGe
K. eËWKvwÕ¡s L. gvwΟKvwÕ¡s iii. evmÕ©vGbi wbivcîv wbwøZ KiGe
M. KwÁ·DwUs I BbdiGgkb wmGÕ¡g wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
N. ˆgvevBj KwgDwbGKkb K. i I ii L. i I iii
22. eÐM (Blog) ‰i evsjv cÉwZkõ Kx? M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. eÅwÚGKw±`ÊK cwòKv  fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU
L. eÅwÚGKw±`ÊK jvBGeËwi
M. mvµ¦vwnK cwòKv mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
N. cvwievwiK jvBGeËwi 29. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi AbÅ bvg Kx?
23. cÉhywÚi KjÅvGY Õ¡zGW´Ÿiv ˆUÝU eBGqi cwieGZÆ K. nvBcvi wiGqwjwU
eÅenvi KGi ˆKvbwU? L. fvPÆyqvj BbfvqibGg´Ÿ
K. B-eyK L. gvwΟwgwWqv M. KwÁ·DUvi wmgyGjkb
M. ‰ÅvwbGgkb N. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv N. fvPzÆqvj AeGRÙ
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 61
30. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU cÉwKÌqvq KgcGÞ gvbyGli KqwU wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ˆm´Ö KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nIqv DwPZ? K. i I ii L. i I iii
K. 1 L. 2 M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. 3 N. 4
Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk²
31. ˆKvb ˆÞGò fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU eÅenvi Kiv nq?
K. mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvGM L. K‡wlGZ DóxcKwU co ‰es 40 I 41 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
M. Rxe ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡GZ N. WÈvBwfs cÉwkÞGY Wv: gywbi wkÞvbwekG`i KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z cwiGeGki
32. KZ mvGj cÉ^g fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi aviYv m†wÓ¡ nq? gvaÅGg K‡wògfvGe evÕ¦Gei AbyKiGY mvRÆvix cÉwkÞY ˆ`b
K. 1910 L. 1915 hvGZ ˆKvGbvi…c SzuwK bv ^vGK| ‰KRb hK‡Z KÅv´ÖvGii ˆivMx
M. 1925 N. 1930 Zvi KvGQ ‰Gj wZwb ZvGK 120C Zvcgvòvi gvaÅGg
33. Drcvw`Z ev cÉÕ¦vweZ cGYÅi eÅenvi c«¬wZ I wPwKrmv ˆ`b|
myweavw` ˆKÌZvi KvGQ DcÕ©vcGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq 40. cÉwkÞY eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU Kx?
ˆKvbwU? K. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi
K. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU L. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR L. AvwUÆwdwmqvj Bw´ŸwjGR´Ö
M. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ N. evGqvGUKGbvjwR M. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU
34. Simulation-‰i cÉGqvM ˆÞò ˆKvbwU? N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
K. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi 41. eÅen†Z wPwKrmv c«¬wZGZ 
L. evGqvGgwUÇÝ i. wPwKrmv eÅq ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg
M. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR ii. AcvGikGbi aKj mnÅ KiGZ nq bv
N. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU iii. AvGkcvGki ˆKvGli ÞwZ nq bv
35. ˆKvb ZGî½i Ici fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU cÉwZwÓ¤Z? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. giMvb Zî½ L. wmgyGjkb Zî½ K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. KwÁ·DUvi Zî½ N. fvPzÆqvj Zî½ M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
36. ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvi weævbx cÉ^g fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU
 AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö
UvgÆwU eÅenvi KGib?
K. RÅvib jÅvwbqvi L. AvBRÅvK AvwkGgvf mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
M. gÅvKvw^Æ N. Ugwjbmb
42. wPwKrmv msKÌv¯¦ RwUj mgmÅvi mgvavb Kiv hvq
eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk² ˆKvbwUi mvnvGhÅ?
37. Virtual reality ‰i mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ K. Mycsyma L. Prospector
i. AI ii. 3D M. Mycin N. Navigation
iii. ˆm´Öi 43. dvwR jwRGK ‰KwU mgmÅvi mgvavb wKfvGe?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K. ÷ay 0 w`Gq
K. i I ii L. i I iii L. 0 ‰es 1 w`Gq
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. ‘nÅvu’ A^ev ‘bv’ ‰B `y'wU DcvGq
38. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU gƒjZ N. `yBGqi AwaK DcvGq
i. ‰KwU Kv͸wbK RMZ 44. ˆWUv ˆ^GK cÅvUvbÆ wiKMwbkGbi RbÅ ‰K aiGbi
ii. KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywÚ I wmgyGjkb ZGî½i Dci cÉwZwÓ¤Z KvhÆc«¬wZi bvg Kx?
iii. ‰KwU nvB ˆKvqvwjwU wfwWI ˆMgm K. AvwUÆwdwkqvj wbDivj ˆbUIqvKÆ
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L. ˆRGbwUK AÅvjMwi`g
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ ‰GR´Ÿ
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii N. dvwR jwRK
39. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU eÅen†Z nq 45. K‡wòg e†w«¬gîvi RbK ˆK?
i. weGbv`Gbi ˆÞGò ii. K‡wòg Abyf„wZ m†wÓ¡GZ K. AÅvjvb Uzwis L. KvGij KÅvGcK
iii. wògvwòK wWRvBGb M. Rb gÅvKvw^Æ N. AvibU
 62 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

46. Virtual reality ‰i mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ ˆKvbwU? 53. AvBgvbGK ˆKvb welqwU AvK‡Ó¤ KGiGQ?
K. AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö K. Robotics L. Artificial Inteligence
L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis M. Nano Technology N. Genetic Engineering
M. evGqvGgwUÇÝ 54. DóxcGKi h¯¨wUGK eÅenvi Kiv hvGe@
N. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ i. wec`RbK MGelYvq
47. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv cÉGqvM Kivi RbÅ ˆKvb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ii. Suwy KcƒYÆ wbgÆvY KvGR
fvlv eÅenvi Kiv nq? iii. KwÁ·DUvi fvBivm wbq¯¨GY
K. BASIC L. LISP wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. FORTRAN N. PASCAL
K. i I ii L. i I iii
48. Zvwî½K KwÁ·DUvi weævGbi RbK ˆK?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. Allan Turing L. Steffen Hackings
M. Bill Gates N. John McCarthy  ˆivGevwUÝ, KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi I gnvKvk Awfhvb
49. gvbyl ev AbÅ ˆKvGbv cÉvYxi wP¯¦v Kivi ÞgZvGK Kx eGj?
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
K. Artificial Intelligent
L. Hevristic 55. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ Kzwjs ‰GR´Ÿ wnGmGe Kx eÅenvi Kiv
M. Intelligent nq?
N. Stane procedure A K. WÈvB AvBm L. Zij AwÝGRb
50. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi gvaÅGg ˆKvb ÞgZvGK KwÁ·DUvGi M. Zij bvBGUÇvGRb N. Zij ˆdÌqb
XzwKGq ˆ`qv nq? 56. ‰KwU ˆiveGUi AvGkcvGki eÕ§àGjvi AeÕ©vb
K. Heuristic L. LISP cwieZÆb Kivi c«¬wZGK Kx ejv nq?
M. Trial and error N. Computer program K. Actuator L. Prospector
eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk² M. Manipulation N. Sensing
57. ˆiveGUi nvZ I cv cwieZÆGbi hveZxq KvRGK Kx
51. ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g KvR KGi
i. ZG^Åi Dci wfwî KGi
ejv nq?
ii. hywÚi Dci wfwî KGi K. Actuator L. Prospector
iii. ˆWUvGeGRi Dci wfwî KGi M. Manipulation N. Sensing
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 58. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ wnwUs ‰GR´Ÿ wnmvGe eÅen†Z nq
K. i I ii L. i I iii ˆKvbwU?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii K. KveÆb WvB AÝvBW L. AvMÆb
52. eyw«¬gîvi Ask nGœQ M. wnwjqvg N. ˆcÉvGcb
i. AwfæZv ˆ^GK wkÞv ˆbqv 59. ˆiveGUi AÅvKPzGqUi ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq?
ii. ˆhGKvGbv welq mÁ·GKÆ ævb ARÆb KiGZ cviv K. gwÕ¦Õ• L. ˆcwk
iii. AwRÆZ ævbGK KvGR jvMvGZ cviv M. ˆgi‚`´£ N. nvUÆ
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 60. meÆcÉ^g ˆK ˆiveU kõwU eÅenvi KGi?
K. i I ii L. i I iii K. KvGij KÅvGcK L. wbDUb
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. AvBRÅvK AvwkGgvf N. Uzwis
Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk² 61. ˆiveGUi KvR Kx?
K. ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv L. ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qb
wbGPi DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 53 I 54 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
M. ˆcÉvMÉvg wbq¯¨Y N. cÉwZK„j KvGR mvnvhÅ Kiv
“wWceÐ~ KwÁ·DUvi ‰i wbKU wek¼ PÅvwÁ·qb `vevo~ MÅvwi
KÅvmcvivf ˆnGi ˆMGjb”| cwòKvq ˆnWjvBbwU AvBgvbGK 62. AwZwiÚ Vvívq ˆKvGbv RxGei AÕ¼vfvweK ev
fxlYfvGe AvK‡Ó¤ KGi| cieZÆxGZ ˆm RvbGZ cvGi- ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ wUmyÅGK a»sm KGi ˆ`qvGK Kx eGj?
ZvrÞwYK wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY KiGZ cvGi, nuvUGZ cvGi, Õ·kÆbyf„wZ K. wdwRIG^ivwc L. KÌvGqvG^ivwc
AvGQ BZÅvw` àYvejx mÁ·®² ‰KwU h¯¨ AvGQ| M. mvRÆvwi N. AcvGikb
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 63
63. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii A^Æ Kx? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. ŠkZÅ kjÅwPwKrmv K. i I ii L. i I iii
L. AGÕ¨vcPvi wPwKrmv M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. ˆiwWIG^ivwc wPwKrmv 73. ˆivGevwUÝ-‰i ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ 
N. ˆKGgvG^ivwc wPwKrmv i. nvWÆIqÅvi
64. Cryo ˆKvb aiGbi kõ ˆ^GK ‰GmGQ? ii. AvwUÆwdwmqvj Bw´ŸwjGR´Ö
K. BsGiwR L. wMÉK iii. bZzb MGelYv cwiPvjbv
M. Aviwe N. dviwm wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
65. ˆKvbwU KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ? K. i I ii L. i I iii
K. dvwR jwRK L. weGkl aiGbi ™Ïvfm M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. bvBGUÇvGRb N. ˆbwfGMkb 74. ˆiveUGK ˆhme ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`qvi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nq Zv
66. Z½GKi AÕ¼vfvweK I ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ wUmyÅ a»sm Kiv nq nGjv
ˆKvb cÉhywÚGZ? i. `kÆGbw±`Êq ii. Õ·kÆGbw±`Êq MÉvnÅ mÞgZv
K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi iii. BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU
M. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
67. Iivj KÅv´ÖvGi ˆKvb wPwKrmv c«¬wZ Dîg?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. ˆKGgvG^ivwc L. wdwRIG^ivwc
75. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ eÅen†Z nq@
M. KÌvGqvG^ivwc N. ˆiwWIG^ivwc
i. Zij bvBGUÇvGRb ii. wnwjqvg MÅvm
68. meÆc^É g ˆKvb weævbx gnvKvk mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Å eÅÚ
iii. AvMÆb MÅvm
KGib?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K AvBRÅvK AvwkGgvf L. MÅvwjwjI K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ^gvm N. AvBRÅvK wbDUb M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
69. AvaywbK ˆivewUGÝi c^ cÉ`kÆK ˆK? 76. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ 
K. AvBRÅvK AvwkGgvf L. gÅvKvw^Æ i. wUDgvi wUmyÅi Zvcgvòv nËvm-e†w«¬ Kiv nq
M. ZvwbàwP N. KÅvGij KÅvGcK ii. bvBGUÇvGRb I AbÅvbÅ KÌvGqvRwbK ‰GR´Ÿ eÅenvi
eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk² Kiv nq
iii. AZÅwaK kxZj Zvcgvòv cÉGqvM Kiv nq
70. ˆiveGUi Dcv`vbàGjv nGjv 
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
i. ˆm´Öi ii. cÉGmmi
K. i I ii L. i I iii
iii. ˆUwjcÉGR´Ö
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii  AvBwmwUwbfÆi Drcv`b eÅeÕ©v I cÉwZiÞv
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
71. wmgyGjkb eÅen†Z nq
77. ˆmjm ˆdvmÆ AGUvGgkb (‰m‰d‰) mdUIqÅvGii KvR
i. ˆivGevwUGÝ ii. evGqvGgwUÇGÝ
ˆKvbwU?
iii. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUGZ K. weKÌqKgÆxG`i ögY msKÌv¯¦ bvbvwea Z^Åvw` ivLv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? L. cGYÅi weZiY msKÌv¯¦ welqàGjvi Z`viwK Kiv
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. Drcv`b cÉwKÌqvi Z`viwK I wbq¯¨Y Kiv
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii N. cGYÅi bKkv ŠZwi Kiv
72. ˆivGevwUÝ-‰i mvaviY welqàGjv nGjv 78. ˆmvwfGqZ BDwbqb ˆKvb mgq cÉwZiÞvq B´ŸviGbU
i. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv eÅenvi KGiwQj?
ii. gGbvwe`Åv K. 1950 mvGj L. 1951 mvGj
iii. hywÚwe`Åv M. 1952 mvGj N. 1953 mvGj
 64 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

 evGqvGgwUÇÝ 89. wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq@

i. Acivax kbvÚKiGY
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² ii. AwdGmi nvwRivq
79. evGqvGgwUÇÝ ˆKv^vq eÅen†Z nq? iii. cvmGcvGUÆ
K. wPwKrmv weævGb L. wkÞv ˆÞGò wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. eÅwÚ kbvÚKiGY N. ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆÞGò K. i I ii L. i I iii
80. ˆPvGLi ˆiwUbvi BGgR eÅen†Z nq ˆKv^vq? M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. ˆivGevwUÝ-‰ L. evGqvGgwUÇÝ-‰
M. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ-‰ N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis-‰ Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk²
81. ˆKvbwU evGqvGgwUÇÝ-‰i Dcv`vb? wbGPi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es 90 I 91 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI :
K. ˆiveU L. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ `wei mvGne Zvi AwdGmi KgÆPvixG`i DcwÕ©wZ wbq¯¨GYi
M. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv N. nÅv´£ wRIGgwUÇ RbÅ wdãviwcÉ´Ÿ h¯¨ Pvjy KiGjb| ‰i gvaÅGg evBGii
82. ˆKvbwUGZ evGqvGgwUÇÝ eÅenvi Kiv nq? ˆjvKG`i AwdGm cÉGekI wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvGe|
K. cwiPqcò ŠZwiGZ 90. `wei mvGnGei eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwUi bvg wK?
L. Jla cÉÕ§Z KiGZ K. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv L. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ
M. bZzb D®²Z cÉvYx m†wÓ¡GZ M. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR N. evGqvGgwUÇÝ
N. ˆmvjvi ‰bvwRÆ ŠZwi KiGZ 91. ‰ aiGbi cÉhywÚ AbÅ ˆhme ˆÞGò eÅenvi Kiv nq Zv
83. AvãyGji Qvc w`Gq eÅwÚ kbvÚKiGYi cÉhywÚ ˆKvbwU? nGjv
K. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis L. evGqvGgwUÇÝ i. cvmGcvUÆ ŠZwiGZ
M. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ N. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR ii. wegvGbi wUGKGU
84. evGqvGgwUÇÝGK cÉavbZ Kq fvGM fvM Kiv hvq?
iii. WÈvBwfs jvB´Ö ŠZwiGZ
K. 2 L. 3
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. 4 N. 5
K. i I ii L. i I iii
85. ˆKvb evGqvGgwUÇGÝi wmwKDwiwU meGPGq ˆewk?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. AvOzGji Quvc L. nvGZi MVb Õ•Åvwbs
M. AvBwik Õ•Åvwbs N. DNA  evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ, ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis I
86. eZÆgvGb evsjvG`Gk ˆgwkb wiGWej cvmGcvGUÆ ˆKvb bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nGœQ?
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ
M. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR N. wKÌG¶ŸvjwR 92. wW‰b‰ gÅvwcs I ‰bvjvBwmGmi RbÅ ˆKvb
87. evGqvGgwUÇÝ cÉhywÚMZ ˆPvGLi gwY kbvÚ Kivi h¯¨wU ˆUKGbvjwR eÅen†Z nq?
ŠZwi KGiGQ ˆKvb ˆKvÁ·vwb? A K. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
K. ‰bwmAvi L. AvBwe‰g L. evGqvGgwUÇÝ
M. BG´Ÿj N. KÅvbb M. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ
N. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk² 93. evGqvBbdiGgwUÇÝ Kx?
88. kvixie†î evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGjv A K. evGqvMÅvm wbGq MGelYv
i. wdãviwcÉ´Ÿ L. ˆWUvGeR ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
ii. wW‰b‰ M. MvwYwZK Z^Å weGkÏlY
iii. eÅwÚi AvPiY N. Rxewe`Åv welqK Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiY
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 94. gvbe ˆ`Gn KZàGjv wRb ^vGK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii K. 300000 L. 400000
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. 500000 N. 600000
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 65
95. gvbyGli kixGi KZ ˆRvov ˆKÌvgGRvg iGqGQ? 107. Richard Feynman KLb Nano Technology
K. 6 L. 23 mÁ·GKÆ Zî½MZ aviYv ˆ`b?
M. 33 N. 46 K. 1959 mvGji ÷i‚GZ L. 1959 mvGji ˆkl w`GK
96. weævGbi ˆKvb kvLvq DNAcwieZÆb Kiv nq? M. 1960 mvGji ÷i‚GZ N. 1960 mvGji ˆkl w`GK
K. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis L. evGqvGgwUÇÝ 108. KvGK bÅvGbvcÉhywÚi RbK ejv nq?
M. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi N. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ K. Richard Feyman L. K. Eric Drexler
97. ˆKvbwU eskMwZi cÉhywÚwe`Åv? M. Richard Berner N. Richard Mandal
K. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis L. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR 109. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR kõwU meÆcÉ^g ˆK eÅenvi KGib?
M. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ N. ˆivGevwUÝ K. bwiI ZvwbàwP
98. wbGPi ˆKvb eYÆwU DNA ‰i mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ? L. wiPvWÆ wdbgÅvb
K. B L. G M. AvBRÅvK AvwkGgvf
M. X N. Q N. RviY jÅvwbqvi
99. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰es evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ Dfq 110. Nanos ˆKvb kõ ˆ^GK ‰GmGQ?
cÉhywÚ ˆKvbwU w`Gq MGelYv KGi? K. wMÉK kõ L. Aviwe kõ
K. ˆKvl L. wW‰b‰ M. BsGiwR kõ N. dviwm kõ
M. wUmyÅ N. Rxb
111. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR eÅen†Z nq ˆKvbwUGZ?
100. we÷«¬ gvbe Bbmywjb ŠZwiGZ mÞg ˆKvbwU?
K. wUmyÅ KvjPvi L. dzjvwib
K. wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA L. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi
M. Bbmywjb N. wRbg
M. bÅvGbv cÉhywÚ N. ˆKGgvG^ivwc
112. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwRi ˆÞò KqwU?
101. gwjKzjvi chÆvGqi wewf®² aviYv I KvR wbGq DœPZi
K. 2 L. 3
MGelYvi ˆÞGò eÅen†Z nq ˆKvbwU?
K. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ L. evGqvGUKGbvjwR M. 4 N. 5
M. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR N. wKÌG¶ŸvjwR 113. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwRGZ ˆKvGbv wRwbmGK ˆKuGU ˆQvU
102. wbGPi ˆKvbwU Lv`Å`ËeÅGK `xNÆw`b aGi UvUKv ivLGZ KGi ZvGK wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvKvi ˆ`qv nGj ZvGK Kx eGj?
eÅen†Z nq? K. Top to Down L. Down to Top
K. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ M. Etching N. Nano
L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis 114. AcivaKvix kbvÚKiY Kiv hvq ˆKvbwUi gvaÅGg?
M. AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö K. DNA cixÞvi gvaÅGg
N. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR L. RNA cixÞvi gvaÅGg
103. ˆgvUihvb I wk͸KviLvbv nGZ wbMÆZ KvGjv welvÚ M. ˆKÑvwbs-‰i gvaÅGg
ˆauvqv cwiGkvwaZ KGi wbgÆj evqyGZ cwibZ KiGZ N. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ ‰i gvaÅGg
ˆKvb cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nq? eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
K. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ
L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis 115. Aciva `gGb eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi
M. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR i. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv ii. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
N. AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ iii. evGqvGgwUÇÝ
104. wbGPi ˆKvbwU AvbweK KuvwP bvGg cwiwPZ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. ˆimwUÇKkb ‰bRvBg L. Bbmywjb K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. µÏvRwgW N. jvBGMR ‰bRvBg M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
105. ‰K bÅvGbvwgUvi ‰K wgUvGii KZ fvGMi ‰K fvM? 116. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ evÕ¦evqGb eÅen†Z nq
K. 10 jÞ L. 100 jÞ i. BGgR cÉGmwms ii. wWmwKÌU gÅv^
M. 10 ˆKvwU N. 100 ˆKvwU iii. wmgyGjkb
106. 1 Bwç mgvb KZ bÅvGbvwgUvi? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. 25,400,000 L. 25,000,000 K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. 25,200,000 N. 25,500,000 M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-05K
 66 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

117. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ ejGZ ˆevSvq@ 124. RvdwiGbi MGelYv cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nq-
i. RxeweævGb Z^Å cÉhywÚi cÉGqvM i. B-ˆgBj mvwfÆGm
ii. Kg LiGP ˆewk Drcv`b ii. ÕÃvUÆGdvGb
iii. ŠRweK c«¬wZ mÁ·GKÆ mwVK aviYv iii. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUGZ
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
118. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis-‰i Aci bvg
i. wRb ˆKÑvwbs  Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvGi ŠbwZKZv
ii. wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ˆUKGbvjwR mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
iii. evGqvGUKGbvjwR
125. ˆKvbwU AvBwmwUGZ ŠbwZKZv wbG`Æk KGi?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. B´ŸviGbGUi hG^Ó¡ eÅenvi
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii L. ZG^Åi ˆMvcbxqZv eRvq
119. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis mdjfvGe cÉGqvM nGœQ M. `Þ nÅvKvi nIqv
i. K‡wlGÞGò ii. wPwKrmv ˆÞGò N. wbivcîvq nÕ¦GÞc Kiv
iii. wk͸GÞGò 126. VIRUS-‰i cƒYÆi…c Kx?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K. Virtual Information Resources Under seize
K. i I ii L. i I iii L. Vitual information resources under size
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. Vital information resources under siege
120. cwiGek iÞvq eÅen†Z nq N. Vital Inform resoruces under size
i. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR ii. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis 127. evsjvG`Gk Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi bxwZgvjv cÉYxZ
iii. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ nq KZ mvGj?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K. 2008 mvGj L. 2009 mvGj
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. 2010 mvGj N. 2011 mvGj
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 128. ˆµÏRvwiRg ˆKvb AcivGai mvG^ RwoZ?
121. wPwKrmvGÞGò eÅen†Z nq K. AGbÅi ˆjLv Pzwi
i. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR ii. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis L. mdUIqÅvi cvBGiwm
iii. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU M. KwcivBU jsNb
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? N. AvBGWw´ŸwU Pzwi
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
122. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwRi mvG^ mÁ·KÆhyÚ nGœQ@ 129. mvBevi Pzwi nGjv@
i. c`v^Æweævb ii. KwÁ·DUvi weævb i. ˆWUv Pzwi
iii. Rxeweævb ii. AvBGWw´ŸwU Pzwi
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? iii. mdUIqÅvi Pzwi
K. i I ii L. i I iii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii K. i I ii L. i I iii
Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk² M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
DóxcKwU co ‰es 123 I 124bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI| 130. wk÷GZvl mdUIqÅvi ŠZwii cƒGeÆ wP¯¦v Kiv DwPZ
Rvdwib gvbyGli wP¯¦v fvebvi c«¬wZUvGK K‡wòg DcvGq i. mvgvwRK cÉfve
cÉhywÚwbfÆi hG¯¨i gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqGbi MGelYv KGib ‰es ii. ˆbwZevPK w`K
mygvBqv wewf®² aiGbi ÕÃvUÆ WÈvM ŠZwii cwiK͸bv KGib| iii. BwZevPK gGbvfve
123. mygvBqvi cwiK͸bvGZ eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi ˆKvbwU? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ˆivGevwUÝ N. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-05L
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 67

Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk² eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²

wbGPi AbyGœQ`wU cGo 131 I 132 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI : 135. KgÆmsÕ©vGbi RbÅ eZÆgvGb 
KÑvGm wMÉb nvDm BGdÙ wbGq ‰KwU cÉwZGe`b ŠZwi KiGZ i. NGi eGmB KvR cvIqv hvq
ejv nGjv| gywbg mgqgGZv cÉwZGe`b ŠZwi KGi Rgv w`j| ii. B´ŸviGbU myweav ˆbqv hvq
wK¯¦y wkÞK Zvi wei‚G«¬ ˆµÏRvwiRGgi AwfGhvM ZyjGjb| iii. wewf®² IGqe myweav cvIqv hvq
131. gywbg ˆh AcivawU KGiGQ Zv kbvÚ Kiv hvq ˆKvbwUi wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
mvnvGhÅ? K. i I ii L. i I iii
K. nvWÆIqÅvi M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
L. mdUIqÅvi 136. MÉvgÅ I wbÁ² AvGqi AçGj AK‡wlZvw¯¨K KgÆmsÕ©vb
M. KvWÆwiWvi K‡wlZvw¯¨K KgÆmsÕ©vGbi ˆPGq ˆewk f„wgKv ˆiGLGQ
N. I ‰g Avi i. eËWeÅv´£ B´ŸviGbU ii. ˆgvevBj ˆdvb
132. gywbGgi AcivawU ‰Lb cÉvqB nGœQ, KviY iii. ˆUwjwfkb
i. ZG^Åi mnRjfÅZv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ii. ‰ welq mÁ·GKÆ AæZv K. i I ii L. i I iii
iii. Z^Å cÉhywÚi Aeva Õ¼vaxbZv M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk²
K. i I ii
wbGPi AbyGœQ`wU cGo 137 I 138 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI :
L. i I iii
eZÆgvb wek¼ Z^ÅcÉhywÚi wek¼| A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb ‰Lb
M. ii I iii
mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe Z^Å cÉhywÚwbfÆi| evsjvG`Gki A^ÆbxwZ
N. i, ii I iii
K‡wlwbfÆi, ˆm KviGY MÉvgxY RbGMvÓ¤xi Rxebhvòvi D®²qGb
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ ‰es A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb Z^Å cÉhywÚwfwîK B-K‡wl ‰Gb w`GZ cvGi bZyb mÁ¿vebv|
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² 137. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ welqwU Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi
ˆKvb aiGbi cÉfvGei mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ?
133. ZvrÞwYKfvGe Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmev wbwøZ Kiv, `ybÆxwZ `gb K. mvgvwRK cÉfve L. A^Æ‹bwZK cÉfve
Kivi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq ˆKvbwU? M. agÆxq cÉfve N. mvsÕ•‡wZK cÉfve
K. B´ŸviGbU L. ˆgvevBj ˆdvb 138. DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ K‡wl mswkÏÓ¡ myweavwUi dGj@
M. ˆUwjGdvb N. KwÁ·DUvi i. ˆ`Gki K‡wl Drcv`b mg†«¬ nGe
134. B-MfGbÆ´Ö Kx? ii. mvaviY gvbyGli K‡wli mGã mÁ·†ÚZv evoGe
K. ˆbUIqvGKÆ hyÚ miKvix cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒn iii. ˆ`Gki A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb NUGe
L. cÉwZÓ¤vGbi mKj Z^Å AweK‡Z ivLv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ZG^Åi Aeva cÉevGn evav cÉ`vb Kiv K. i I ii L. i I iii
N. g¯¨YvjGqi wbG`Æk ˆMvcb ivLv M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

L. ˆevWÆ cixÞvi eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²

139. KwÁ·DUvi mswkÏÓ¡ h¯¨cvwZGK mwVKfvGe cwiPvjbvi 141. wek¼MÉvGgi ˆgi‚`í ˆKvbwU? [P. ˆev.- 16]
RbÅ wbGPi ˆKvbwU cÉGqvRb? [e. ˆev. 19] A K. nvWÆIqÅvi L. mdUIqÅvi
K. nvWÆIqÅvi L. mdUIqÅvi M. KvGbKwUwfwU N. ˆWUv
M. B´ŸviGbU N. gvbyGli ævb 142. wek¼ MÉvg aviYvwUi cÉeÚv ˆK? [Xv., Kz. ˆev.- 16]
140. ˆKvb Dcv`vbwU Global village ‰i ˆÞGò meGPGq A K. ˆWwgGqb eËWwiK
ài‚Z½cƒY?Æ [h. ˆev.-2017] L. gvkÆvj gÅvKjynvb
A K. B´ŸviGbU L. msev`cò M. Rb gÅvKw^Æ
M. ˆUwjwfkb N. ˆgvevBj N. AÅvG´Ÿvwbb AviwPDW
 68 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

143. AvDUGmvwmÆs Kx? [Xv. ˆev.- 16] 154. gvbyGli wP¯¦v fvebvGK hG¯¨i gvaÅGg cÉKvk Kivi
A K. wbw`ÆÓ¡ kÉg N¥Ÿvq KvR Kiv cÉhywÚ ˆKvbwU? [wm. ˆev. 19]
L. B´ŸviGbUwfwîK KvR K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ
M. weGkl eËvDwRs myweav M. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv N. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU
N. wek¼eÅvcx ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v 155. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvq cÉavbZ eÅen†Z nq ˆKvbwU? [w`. ˆev. 17]
144. wek¼MÉvGgi KviGY [wm. ˆev.- 16] K. PYTHON L. HTML
A K. evÕ¦e mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM nËvm cvq M. COBOL N. PROLOG
L. mnbkxjZv nËvm cvq 156. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv cÉavbZ ˆKv^vq eÅen†Z nq? [e. ˆev. 16]
M. cviÕ·wiK ˆhvMvGhvM nËvm cvq K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ
N. mnvbyf„wZ I mngwgÆZv nËvm cvq M. ˆivGevwUÝ N. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR
145. wek¼ MÉvg aviYvi mvG^ ˆKvb welqwU weGklfvGe 157. ˆivGevwUÝ Kx? [Kz. ˆev.- 16]
mÁ·†Ú? [Xv. ˆev. 16] A K. ˆiveU weævb
K. MÉvGgi mvG^ knGii mnR ˆhvMvGhvM L. ˆiveGUi wKÌqvbxwZ
L. B´ŸviGbU myweavi eÅvcK cÉmvi M. wkG͸ eÅen†Z ˆiveU
M. wek¼eÅvcx MÉvgGK bMGi cwieZÆb N. ˆiveU ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z fvlv
N. wkÞvi Aeva myGhvM myweavi weÕ¦vi 158. gvbyGli `ytmvaÅ KvGRi cÉhywÚ ˆKvbwU? [Xv. ˆev. 2017]
146. ˆKvbwU AvDUGmvwmÆs-‰i gvGKÆU ˆµÏm? [Kz. ˆev.-2017] A K. ˆivGevwUÝ L. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU
A K. UzBUvi L. gvBGÕ·m M. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR N. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv
M. IGWÝ N. wWM 159. ˆKvbwU ˆiveGUi eÅenvi? [iv. ˆev.- 16]
147. AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg `icò Avn»vb KivGK Kx eGj? A K. RwUj mvRÆvix wPwKrmvq
[gv`&ivmv ˆevWÆ 19]
K. B-KgvmÆ L. B-ˆgBj L. eÅwÚi Õ¼vÞi kYvÚKiGY
M. B-ˆU´£vi N. B-ˆcvÕ¡ M. bZzb RvGZi exR Drcv`Gb
148. B-KgvGmÆi myweav ˆKvbwU? [gv`&ivmv ˆevWÆ 19] N. ˆUwbm eGji AvK‡wZ ŠZwiGZ
K. weævcb I wecYb 160. AÅvKPzGqUi eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKvb ˆÞGò [P. ˆev. 17]
L. AvBb cÉYqb I cÉGqvM A K. ˆivGevwUÝ L. evGqvGgwUÇÝ
M. ˆjbG`Gbi wbivcîv M. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU N. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ
N. cGYÅi àYMZ gvb hvPvB 161. KvGRi cÉGqvRGb ˆiveUGK KZ wWwMÉ ˆKvY chƯ¦ NyivGbv
149. B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg eÅemv cwiPvjbv KivGK Kx eGj? hvq? [iv. ˆev. 19]
[h. ˆev.-2017] K. 90 L. 180
A K. B-ˆgBj L. B-KgvmÆ M. 270 N. 360
M. B-ˆUÇW N. B-MfGbÆ´Ö 162. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ eÅen†Z cÉavb Dcv`vb [h. ˆev. 19]
150. KwÁ·DUvi wmgyGjkb cÉGqvGMi ˆÞò ˆKvbwU? K. AwÝGRb L. bvBGUÇvGRb
[P. ˆev.-2017]
M. nvBGWÈvGRb N. wgG^b
A K. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi L. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU
163. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi wPwKrmv c«¬wZGZ eÅen†Z nq
M. B´ŸviGbU N. wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös [Kz. ˆev. 19]
151. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUGZ Kx aiGbi BGgR ŠZwi nq? K. AvMÆb L. KveÆb gGbvAÝvBW
[iv., h. ˆev.- 16]
M. KwVb bvBGUÇvGRb N. WvB wg^vbj BG^b
K. ‰K-gvwòK L. w«¼-gvwòK
164. ˆKvbwU KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ? [Xv. ˆev.- 16]
M. wò-gvwòK N. eügvwòK
K. dvwR jwRK L. weGkl aiGbi ™Ïvfm
152. mvaviYfvGe fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi cwiGek nGjv
[Kz. ˆev., h. ˆev.- 16] M. bvBGUÇ v GRb N. ˆbwfGMkb
A K. ‰KgvwòK L. w«¼-gvwòK 165. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi eÅen†Z nq  [h. ˆev. 16]
M. wò-gvwòK N. PZzgÆvwòK A K. µÏ v wÕ¡K mvRÆ v wiGZ
153. ˆKvbwU fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUGZ eÅen†Z nq? [w`. ˆev. 17] L. nvGUÆi evBcvGm
K. wògvwòK wmgyGjkb L. w«¼gvwòK wmgyGjkb M. ˆPvGLi ˆj´Ö cÉwZÕ©vcGb
M. nÅv´£ wRIGgwUÇ N. evGqvjwRKÅvj ˆWUv N. wjfvi KÅv´ÖvGi
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 69
166. ˆKvb cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ gvbylGK Aw«¼ZxqfvGe kbvÚ 178. DœP djbkxj kmÅ Drcv`Gb ˆKvb cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nq?
Kiv hvq? [iv. ˆev.-17; e. ˆev.-16; Kz. ˆev.- 16] [P. ˆev. 2017]
A K. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR L. evGqvGgwUÇÝ A K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU
M. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis N. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ M. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
167. eÅwÚ kbvÚKiGY wbGPi ˆKvbwU meÆvwaK hywÚhyÚ? 179. AvYweK chÆvGq avZe c`v^ÆGK cwieZÆb I wbq¯¨GYi
[gv`&ivmv ˆevWÆ 19] cÉhywÚ ˆKvbwU? [mKj ˆevWÆ 2018]
K. nvGZi Qvc L. AvãyGji Qvc K. ˆivGevwUÝ L. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR
M. ˆPvGLi ˆiwUbv Õ•Åvb N. gyLgíj mbvÚKiY M. evGqvGgwUÇÝ N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
168. ˆgvevBj wmg KÌGq ˆKvb cÉhywÚ MÉvnKGK mnvqZv 180. gwjKzjvi KGÁ·vGb´Ÿ ˆ^GK ŠZwi AeGRÙGK Kx eGj?
[h. ˆev. -16; w`. ˆev. 19]
KGi? [h. ˆev.- 16]
K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
A K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
M. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR N. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ
M. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR N. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi
181. Uc WvDb c«¬wZGZ ˆKvGbv wRwbmGK wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvKvi
169. evGqvGgwUÇGÝi AvPiYMZ ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆKvbwU? [Kz. ˆev. 19] ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰i mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ cÉhywÚ ˆKvbwU?
K. Kx ˆÕ¡ÈvK L. DNA MVb [P. ˆev. 19]
M. ˆiwUbv Õ•Åvb N. gyLgíj kbvÚKiY K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ
170. wbGPi ˆKvbwUGZ RxeweævGbi mvG^ ˆWUvGeR, M. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis N. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
AÅvjMwi`g, cwimsLÅvb BZÅvw` welGqi mg®¼q 182. `k bÅvGbvwgUvi = KZ wgUvi? [e. ˆev. 19]
nGqGQ? [wm. ˆev. 16] K. 10 11
L. 10 10

A K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. ˆivewUÝ M. 109 N. 108

M. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis 183. ÕÃvUÆGdvb ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z Þz`Ë h¯¨vsk ò‚wUnxbfvGe
171. ˆKvbwU wW‰b‰-‰i bZzb wmKzGq´Ö ŠZwii cÉhywÚ? Õ©vcb mÁ¿e nGœQ wKGmi KjÅvGY? [gv`&ivmv ˆevWÆ 2018]
[wm. ˆev. 16] K. fvPzÆqvj wiqvwjwU L. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
A K. bvGbvGUKGbvjwR L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis M. ˆiveU N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
M. evGqvGgwUÇÝ N. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ 184. Lv`ÅRvZ `ËGeÅi gvb mwVK ivLvi RbÅ cÅvGKGUi
172. wewf®² RwUj ˆivGMi KviY AvweÓ•vGi ˆKvb cÉhywÚ KvR wfZGi cÉGjc Kivi cÉhywÚ ˆKvbwU? [wm. ˆev. 2017]
KiGQ? [X. ˆev. 19] A K. ˆivewUÝ L. evGqvGgwUÇ Ý
K. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ L. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR M. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ N. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
M. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis N. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi 185. ‰K bÅvGbvwgUvi mgvb KZ wgUvi?
[Xv. ˆev., h. ˆev., e. ˆev. 17; Kz. ˆev., h. ˆev. 16]
173. Rxe msKÌv¯¦ Z^Å eÅeÕ©vcbvi KvGR KwÁ·DUvi
A K. 103 L. 106
cÉhywÚi cÉGqvM nGjv [P. ˆev. 19] 9
M. 10 N. 1012
K. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
186. ˆKvbwU evGqvBbdigÅvwUGÝi ŠewkÓ¡Å? [iv. ˆev. 2016]
M. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi N. evGqvGgwUÇÝ
K. ռ͸GWUv msiÞY
174. ˆKvbwU evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ c«¬wZi mdUIqÅvi Uzjm
L. ŠRweK ˆWUvi mgvnvi
wnmvGe eÅen†Z nq? [gv`&ivmv ˆevWÆ 19]
M. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwRi eÅenvi
K. SQL L. LISP N. cÉhywÚ wbfÆi wbivcîv
M. CLISP N. PROLOG 187. KwÁ·DUvi Bw^Km ‰i wbG`Ækbv KqwU?
175. wRb dvBwΣs MGelYvq Kx eÅen†Z nq? [Kz. ˆev. 2017] [wm. ˆev. 19; Kz. ˆev. 2017]
A K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ L. evGqv BbdiGgwUÝ K. 8 L. 10
M. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis N. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR M. 12 N. 14
176. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i RbK ˆK? [e. ˆev. 19] 188. ˆµÏRvwiRg ˆKvb AcivGai mvG^ RwoZ? w`. ˆev. 16]
K. Jack Williamson L. E. Coli A K. AGbÅi ˆjLv Pzwi L. mdUIqÅvi cvBGiwm
M. Paul Berg N. Stanley Cohen M. KwcivBU jsNb N. AvBGWw´ŸwU Pzwi
177. bZzb aiGbi ˆKÌvGgvGRvg ŠZwii ˆKŒkjGK Kx eGj? 189. AbygwZ eÅZxZ ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvGKÆ cÉGek
[gv`&ivmv ˆevWÆ 2018] KGi KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi KivGK Kx eGj? [P. ˆev. 16]
K. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis L. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ A K. mdUIqÅvi cvBGiwm L. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR
M. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR N. evGqvGgwUÇÝ M. ˆµÏwRqvwiRg N. nÅvwKs
 70 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

190. nÅvKvi ejv nq KvG`iGK? [wm. ˆev. 16] wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
A K. hviv cYÅ evRviRvZ KGi K. i I ii L. i I iii
L. hviv msev`cò evRviRvZ KGi M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. hviv B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUvGi A‹eafvGe 197. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi cÉfve iGqGQ [h. ˆev. 19]
cÉGek KGi i. mvgwiK ˆÞGò ii. cÉwkÞGY
N. hviv B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi iii. wkÞv ˆÞGò
191. wek¼MÉvg cÉwZÓ¤vi cÉGqvRbxq Dcv`vb nGjv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
[e. ˆev.-2017] K. i I ii L. i I iii
i. KvGbKwUwfwU ii. ˆWUv M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
iii. mÞgZv 198. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi eÅenvwiK ˆÞòmgƒn [P. ˆev. 19]
i. ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g ii. dvwR jwRK
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
iii. jvwbÆs wmGÕ¡g
A K. i I ii L. i I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii K. i I ii L. i I iii
192. wek¼MÉvg ejGZ ˆevSvq [e. ˆev.- 16] M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
i. wiGqj UvBg ˆmev wewbgq 199. ˆiveU eÅen†Z nq [iv. ˆev.-2017]
ii. Z^Å I weGbv`Gbi mnRjfÅZv i. evmvevwoGZ M†nÕ©vwj KvGR
iii. weGk¼i MÉvgmgƒGni Av¯¦tmÁ·KÆ ii. cwiK͸bv cÉYqGb
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? iii. Lwbi Afů¦ixY KvGR
A K. i I ii L. i I iii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii A K. i I ii L. ii I iii
193. wek¼MÉvg ejGZ ˆevSvq  M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
i. ˆmev wewbgq 200. ˆivewUÝ-‰i ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ  [h. ˆev. 16]
ii. Z^Å mnRjfÅZv i. nvWÆIqÅvi ii. AvwUÆwdwmqvj Bw´ŸwjGR´Ö
iii. weGk¼i MÉvgmgƒGni Av¯¦tmÁ·KÆ iii. bZzb MGelYv cwiPvjbv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii A K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
201. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ eÅen†Z nq [iv. ˆev. 19]
194. KgÆmsÕ©vGbi RbÅ eZÆgvGb  [iv. ˆev.- 16]
i. Zij nvBGWÈvGRb ii. AvMÆb MÅvm
i. NGi eGmB KvR cvIqv hvq iii. wnwjqvg MÅvm
ii. B´ŸviGbU myweav ˆbqv hvq wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
iii. wewf®² IGqe myweav cvIqv hvq K. i I ii L. i I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
A K. i I ii L. i I iii 202. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwiGZ eÅen†Z h¯¨cvwZ nGjv [e. ˆev.-2017]
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii i. KÌvGqvGcÉve ii. ˆÕ·É-wWfvBm
195. ˆUwjGgwWwmb ˆmevi RbÅ AvekÅK [iv. ˆev. 19] iii. AÅvKPzGqUi
i. weGklæ wPwKrmK ii. ˆivM wbYÆq ˆK±`Ê wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
iii. weGklvwqZ ˆbUIqvKÆ A K. i I ii L. i I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. i I ii L. i I iii 203. evGqvGgwUÇÝ cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi
[mKj ˆevWÆ 2018]
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii i. RvZxq cwiPqcGò ii. cvmGcvGUÆ
196. ˆUwjGgwWwmb ˆmevi RbÅ AvekÅK  iii. R¯Ã wbe®¬Gb
i. weGklæ wPwKrmK wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
ii. ˆivM wbYÆq ˆK±`Ê K. i I ii L. i I iii
iii. meÆRbxb ˆbUIqvKÆ M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 71
204. AvPiYMZ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGœQ [wm. ˆev. 19] wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
i. ˆdBm wiGKvMwbkb ii. fGqm wiGKvMwbkb K. i I ii L. i I iii
iii. UvBwcs Kx ˆÕ¡ÈvK M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? DóxcKwU co ‰es 210 I 211bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
K. i I ii L. i I iii evey ‰K weGkl eÅeÕ©vcbvq NGi eGmB WÈvBwfs cÉwkÞY
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wbGœQ| Zvi evev AbÅ ‰KwU cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi D®²Z
205. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR w`Gq ŠZwiK‡Z h¯¨ nGZ cvGi RvGZi dzj Pvl KiGQb| [w`. ˆev. 19]
[Xv. ˆev. 2017] 210. eveyi eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU
i. KwÁ·DUvi ii. KÌvGqvGcÉve K. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU
iii. ˆiveU L. B-jvwbÆs
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? M. B-KgvmÆ
A K. i I ii L. i I iii N. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 211. evevi eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwUi mxgve«¬Zv nGjv
206. ˆRGbwUK BwéwbqvwisGqi gvaÅGg [Kz. ˆev.- 16] i. ˆ`kxq cÉRvwZi wejywµ¦
i. RxGei bZzb wRGbvg AvweÓ•vi Kiv hvq ii. djb KGg hvIqv
ii. evwYwRÅKfvGe Bbmywjb ŠZwi Kiv hvq iii. bZzb ˆivM m†wÓ¡ nGZ cvGi
iii. Lye mnGR eÅwÚ kbvÚ Kiv hvq wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii
A K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wbGPi DóxcKwU co ‰es 212 I 213 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
Wv. ivR knGi AeÕ©vb KGiI cÉZů¦ AçGj mivmwi
207. evGqvBbdigÅvwUGÝi eÅenvGii ˆÞòàwj nGjv wPwKrmv ˆmev w`Gq ^vGKb| wZwb Zvi e®¬yi AuvwPGji
[Xv. ˆev. 19]
AcvGikGb wbÁ²Zvcgvòv cÉGqvM KGi wPwKrmv KGib ‰es
i. ŠRe cÉhywÚ ii. RxevYy AÕ¨ ŠZwi
wZwb `Ë‚Z myÕ© nGq evwo wdGi hvb| [h. ˆev. 19]
iii. gnvKvk MGelYv
212. cÉZů¦ AçGj wPwKrmv ˆ`qvi cÉwKÌqvwU nGœQ
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
i. wfwWI KbdvGi´Ö ii. ˆUwj ˆgwWwmb
K. i I ii L. i I iii
iii. B-ˆgBj
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 208 I 209 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: K. i I ii L. i I iii
wg. ‘K’ dÑvBU wmgyGjUGii mvnvGhÅ wegvb Pvjbvi cÉwkÞY M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
ˆbb| cÉwkÞY ˆkGl hvòxevnx wegvb Pvjbvi mgq hvw¯¨K 213. e®¬yi wPwKrmvq eÅen†Z c«¬wZi cÉfvGe
ò‚wUi KviGY Zvi wegvbwU wea»Õ¦ nq ‰es mKj hvòxi ˆ`n i. cvk¼-Æ cÉwZwKÌqv Kg nGe
mÁ·ƒYÆiG… c AvàGb cyGo hvq| [iv. ˆev. 19]
ii. ˆivMxi eÅ^v Kg nGe
208. `yNÆUbvq wbnZ hvòxG`i kbvÚKiGYi RbÅ eÅen†Z iii. myÕ© nGZ mgq Kg jvMGe
cÉhywÚwU nGZ cvGi wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. Finger Print L. Hand Geometry K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. Retina Scan N. DNA Analysis M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
209. wg. ‘K’ ‰i cÉwkÞGY eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU eÅen†Z nGZ wbGPi DóxcKwU co ‰es 214 I 215 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
cvGi wg: mvjvg DœP djbkxj avb Drcv`b wbGq MGelYv
i. wPwKrmvwe`Åvi wkÞv^ÆxG`iGK n†rwcGíi KiGQb| Zvi KcvGji wUDgviwU wPwKrmK −20C
KvhÆKvwiZv eySvGbvi ˆÞGò Zvcgvòvi Zij bvBGUÇvGRb eÅenvi KGi AcmviY KGib|
ii. cÉGKŒkj we`Åvi wkÞv^ÆxG`iGK Szwu KcƒYÆ KvGRi [wm. ˆev. 19]
cÉwkÞY cÉ`vGb 214. wPwKrmvq eÅen†Z c«¬wZ nGœQ
iii. cywjk evwnbxGK UÇvwdK eÅeÕ©vcbvi cÉwkÞGYi K. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi L. evGqvGgwUÇÝ
ˆÞGò M. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
 72 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

215. MGelYvq eÅen†Z cÉhywÚi «¼viv wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?

i. evwYwRÅKfvGe Bbmywjb ŠZwi Kiv hvq A K. i I ii L. i I iii
ii. RxGei bZzb wRGbvg AvweÓ•vi Kiv hvq M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
iii. A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb NUGe DóxcKwU cGo 218 I 219 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? Kwei mvGne 500 wRwe nvWÆwWÕ• mÁ¼wjZ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi
K. i I ii L. i I iii eÅenvi KGib| nvWÆwWÕ• bÓ¡ nq ‰Uv RvbGZ ˆcGi wZwb
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii Zvi KwÁ·DUvGi ivLv Z^ÅàGjv wbGq Dw«¼™²| [gv`&ivmv-16]
wbGPi DóxcKwU co ‰es 216 I 217 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: 218. Kwei mvGne ‰ ZG^Åi wbivcîvi RbÅ
i. wmwWGZ mKj Z^Å Kwc KGi ivLGZ cvGib
BRRI KZ‡ÆK D«¿vweZ wewf®² DœPdjbkxj avb AvweÓ•vGii
ii. AbÅ ‰KwU nvWÆwWGÕ• Z^ÅàGjv Kwc KGi ivLGZ
dGj evsjvG`k ‰Lb Pvj iµ¦vwbKviK ˆ`k wnmvGe cwiwPwZ
cvGib
jvf KGiGQ| [iv. ˆev.-2017]
iii. Zvi nvWÆwWÕ• mwVKfvGe eÅenvi KiGZ cvGib
216. DóxcGK BRRI KZ‡ÆK eÅen†Z cÉhywÚ ˆKvbwU? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
A K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ A K. i I ii L. i I iii
L. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR 219. Kwei mvGnGei RbÅ A^Æ‹bwZK I ZG^Åi wbivcîv
N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis weGePbvq mGeÆvîg c«¬wZ ˆKvbwU?
217. DóxcGKi KgÆKvGí A K. ˆcvGUÆej nvWÆwWGÕ•i eÅenvi
i. A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb nGe L. KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs eÅenvi
ii. wPwKrmvGÞGò wei…c cÉfve coGe M. cvGmÆvbvj IGqemvBGU Z^Å msiÞY
iii. Rxe‹ewPGòÅi D«¿e nGe N. ˆjvKvj mvfÆvGi Z^Å msiÞY

Dîigvjv
1 K 2 M 3 K 4 L 5 K 6 K 7 M 8 N 9 K 10 N 11 N 12 K
13 N 14 N 15 N 16 N 17 L 18 N 19 M 20 N 21 M 22 K 23 K 24 N
25 N 26 N 27 L 28 K 29 K 30 M 31 N 32 N 33 K 34 N 35 L 36 K
37 N 38 N 39 N 40 M 41 N 42 M 43 N 44 K 45 K 46 K 47 L 48 K
49 L 50 K 51 N 52 N 53 L 54 K 55 M 56 M 57 M 58 M 59 L 60 K
61 N 62 L 63 K 64 L 65 M 66 L 67 M 68 N 69 K 70 K 71 L 72 K
73 N 74 K 75 N 76 N 77 K 78 K 79 M 80 L 81 N 82 K 83 L 84 K
85 N 86 K 87 K 88 K 89 N 90 N 91 N 92 M 93 N 94 K 95 L 96 K
97 K 98 L 99 L 100 K 101 K 102 N 103 M 104 K 105 N 106 K 107 K 108 K
109 K 110 K 111 L 112 K 113 K 114 K 115 N 116 N 117 L 118 K 119 N 120 K
121 N 122 N 123 N 124 N 125 L 126 M 127 L 128 K 129 N 130 N 131 L 132 N
133 L 134 K 135 N 136 K 137 L 138 N 139 L 140 K 141 M 142 L 143 L 144 K
145 L 146 M 147 M 148 K 149 L 150 L 151 M 152 M 153 K 154 M 155 N 156 M
157 K 158 K 159 K 160 K 161 N 162 L 163 K 164 M 165 N 166 L 167 L 168 K
169 K 170 M 171 N 172 K 173 K 174 K 175 L 176 M 177 K 178 N 179 L 180 M
181 N 182 N 183 L 184 N 185 M 186 L 187 L 188 K 189 N 190 M 191 N 192 N
193 N 194 N 195 N 196 K 197 N 198 N 199 M 200 N 201 K 202 K 203 N 204 M
205 N 206 N 207 K 208 N 209 N 210 K 211 L 212 K 213 N 214 K 215 N 216 N
217 L 218 N 219 K
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 73

M. mswÞµ¦ cÉk²
1. wek¼MÉvg ejGZ Kx ˆevS? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 12. webv AcvGikGb ˆivMxi wPwKrmv Kiv hvq ˆKvb cÉhywÚi
2. Z^Å cÉhywÚ I Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ gvaÅGg? eÅvLÅv KGiv|
wjGLv| 13. Ilya weævGb evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ-‰i cÉGqvM msGÞGc
3. wek¼vqGbi gƒjbxwZ eYÆbv KGiv| wjGLv|
4. AvBwmwUGZ AvaywbK wPwKrmv c«¬wZ ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 14. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ-‰i DGókÅ wjGLv|
5. wiRvGfÆkb wmGÕ¡g KvGK eGj? wjGLv| 15. evGqvGgwUÇÝ I evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ-‰i cv^ÆKÅ wjGLv|
6. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg dÑvBU wmgyGjkb cÉGqvM 16. ˆKvb cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Å cwieZÆb Kiv
eYÆbv KGiv| hvq? msGÞGc wjGLv|
7. cÉvZÅwnK RxeGb fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi ài‚Z½ wjGLv| 17. K‡wl D®²qGb ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis eÅvLv KGiv|
8. h¯¨gvbe ŠZwiGZ AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö-‰i 18. ˆKvb cÉhywÚi KviGY KPzicvZvq cvwb RGg bv? ‰wU
cÉGqvM eYÆbv KGiv| mÁ·GKÆ msGÞGc wjGLv|
9. gvbe eyw«¬gîv I K‡wZg e†w«¬gîvi ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ 19. g†ZzÅ eÅwÚi wW‰b‰ kbvÚKiGY eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU cÉGqvM
wjGLv| eYÆbv KGiv|
10. ˆiveGUi wewf®² Ask msGÞGc wjGLv| 20. wdwks ejGZ Kx ˆevS?
11. evGqvGgwUÇÝ mÁ·GKÆ msGÞGc wjGLv|

N. m†Rbkxj cÉk²
1. XvKv wmwU KGcÆvGikb we`yÅr-‰i h^vh^ eÅenvi I M. DóxcGK RvgvGbi cÉevm RxeGb ˆKvb cÉhywÚwUi K^v
mçGqi jGÞÅ ‰KwU wWwRUvj cÉK͸ nvGZ wbGjv| hvi dGj ejv nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv|
gvbyGli mvnvhÅ eÅwZZ ivÕ¦vi jÅvÁ·GcvÕ¡àGjvGZ Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe N. RvgvGbi ˆÞGò Z^Å cÉhywÚi f„wgKv gƒjÅvqb KGiv|
A®¬KvGi AvGjv R¾Gj DVGe I w`Gbi AvGjvq Õ¼qwKÌqfvGe Zv 3. ^vKe bv’K e«¬ NGi
wbGf hvGe| ˆ`Le ‰evi RMrUvGK
K. wek¼MÉvg Kx? ............................
L. eÅwÚ kbvÚiGYi cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| ÷be Avwg BwãZ ˆKvb
M. DóxcK AbymvGi jÅvÁ·GcvÕ¡àGjvGZ we`yÅr mçGqi gãj nGZ AvmGQ DGo
wek¼RMr ˆ`Le Avwg
RbÅ Zzwg wK aiGYi c`GÞc MÉnb KiGe? eÅvLÅv Ki|
Avcb nvGZi gyGVvq cyGi|
N. “AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjwR´Ÿ XvKv wmwU KGcÆvGikb ‰i
K. mdUIqÅvi cvBGiwm Kx?
RbÅ AbÅZg mnvqK”- DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ‰B hywÚi
L. ˆivewUÝ cÉhywÚ gvbyGli KvRGK KxfvGe mnR KGiGQ?
cGÞ-wecGÞ gZvgZ `vI|
M. `†kÅK͸wUGZ Z^Å cÉhywÚi ˆKvb aviYvwU cÉwZdwjZ
2. Rvgvb `wÞY ˆKvwiqvGZ WÈvBfvi wnGmGe ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vGb
nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv|
PvKwi wbGq AvGm| ˆhLvGb ˆm cÉ^g ‰K gvm ‰KwU weGkl N. `†kÅK͸wU m†wÓ¡GZ gvaÅg wnGmGe ˆh `ywU cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z
K‡wòg cwiGeGk Mvwo Pvjbvi cÉwkÞY MÉnY KGi| ‰B nGqGQ Zviv ‰GK AcGii cwicƒiK- weGkÏlY KGiv|
cwiGeGkB ˆm wewf®² cwiwÕ©wZGZ Mvwo PvjGbvi bvbv 4. MGelYv cÉwZÓ¤vb Avjdv-‰i weævbxMY ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ ˆKvGl
ˆKŒkj iµ¦ KGi| Rvgvb Zvi KvGRi cvkvcvwk AviI ‰KwU mivmwi Jla cÉGqvM Kivi RbÅ AvYweK gvòvi ‰KwU h¯¨
cÉwZÓ¤vGb ˆWUv ‰w´ŸÈi KvR ˆbq| Zvi cvVvGbv AG^ÆB MÉvGgi ŠZwii ˆPÓ¡v KiGQb| ˆeËBGbi Afů¦Gii MVb I ˆKvl
evwoGZ Zvi AaÆcvKv NiwU AvR ˆ`vZjv `vjvGb cwiYZ chÆGeÞGYi RbÅ Zuviv ‰KwU wmgyGjGUW cwiGek ŠZwi
nGqGQ| [Xv. ˆev. 16] KGib| [Xv., w`., wm., h. ˆev. 18]
K. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv Kx? K. ˆUwjGgwWwmb Kx?
L. mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅg ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? L. K‡wòg eyw«¬gvîv ‰K aiGbi ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g eywSGq ˆjL|
 74 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

M. weævbxG`i chÆGeÞGY eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| M. wk͸ KviLvbvq eÅen†Z cÉhywÚ wPwn×Z KGi eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ h¯¨ ŠZwii cÉhywÚwU Lv`Å wkG͸ wK N. ˆcÉvMÉvgviG`i ŠZwi cÉhywÚ BwZnvm I HwZnÅ iÞvq
aiGbi cÉfve ivGL weGkÏlY KGiv| KZUzKz f„wgKv ivGL gƒjÅvqb KGiv|
5. Rbve gvmy` ivbv evox wWRvBb ev µÏvb ŠZwii RbÅ 8. Av`bvb KwÁ·DUvGi cÉwkÞY ˆbq| weG`Gk hvIqvi
GWGfjcvi ˆKvÁ·vwbi KvGQ ˆMGjb| wZwb jÞÅ KiGjb DGóGkÅ ˆm B´ŸviGbGU wewf®² mgq wewf®² PvKzixi mvBU
ˆmLvGb KwÁ·DUvGi ‰gb gwbUi eÅen†Z nGqGQ hv fuvR KGi ˆhgb- bdjobs.com, prothom-alojobs.com BZÅvw` mvPÆ
ev gyPGo eÅvGM ivLv hvq ‰es cÉGqvRGb wUwf wnGmGe eÅenvi KGi| ‰Kw`b ˆm XvKvq AewÕ©Z ˆevGqGmj-‰i IGqe
Kiv hvq| ˆWGfjcvi ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰KwU weGkl cÉhywÚi mvBU mvPÆ KGi ‰es ‰KwU AvKlÆYxq weævcb ˆ`LGZ cvq
mvnvGhÅ wewΣs µÏvGbi gGWj evwbGq w`Gjb hvi dGj
‰es ˆm Zvi mgÕ¦ Z^Å mvewgU KGi| ‰fvGe ˆm ‰Kw`b
mwZÅKvGii wewΣs evbvGbvi AvGMB wewΣsGqi wfZi-evwnGi
weG`Gki ‰KwU Kj ˆm´ŸvGi PvKzwi ˆcGq hvq| Zvi cvVvGbv
NyGi ˆ`Lv hvq|
AG^ÆB Zvi cwievi AmnvqGZ½i nvZ ˆ^GK gywÚ ˆcGqGQ ‰es
K. AvBIwU (IoT) Kx?
L. we`yÅr mvkÉqx BGjKUÇwbK mvgMÉx ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z mœQjfvGe Rxeb hvcb KiGZ cviGQ|
cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv Ki| K. ICT Kx?
M. DÚ gwbUi ŠZwii cÉhywÚwU wPwKrmvGÞGò Kx fzwgKv L. wkÞvGÞGò AbjvBb jvBGeËwii f„wgKv eywSGq ˆjL|
ivLGZ cvGi  eÅvLÅv Ki| M. DóxcGK wek¼MÉvGgi ˆh Ae`vbwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ?
N. “ˆWGfjcviG`i eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU wkÞvGÞòGK AviI weGkÏlY KGiv|
hyGMvcGhvMx KiGZ cvGi”- Zzwg wK ‰i mvG^ ‰KgZ? N. Av`bvGbi eZÆgvb AeÕ©v cÉhywÚi wbfÆiZv Qvov mÁ¿e
weGGkÏlY Ki| bq - ‰i Õ¼cGÞ hywÚ `vI|
6. RvdixY Zvi evevi mvG^ jÅveGiUwiGZ cÉGek KiGjb| 9. wPcm& mevi LyeB wcÉq| wPcm& cÅvGKURvZKiGYi mgq
ˆmLvGb ˆ`LGjb, gvbe gwÕ¦Õ• wKfvGe KvR KGi ‰es gvbyl ‰KwU weGkl cÉhywÚ eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK| wPcm&
wKfvGe wP¯¦v KGi I ˆkGL ˆmàGjvi DcGi MGelYv Kiv KviLvbvi wbivcîv wbwøZKiGYi RbÅ cÉGeGki cG^
nq| AZtci evev RvdixYGK wbGq ‰wU‰g (ATM) ey^ AvãyGji Qvc ˆ`qvi RbÅ ‰KwU wWfvBm Õ©vcb Kiv
ˆ^GK wKQy UvKv ZzjGjb| RvdixY evevi KvGQ ‰wU‰g nGqGQ| [Kz. ˆev. 19]
(ATM) eyG^i KgÆ c«¬wZ RvbGZ PvBGjb| K. ˆivewUÝ Kx?
K. eÐM Kx? L. cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi gUi WÈvBwfs wkLv mÁ¿e K^vwU
L. KÌvGqvcÉe eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. evev wKfvGe RvdixGYi cÉGk²i Dîi w`Gjb eÅvLÅv M. DóxcGK KviLvbvq eÅen†Z wWfvBmwUi cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv
Ki|
KGiv|
N. Zzwg wK gGb Ki jÅveGiUwiGZ MGelYviZ cÉhywÚ eÅvsK
N. wPcGm&i ˆÞGò eÅen†Z cÉhywÚi myweav I Amyweav
AÅvKvDG´Ÿ A«¿zZ ev AcÉZÅvwkZ KvhÆKjvc wbq¯¨Y
DGÍÏLmn ˆZvgvi gZvgZ weGkÏlY KGiv|
KiGZ cvGi? weGkÏlY Ki|
10. Rvdwib ‰KwU gvwΟbÅvkbvj ˆKvÁ·vbxGZ PvKzix KGi|
7. evsjvG`Gki ivRavbxi A`ƒGi Z^Å cÉhywÚ cÉGqvGM ‰KwU
wek¼gvGbi wk͸ KviLvbv Õ©vcb Kivi cwiK͸bv Kiv nGqGQ, Zvi AwdGm cÉGeGki RbÅ cÉwÝGgGUW AvBGWw´ŸwU KvWÆ
ˆhLvGb AÅvKPzGqUi ‰i mvnvGhÅ `Þ nvGZ KwÁ·DUvGii eÅen†Z nq ‰es cÉÕ©vGbi RbÅ ˆPvL eÅen†Z nq|
cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ ŠZwi Kivi gvaÅGg ˆ`kGK D®²Z I ˆKvÁ·vbxwU bZzb ‰KwU w^gcvKÆ cÉGRÙ Õ©vcGbi RbÅ
A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe Õ¼vejÁ¼x nGZ mnvqZv KiGe| DÚ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi cwiK͸bv KGi| ˆmLvGb eü ˆLjbv ^vKGe ‰i gGaÅ ‰KwU
`Þ ˆcÉvMÉvgviMY wmgyGjGUW cwiGek Õ©vcb KGi NGi eGm nGjv evœPviv ˆmLvGb wMGq weGkl aiGbi ˆnjGgU I Pkgv
`kÆbv^ÆxG`i knGii wewf®² `kÆbxq Õ©vb ˆ`Lvi eÅeÕ©v cGo gRv KGi Mvwo WÈvBwfs KiGZ cviGe|
KiGeb| [iv. ˆev. 19] K. ŠbwZKZv Kx?
K. nÅvwKs Kx? L. NGi eGm nvRvi gvBj `ƒGii jvBGeËwiGZ cov÷bv Kiv
L. Z^Å cÉhywÚ wbfÆi wek¼B wek¼MÉvg eÅvLÅv Ki| hvq- eÅvLÅv KGiv|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 75
M. w^g cvGKÆ DwÍÏwLZ ˆLjbvwUGZ eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv K. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi Kx?
KGiv| L. “ˆUwjGgwWwmb ‰K aiGbi ˆmev” eywSGq wjL|
N. RvdwiGbi AwdGm cÉGek I cÉÕ©vGb ˆh cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK PuvG` ögGYi cÉhywÚwU eYÆbv KGiv|
nq ‰G`i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaKZi wbivc`- ˆZvgvi N. DóxcGK ˆUÇwbs ˆm´Ÿvi I AcvGikb w^GqUvGi eÅen†Z
weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| cÉhywÚ«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk eüj
11. “S” mvGne ‰KRb eo eÅemvqx| Zuvi AwdGmi eÅen†Z weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI|
KgÆPvixG`iGK ‰KwU myBGP nvGZi Qvc w`Gq DcwÕ©wZ
14. Drcj cÉZů¦ MÉvGg gvwb AWÆvGii gvaÅGg Zvi gvi KvGQ
wbwøZ KiGZ nq ‰es KviLvbvq cÉGek Kivi RbÅ kÉwgKiv
UvKv ˆcÉiY KGi| wK¯§ UvKv ˆcGZ gvGK mµ¦vn LvGbK
gwbUGii w`GK ZvKvGbvi ci `iRv LyGj hvq| “S” mvGne
‰i KcvGj wUDgvi AcvGikb KiGZ ˆMGj Wv. mvGne AGcÞv KiGZ nq| Drcj `Ë‚Z MwZGZ UvKv ˆcÉiGYi RbÅ
ˆKvGbv iÚcvZ QvovB ‰KwU weGkl c«¬wZGZ AZů¦ wbÁ² Zvi e®¬y ˆivKGbi civgkÆ PvBGj ˆivKb AbÅ ‰KwU `Ë‚ZZg
Zvcgvòvq wUDgvi AcvGikb KGi ˆ`b| c«¬wZi K^v eGjb hvi gvaÅGg Drcj cieZÆxGZ gvGK UvKv
[iv., Kz., P., e. ˆev. 18] cvVvb|
K. ˆivewUÝ Kx? K. bÅvGbv cÉhywÚi RbK ˆK?
L. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv eÅvLÅv KGiv| L. ˆiveGU K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi f„wgKv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK “S” mvGnGei wUDgvi AcvGikGb M. DóxcGK eÅen†Z DrcGji cÉhywÚwUGZ ICT ‰i ˆKvb
ˆKvb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| welqwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ eYÆbv KGiv|
N. DóxcGKi “S” mvGnGei AwdGmi DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZ I N. DrcGji cÉv^wgK I cieZÆxGZ UvKv cvVvGbvi c«¬wZi
KviLvbvq cÉGeGki cÉwKÌqv«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU eüj ZzjbvgƒjK wPò weGkÏlY KGiv|
eÅen†Z? 15. kwdK mvGne Zvi MGelYvMvGi w`bvRcyGii HwZnÅ
12. gvndzRv Z½GKi mgmÅvi RbÅ WvÚvGii wbKU ˆMj| aviGYi jGÞÅ wjPz wbGq MGelYv KGi, Zvi djvdj msiÞY
AÅvGUbGW´Ÿ gvndzRvi AvãyGji Qvc wbGq KwÁ·DUvGi Zvi KGib| wZwb MGelYvMvGii cÉGekgyGL ‰gb ‰KwU h¯¨
bvg wbe®¬b KiGjv| WvÚvi ZvGK cixÞv wbixÞv KGi wbÁ² ewmGqGQb ˆhwUi w`GK wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgq ZvKvGj AbyGgvw`Z
Zvcgvòv cÉGqvM KGi wPwKrmv KiGjb ‰es mµ¦vn LvGbK eÅwÚeMÆ wfZGi cÉGek KiGZ cvGib| [P. ˆev. 19]
ci Avevi ˆ`Lv KiGZ ejGjb| gvndzRv mµ¦vn LvGbK ci K. ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg Kx?
Avevi WvÚvGii wbKU ˆMGj WvÚvi gvndzRvi AvãyGji Qvc L. “bƒÅbZg aKj mwnúz kjÅwPwKrmv c«¬wZwU” eÅvLÅv
wbGq KwÁ·DUvi ˆ`GL Kg wd avhÆ KiGjb| ‰LvGb DGÍÏLÅ Ki|
ˆh, WvÚvi bZzb ˆivMxi Zzjbvq cyivZb ˆivMxi RbÅ Kg wd M. MGelYvMvGii cÉGekgyGL eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv Ki|
ˆbb| N. DóxcGKi MGelYv KvhÆKÌGg Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi
K. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR Kx? ˆh w`KwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ, weGkÏlYcƒeÆK ˆmwUi
L. cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii gvaÅGg wbivcG` cÉvK WÈvBwfs cÉwkÞY cÉGqvMGÞò AvGjvPbv KGiv|
mÁ¿e- eÅvLÅv KGiv| 16. evsjvG`Gki cÉavbg¯¨x MYfeb ˆ^GK wfwWIi gvaÅGg
M. gvndzRvi wPwKrmv c«¬wZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| ˆ`Gki Z‡Zxq mgy`Ëe±`i wnGmGe cUzqvLvjxi Kjvcvovq
N. WvÚvGii wd Kg wbGq mwVK wPwKrmv cÉ`vGbi welqwU AewÕ©Z cvqive±`i DG«¼vab KGib| Aciw`GK ˆ`Gki
weGkÏlY KGiv|
wkÞvg¯¨x mKj wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vbGK BGjKUÇwbK DcvGq
13. Avgvi e®¬y Wvt ‰bvg dÌvG´Ö ˆMGQ ˆUÇwbs-‰| fvBevGi
wkÞv^ÆxG`i DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZKiGYi K^v ejvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ABC
ˆm ejj dÌvG´Öi me KvGR wWwRUvj wmGÕ¡g eÅen†Z nq|
KGjGRi cwiPvjbv cwil` wkÞv^ÆxG`i RbÅ ˆdm-wiKMwbkb
ˆmLvGb ˆUÇwbs ˆm´ŸvGi cÉGek KiGZ jvGM mycvifvBRvGii
AvãyGji Qvc ‰es AcvGikb w^GqUvGi cÉGek KiGZ jvGM c«¬wZ Pvjy Kivi K^v fveGQb| hw`I eZÆgvGb wkÞKG`i
ˆPvL| Avwg ejjvg “ˆek gRvB ˆZv” ˆm AviI ejj RbÅ AvãyGji Qvc c«¬wZ Pvjy AvGQ| [Kz. ˆev. 17]
“MZKvj Õ©vbxq weGbv`b cvGKÆ wMGq gv^vi ˆnjGgU I K. B-KgvmÆ Kx?
ˆPvGL weGkl Pkgv w`Gq PuvG` ögGYi Abyf„wZ Abyfe L. ‘kxZjxKiY cÉwKÌqvq wPwKrmv ˆ`qv mÁ¿e’eÅvLÅv
KGiwQ|” [wm. ˆev. 16] KGiv|
 76 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

M. DóxcGK mgy`Ëe±`i DG«¼vaGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwUi N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK Avwmd I gwbi ‰i Avw^ÆK
myweavàGjv wK wK? eÅvLÅv KGiv| Õ¼œQjZvi KviY ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlYcƒeÆK ˆZvgvi
N. DóxcGK Kg mgGq DcwÕ©wZ wbwøZKiGYi ˆÞGò gZvgZ `vI|
ˆKvbwUi cÉvavbÅ ˆ`qv KGjGRi RbÅ ˆewk hywÚhyÚ 20. KwÁ·DUvi weævGbi Qvò Awb evjÅ weevn I ˆhŒZzGKi
nGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| wewf®² Z^Å Dcvî msMÉn KGi weGkÏlYagÆx ˆjLv AbjvBGb
17. evsjvG`k cvmGcvUÆ Awdm ˆgwkb wiGWej cvmGcvUÆ cÉKvk KGi| Zvi e®¬y ˆmŒif Abv^ ˆgGqG`i ˆcÉvdvBj
‰KwU IGqe mvBGU cÉKvk KGi ZvG`i weGqi eÅeÕ©v KGi|
ŠZwii RbÅ wWwRUvj c«¬wZGZ AvGe`bKvixi AvOzGji Quvc,
ZvG`i Aci e®¬y wkwki e®¬yG`i AbygwZ bv wbGq ZvG`i
wmMGbPvi ‰es gyLgíGji Qwe msMÉn KGi ˆWUvGeGR cvwievwiK ˆcÉvMÉvGg wfwWI BDwUDe PÅvGbGj AvcGjvW KGi
msiÞY KGi| wKQy eÅwÚ bKj cvmGcvUÆ ŠZwii RbÅ ˆ`q|
cvmGcvUÆ AwdGmi ˆWUvGeR nÅvK Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGi| K. ˆivGevwUÝ Kx?
K. VIRUS-‰i cƒYÆi…c Kx? L. “Finger Print” ‰KwU cÉPwjZ Biomatrics c«¬wZ–
L. ‘‘wek¼MÉvg KgÆmsÕ©vGbi m†wÓ¡ KiGQ’’ eÅvLÅv KGiv| eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ eÅwÚG`i KgÆKví ˆ^GK ZvG`i M. Awbi KvhÆKÌGgi mvG^ hyÚ wek¼MÉvg mswkÏÓ¡ Dcv`vb
gGbvfve gƒjÅvqb KGiv| AvGjvPbv KGiv|
N. cvmGcvUÆ AwdGm ˆWUv msMÉn Kiv nq ˆKvb cÉhywÚGZ? N. ˆmŒif I wkwkGii KvhÆKÌGg ICT eÅenvGi ŠbwZKZvi
eÅvLÅv KGiv| cÉfve weGkÏlY cƒeÆK ˆZvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
18. mwRe wbGRi KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi KGi ewnÆweGk¼i wewf®² 21. Abv^ wk÷ mywgGK KvbvWvi ‰K abvXÅ `Á·wî `îK
wnGmGe wbGq hvq| MZ eQi ˆm evsjvG`Gk ‰Gm gqgbwmsGn
AbyÓ¤vb ˆ`GLb ‰es cÉevmx ˆQGji mvG^ K^v eGjb| Rvgvj
Zvi gvGqi ˆLuvR cvq| KG^vcK^Gbi ‰K chÆvGq gv mywgGK
Zvi cÉGqvRbxq K‡wl msKÌv¯¦ wewf®² civgkÆ I ˆmev
wRævmv KGib, Zzwg wK Ki? mywg eGj, Avwg bGfvPvix| gv
K‡wlwe`G`i wbKU ˆ^GK mwRe mvGnGei gvaÅGg msMÉn wRævmv KiGjb, Zzwg KZevi gnvkƒGbÅ wMGqGQv| mywg Dîi
KGib| mwRGei ˆgGq cÉvw¯¦ KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg weG`wk w`j– ‰KeviI bv| abvXÅ mÁ·wî mywgi cÉK‡Z gv wbYÆGqi
jvBGeËwi I wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq Z^Åvw` msMÉn KGi RbÅ ‰KaiGbi cÉhywÚi AvkÉq ˆbq|
‰es NGi eGm ‰KwU weG`wk wWwMÉ ARÆb KGi| K. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis Kx?
K. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv cÉavbZ ˆKv^vq eÅen†Z nq? L. Z^Å cÉhywÚ I Z^Å ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ ‰GK AcGii
L. cÉwkÞGYi ˆÞGò fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUicÉGqvRbxqZv cwicƒiK eywSGq ˆjL|
eÅvLÅv KGiv| M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK mywgi gvGqi cwiPq wbwøZ Kivi
M. mwRGei ˆÞGò wek¼MÉvg aviYvi mswkÏÓ¡ ˆKvb c«¬wZwU eÅvLÅv Ki|
Dcv`vbàGjv cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ eÅvLÅv KGiv| N. DóxcGKi ˆKvb cÉhywÚi KjÅvGY mywg Zvi RxeGb
N. AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk wkÞv eÅeÕ©vq cÉvw¯¦i wkÞvgƒjK Õ¼v^ÆKZv jvf KGiGQ’ weGkÏlY Ki|
KgÆKvG´£i cÉfve weGkÏlY KGiv| 22. wmivR wgqv Zvi 10 weNv RwgGZ ‰KwU wjPz evMvb
ŠZwi KiGjb| ‰GZ D®²Z RvGZi DœPdjbkxj wjPzi MvQ
19. Avwmd AvGgwiKvi ‰KwU wek¼we`ÅvjGq cov÷bvi myGhvM
jvMvGbv nGqGQ, ‰RbÅ wZwb Õ©vbxq K‡wlmÁ·ËmviY KgÆKZÆvi
cvq| wK¯§ Avw^ÆK AÕ¼œQjZvi KviGY AvGgwiKvGZ hvIqv mvG^ AvGjvPbv KGi D®²ZRvGZi wjPz MvQ mÁ·GKÆ civgkÆ
mÁ¿e nqwb| AZtci evsjvG`Gk eGmB AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg MÉnY KGiwQGjb| ‰Qvov wmivR wgqv cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ wjPz
wek¼we`ÅvjGqi wWMÉx ARÆb Kij| Avwmd cov÷bvi duvGK MvGQi cwiPhÆv, ˆivM evjvB, cÉGqvRbxq mvGii cÉGqvM gvòv
duvGK AbjvBGb KvR KGi A^Æ DcvRÆb KGi| dGj Zvi mÁ·GKÆ ævb jvf KGib| wZwb Õ©vbxq evRvGii cvkvcvwk
cvwievwiK AeÕ©vi D®²wZ nq| Zvi e®¬y gwbi bZzb RvGZi weG`Gk wjPz iµ¦vbx KiGZ Pvb|
UGgGUv Pvl KGi Avw^ÆKfvGe jvfevb nq| [w`. ˆev. 17] K. ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg Kx?
K. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR Kx? L. Z^Å cÉhywÚ wbfÆi wek¼B wek¼MÉvg eÅvLÅv KGiv|
L. wbÁ² Zvcgvòvi wPwKrmv c«¬wZ eÅvLÅv KGiv| M. wmivR wgqvi cÉhywÚwU ˆKvb aiGbi cÉhywÚ eÅvLÅv Ki|
M. AvwmGdi wek¼we`ÅvjGqi wWMÉx ARÆb KxfvGe mÁ¿e N. DóxcGKi cÉhywÚwU KxfvGe A^ÆbxwZGZ Ae`vb ivLGZ
nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| cvGi gZvgZmn weGkÏlY KGiv|
 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 77

O. m†Rbkxj ævb I AbyavebgƒjK cÉk²

 ævbgƒjK 37. ˆWÈvb Kx?
38. evGqvGgwUÇÝ Kx? [e. ˆev. 19]
wek¼MÉvGgi aviYv
evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ, ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis I
1. Z^Å cÉhywÚ Kx?
bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
2. ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ Kx?
39. evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ Kx? [wm. ˆev. 17]
3. Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ Kx?
40. Rxb Kx?
4. wWwRUvj KbfviGR´Ö Kx?
41. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis Kx?
5. wek¼MÉvg Kx? [h. ˆev. 17]
42. wRGbvg Kx?
6. wek¼MÉvGgi cÉ^g aviYv GK ˆ`b ev ‰i RbK ˆK?
43. DNA ‰i cƒYÆi‚c Kx?
7. AvBIwU (IoT-Internet of Things) Kx?
44. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR Kx?
wek¼MÉvg aviYv mswkÏÓ¡ cÉavb Dcv`vbmgƒn 45. bÅvGbvcÉhywÚi RbK ˆK?
8. B´ŸviGbU Kx? 46. ‰K Bwç mgvb KZ bÅvGbvwgUvi ?
9. B-ˆgBj Kx? Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvGi ŠbwZKZv
10. ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös Kx?
47. ŠbwZKZv Kx?
11. wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös Kx?
48. fvBivm Kx?
12. wiRvGfÆkb wmGÕ¡g Kx? 49. Õ·Åvwgs Kx?
13. B-‰WzGKkb Kx? 50. Õ·ywds I wÕ²wds Kx?
14. B-jvwbÆs Kx? 51. nÅvwKs Kx? [iv. ˆev. 19]
15. wWmGU´Ö jvwbÆs ev `ƒiwkÞY Kx? 52. mvBevi Aciva Kx?
16. AvDUGmvwmÆs Kx? 53. mdUIqÅvi cvBGiwm Kx?
17. ˆUwjGgwWwmb Kx? [iv. ˆev.17;Xv.,w`.,wm.,h. ˆev. 18] 54. ˆµÏRvwiRg Kx? [h. ˆev. 19]
18. Awdm AGUvGgkb Kx?
19. ÕÃvUÆ ˆnvg Kx? [P. ˆev. 19] A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb
20. B-KgvmÆ Kx? [Kz. ˆev. 17; iv. ˆev. 16; w`. ˆev. 19] 55. B-MfGbÆ´Ö Kx?
21. BGjKUÇwbK dv´£ UÇv´Ödvi Kx?
 AbyavebgƒjK
22. B-eÅvswKs Kx?
23. eÐM Kx? wek¼MÉvGgi aviYv
24. eyGjwUb ˆevWÆ Kx? 1. Z^Å cÉhywÚ I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ ‰GK AcGii cwicƒiK
- eywSGq ˆjL|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mvÁ·ÉwZK cÉeYZv
2. Z^Å cÉhywÚ wbfÆi wek¼B wek¼MÉvg@ eÅvLÅv Ki| [iv. ˆev. 19]
25. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU Kx?
3. B´ŸviGbUGK wek¼MÉvGgi ˆgi‚`í ejv nq ˆKb?
26. dÑvBU wmgyGjkb Kx?
4. Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ wek¼GK nvGZi gyGVvq wbGq
27. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv ev AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö Kx? [Xv.
ˆev. 16; wm. ˆev. 19] ‰GmGQ eÅvLÅv Ki | [w`.,Kz. ˆev. 19]
28. AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö ‰i RbK ˆK? 5. wek¼MÉvg nGœQ B´ŸviGbU wbfÆi eÅeÕ©v@ eÅvLÅv Ki|
29. ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g Kx? 6. Z^ÅcÉhywÚ c†w^exi gvbyGli gGaÅ `ƒiZ½ KwgGqGQ- eÅvLÅv
30. dvwR jwRK Kx? Ki|
31. wbDivj ˆbUIqvKÆ Kx? wek¼MÉvg aviYv mswkÏÓ¡ cÉavb Dcv`vbmgƒn
32. ˆivGevwUÝ Kx? [Xv.,Kz. ˆev. 19] 7. mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅg ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? [Xv. ˆev. 16]
33. ˆiveU Kx? 8. ‘‘wek¼MÉvg KgÆmsÕ©vGbi m†wÓ¡ KiGQ’’ eÅvLÅv Ki|
34. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi Kx? [Xv. ˆev. 17; wm. ˆev. 16] 9. ICT wkÞvq wkwÞZ RbeGji RbÅ DcvRÆGbi ˆÞGò
35. KÌvGqvcÉe Kx? mnR myGhvM m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ- eÅvLÅv Ki|
36. CAD (Computer Aided Design) Kx? 10. wdÌjÅvw´Ös mvBGUi KvR Kx? eÅvLÅv Ki|
 78 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

11. ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆGbi RbÅ ‰Lb Avi weG`Gk hvIqvi 38. ˆKvb ˆivGMi wPwKrmvq KÌvGqvG^ivwc c«¬wZ AwaK
`iKvi ˆbB eÅvLÅv Ki| eÅen†Z nq?
12. `ƒiwkÞGY Z^Å cÉhywÚi Ae`vb eywSGq ˆjL| 39. “KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii gvaÅGg iÚcvZnxb AcvGikb mÁ¿e”
13. “NGi eGm nvRvi gvBj `ƒGii jvBGeËwiGZ cov÷bv Kiv eywSGq ˆjL|
hvq” eÅvLÅv Ki| 40. KÌvGqvcÉe eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆKb?
14. ‘NGi eGm WvÚvGii wPwKrmv MÉnY Kiv hvq’ eÅvLÅv 41. eÅwÚ kbvÚKiGYi cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv Ki| [e. ˆev. 17; Kz. ˆev. 16]
Ki| 42. AvPiGYi gvaÅGg eÅwÚ kbvÚKiGYi c«¬wZ eywSGq
15. ˆUwjGgwWwmb ‰K aiGbi ˆmev- eÅvLÅv Ki| ˆjL| [wm. ˆev. 19]
16. ‘mÅvGUjvBU wKÑwbGKi gvaÅGg D®²Z wPwKrmv cvIqv 43. evGqvGgwUÇÝ wmGÕ¡Gg kbvÚKiGY Kx aiGbi
mÁ¿e’- eÅvLÅv Ki|
evGqvjwRKÅvj ˆWUv weGePbv Kiv nq?
17. BGjKUÇwbK dv´£ UÇv´Ödvi ejGZ Kx eyS?
44. wewf®² KGcÆvGiU ˆjGfGj evGqvGgwUÇÝ wmGÕ¡g eÅen†Z
18. B-KgvmÆ ˆKb ‰KwU AvaywbK eÅemv c«¬wZ?
19. B-KgvmÆ cGYÅi KÌq-weKÌqGK wKfvGe mnR KGiGQ? nq ˆKb?
eÅvLÅv Ki| 45. wbivcîv eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ ICT ‰i mvÁ·ËwZK cÉebZvi
20. “AvRKvj NGi eGm ˆKbvKvUv AwaKZi myweavRbK”- ˆKvb Dcv`vbwU mÁ·KÆhyÚ ? eÅvLÅv Ki|
eÅvLÅv Ki| 46. AvBwik ev ˆiwUbv Õ•ÅvGbi gvaÅGg ˆKvbwUi gvaÅGg
21. msev`gvaÅGg Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ KxfvGe f„wgKv gvbylGK mwVKfvGe kbvÚ Kiv hvq- eÅvLÅv Ki|
ivLGQ? evGqvBbdigÅvwUÝ, ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis,
fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
22. “cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii gvaÅGg wbivcG` gUi WÈvBwfs 47. evGqvBbdigÅvwUGÝ eÅen†Z ˆWUv Kx? eÅvLÅv Ki| [h.
cÉwkÞY mÁ¿e”- eÅvLÅv Ki| [Xv. ˆev. 19] ˆev. 19]
23. ‘evÕ¦Ge AeÕ©vb KGi K͸bvGK QuyGq ˆ`Lv mÁ¿e’- eÅvLÅv Ki|
48. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ˆKb eÅenvi Kiv nq? eÅvLÅv
24. NGii gGaÅB WÈvBwfs ˆkLv mÁ¿e eÅvLÅv Ki| [e. ˆev. 19] KGiv|
25. cÉwkÞGYi ˆÞGò fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi cÉGqvRbxqZv 49. cvGUi Rxeb inmÅ DG¯ÃvwPZ nGqGQ ˆKvb cÉhywÚi
eÅvLÅv Ki| gvaÅGg? eÅvLÅv Ki|
26. cÉvZÅwnK RxeGb fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi cÉfve eÅvLÅv Ki|50. D®²Z RvGZi exR ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z AvaywbK cÉhywÚwU
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mvÁ·ÉwZK cÉeYZv eÅvLÅv Ki|
27. KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg wfwîK h¯¨- eÅvLÅv Ki| 51. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis wKfvGe gvbylGK mnvqZv w`GœQ
28. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi gvaÅGg ‰KwU bZzb ˆgŒwjK MGelYv eÅvLÅv Ki|
cwiK͸bv mÁ¿e bq- eÅvLÅv Ki| 52. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR ˆKb eÅen†Z nq?
29. eyw«¬gîv ‰K aiGbi ‰ÝcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g eywSGq ˆjL| 53. AvbweK chÆvGq MGelYvi cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv Ki| [Xv. ˆev. 17]
[Xv.,w`.,h.,wm. ˆev. 18]
54. we`Åyr mvkÉqx BGjKUÇwbK mvgMÉx ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z
30. wPwKrmv ˆmevq AvwUÆwdwmqvj Bw´ŸwjGR´Ö KxfvGe
cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv Ki|
mÁ·wKÆZ? eÅvLÅv Ki|
31. AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö ‰i ài‚Z½ eÅvLÅv Ki| 55. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR MGelYv Jla RvZxq cGYÅi
32. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv I gvbe eyw«¬gîvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL| Drcv`Gb KxfvGe f„wgKv ivLGZ cvGi?
33. ˆiveGU K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi f„wgKv eÅvLÅv Ki| Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvGi ŠbwZKZv
34. ˆivGevwUÝ cÉhywÚ gvbyGli KvRGK KxfvGe mnR 56. Z^Å cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii ŠbwZKZv ejGZ Kx ˆevS? [h. ˆev. 17]
KGiGQ? 57. nÅvwKs-‰i mvG^ ŠbwZKZvi mÁ·KÆ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
35. “h¯¨ Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe KvR KGi” eÅvLÅv Ki| 58. ˆµÏRvwiRg A‹bwZK KvR eÅvLÅv Ki|
36. wbÁ² Zvcgvòvq AmyÕ© wUmyÅi RxevYy KxfvGe a»sm Kiv
59. nÅvwKs ŠbwZKZv weGivax KgÆKv´£ eÅvLÅv Ki| [e. ˆev. 16]
hvq@ eÅvLÅv Ki|
37. “bƒbÅZg aKj mwnúz kjÅ wPwKrmv c«¬wZwU”-eÅvLÅv mgvRRxeGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhwy Úi cÉfve
Ki| [P. ˆev. 19] 60. Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mgvRRxeGb cÉfve ˆKgb?