NUNEZ, LAILA MAY P.
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ENGR. MARK GIL D.C. SORIANO 9
INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE
1.0 NOTATIONS & SYMBOLS
Ab = AREA OF BAR, mm2
D = DEAD LOAD
dagg = DIAMETER OF AGGREGATES, MM
db = DIAMETER OF BAR, mm
ds = DIAMETER OF STIRRUPS, mm
E = EARTHQUAKE LOAD
EC = MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE, MPA
ES = MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF STEEL = 200,000 MPA
fC’ = SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRESS OF CONCRETE, MPA
fY = SPECIFIED YIELD STRENGTH OF STEEL, MPA
L = LIVE LOAD
W = WIND LOAD
1.1 CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS
CONCRETE - CONCRETE IS A MIXTURE OF SAND, GRAVEL, CRUSHED ROCK, CEMENT, AND
WATER, WITH ADDITIVES ALTERING ITS WORKABILITY, DURABILITY, AND AGING TIME,
WITH HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND LOW TENSILE STRENGTH.
REINFORCED CONCRETE - STEEL REINFORCEMENT IS A COMBINATION OF CONCRETE AND
STEEL, PROVIDING TENSILE STRENGTH AND RESISTANCE TO COMPRESSION FORCES, USED
IN COLUMNS AND OTHER SETTINGS.
AGGREGATES
CONCRETE OCCUPIES ABOUT THREE-FOURTHS OF THE VOLUME, USING BOTH FINE AND
COARSE AGGREGATES. FINE AGGREGATES PASS A NO. 4 SIEVE, WHILE COARSE
AGGREGATES ARE LARGER. THEY ARE LESS EXPENSIVE THAN CEMENT.
WATER
THE WATER USED IN CONCRETE MIXING MUST BE CLEAN AND FREE FROM HARMFUL
SUBSTANCES. NON-POTABLE WATER SHOULD BE USED ONLY FOR CONCRETE SUPPORT
SELECTION, AND MORTAR TEST CUBES MADE WITH NON-POTABLE WATER MUST HAVE
AT LEAST 90% STRENGTH.
REINFORCING STEEL BARS
REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES CAN BE IN THE FORM OF BARS OR WIRE
FABRIC, WITH DEFORMED BARS FEATURING RIBBED PROJECTIONS FOR BETTER BONDING.
STEEL BARS ARE AVAILABLE IN LENGTHS OF 6M, 7.5M, 9M, AND 10.5M.
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STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION
1.2 ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
REINFORCED CONCRETE MAY BE A DOMINANT STRUCTURAL MATERIAL AVAILABLE FOR
CONSTRUCTION IN EVERY COUNTRY. IT IS USED IN ONE FORM OR ANOTHER FOR ALMOST
ALL STRUCTURES SUCH AS BUILDINGS, BRIDGES, DAMS AND SO ON.
SOME OF THE NUMEROUS ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ARE THE
FOLLOWING:
1. CONCRETE IS STRONG IN COMPRESSION COMPARED WITH MOST OTHER MATERIALS.
2. CONCRETE BUILDING HAS A GREAT RESISTANCE TO THE ACTIONS OF FIRE AND WATER.
3. REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ARE VERY RIGID.
4. IT REQUIRES LESS MAINTENANCE THAN A STRUETURAL STEEL OR TIMBER.
5. IT HAS A VERY LONG SERVICE LIFE AS COMPARED TO OTHER MATERIALS. UNDER
PROPER CONDITIONS, REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES CAN BE USED INDEFINITELY
WITHOUT REDUCTION OF THEIR LOAD-CARRYING ABILITIES.
6. CONCRETE MATERIAL IS VERY WIDELY AVAILABLE, AND THE REINFOREING STEEL CAN
BE TRANSPORTED EASILY TO THE CONSTRUCTION SITE THAN A STRUCTURAL STEEL. IN
MOST REMOTE AREAS, REINFORCED CONCRETE IS THE PREFERRED CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS.
7. CONCRETE HAS ITS ABILITY TO BE CAST INTO ANY VARIETY OF SHAPES AND
DIMENSIONS OF DESIRED STRUCTURES.
1.3 DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
SOME OF THE FACTORS THAT MAY CAUSE TO SELECT A MATERIAL OTHER THAN
REINFORCED CONCRETE ARE THE FOLLOWING:
A. CONCRETE HAS A VERY LOW TENSILE STRENGTH REQUIRING THE USE OF TENSION
STEEL REINFORCEMENT.
B. THE CONSTRUCTION OF CAST-IN-PLACE STRUCTURES REQUIRES FORMS AND SHORING
TO HOLD THE CONCRETE IN PLACE AND SUPPORT ITS WEIGHT UNTIL IT HARDENS AND
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D. THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE VARY WIDELY BECAUSE OF VARIATIONS IN ITS
PROPORTIONING AND MIXING
1.4 DESIGN CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS - THE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES 2015
IN THE PHILIPPINES, THE MOST RECENT REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE
BUILDINGS ARE OUTLINED IN THE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
(NSCP 2015), WHICH IS BASED ON ACI 318M-14. BUILDING CODES REGULATE DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION TO ENSURE PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY. WITH FREQUENT REFERENCES
TO SPECIFIC SECTIONS, THIS CODE SERVES AS A GENERAL DESIGN GUIDE AND OFFERS
MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS CONCRETE MEMBERS.
NSCP 2015 CODE ALLOWED DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES EITHER BY STRENGTH
DESIGN OR BY WORKING STRESS DESIGN.
1.5 CONCRETE DESIGN PROPERTIES (NSCP 2015 SECTION 419.2)
1.5.1 SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (NSCP 2015 SECTION 419.2.1)
• 419.2.1.1 THE VALUE OF F' SHALL BE SPECIFIED IN CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS AND
SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH (A) THROUGH (C):
A. LIMITS IN TABLE 419.2.1.1;
B. DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS IN TABLE 419.3.2.1;
C. STRUCTURAL STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
TABLE 419.2.1.1 LIMITS FOR f'C
1.5.2 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (NSCP 2015 SECTION 419.2.2)
CONCRETE HAS AN ELASTICITY MODULUS WHICH VARIES WITH DIFFERENT CONCRETE
STRENGTH, CONCRETE AGE, TYPE OF LOADING, AND PROPORTIONS OF CEMENT AND
AGGREGATES. IT IS THE RATIO OF THE NORMAL STRESS TO THE RESPONDING STRAIN FOR
TENSILE OR COMPRESSIVE STRESSES BELOW THE PROPORTIONAL LIMIT OF THE
MATERIAL.
419.2.2.1 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, E C, FOR CONCRETE SHALL BE PERMITTED TO BE
CALCULATED AS (A) OR (B)
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A. FOR VALUES OF WE BETWEEN 1440 AND 2560 kg/m3
ЕС = Wc 1.5 0.043 /f’c (IN MPA)
B. FOR NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE (IN MPA)
EC = 4700 /f'c (IN MPA)
1.5.3 MINIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT (NSCP 2015 SECTION 425.2)
• 425.2.1 FOR PARALLEL NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT IN A HORIZONTAL LAYER,
CLEAR SPACING SHALL BE AT LEAST THE GREATEST OF 25mm,1.5 d b, AND (4/3)dagg.
• 425.2.2 FOR PARALLEL NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT PLACED IN TWO OR MORE
HORIZONTAL LAYERS SHALL BE PLACED DIRECTLY ABOVE REINFORCEMENT IN THE
BOTTOM LAYER WITH A CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN LAYERS OF AT LEAST 25mm.
• 425.2.3 FOR LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMNS, PEDESTALS, STRUTS, AND
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS IN WALLS, CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN BARS SHALL BE AT LEAST THE
GREATEST OF 40mm, 1. 5db, AND (4/3)dagg.
1.5.4 BUNDLED REINFORCEMENT (NSCP 2015 SECTION 425.6)
• 425.6.1 NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT
• 425.6.1.1 GROUPS OF PARALLEL REINFORCING BARS BUNDLED IN CONTACT TO ACT AS A
UNIT SHALL BE LIMITED TO FOUR IN ANY ONE BUNDLE.
• 425.6.1.2 BUNDLED BARS SHALL BE ENCLOSED WITHIN TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT.
BUNDLED BARS IN COMPRESSION MEMBERS SHALL BE ENCLOSED BY TRANSVERSE
REINFORCEMENT AT LEAST 12mm∅ IN SIZE.
• 425.6.1.3 BARS LARGER THAN A 36mm∅ SHALL NOT BE BUNDLED IN BEAMS.
• 425.6.1.4 INDIVIDUAL BARS WITHIN A BUNDLE TERMINATED WITHIN THE SPAN OF
FLEXURAL MEMBERS SHALL TERMINATE AT DIFFERENT POINTS WITH AT LEAST 40d b ,
STAGGER.
• 425.6.1.5 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR INDIVIDUAL BARS WITHIN A BUNDLE, IN
TENSION OR COMPRESSION, SHALL BE THAT OF THE INDIVIDUAL BAR, INCREASED 20
PERCENT FOR A THREE-BAR BUNDLE, AND 33 PERCENT FOR A FOUR-BAR BUNDLE.
425.6.1.6 A UNIT BUNDLED BARS SHALL BE TREATED AS A SINGLE BAR WITH AN AREA
EQUIVALENT TO THAT OF THE BUNDLE AND A CENTROID COINCIDING WITH THAT OF THE
BUNDLE. THE DIAMETER OF EQUIVALENT BAR SHALL BE USED FOR D, IN (A) THROUGH (E):
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A. SPACING LIMITATIONS BASED ON db;
B. COVER REQUIREMENTS BASED ON db;
C. SPACING AND COVER VALUES IN SECTION 425.4.2.2;
D. CONFINEMENT TERM IN SECTION 425.4.2.3;
E. ψ e FACTOR IN SECTION 425.4.4.
• 1.5.5 SPECIFIED CONCRETE COVER REQUIREMENTS (NSCP 2015 SECTION 420.6.1.3)
• 420.6.1.3. / NON-PRESTRESSED EAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE MEMBERS SHALL HAVE
SPECIFIED CONCRETE COVER FOR REINFOREEMENT AT LEAST THAT GIVEN IN TABLE
420.6.1.3.1.
TABLE 420.6.1.3.1
SPECIFIED CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE
NON-PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS
420.6.1.3.2 CAST-IN-PLACE PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS SHALL HAVE SPECIFIED
CONCRETE COVER FOR REINFORCEMENT, DUCTS AND END FITTINGS AT LEAST THAT
GIVEN IN TABLE 420.6.1.3.2.
TABLE 420.6.1.3.2
SPECIFIED CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS
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• 420.6.1.3.4 FOR BUNDLED BARS, SPECIFIED CONCRETE COVER SHALL BE AT LEAST THE
SMALLER OF (A) AND (B):
A. THE EQUIVALENT DIAMETER OF THE BUNDLE
B. 50mm AND FOR CONCRETE CAST AGAINST AND PERMANENTLY IN CONTACT WITH
GROUND, THE SPECIFIED COVER SHALL BE 75mm.
1.5.6 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS (NSCP 2015 SECTION 421.2)
• 421.2.1 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR ∅ SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH TABLE
421.2.1 EXCEPT AS MODIFIED BY SECTIONS 421.2.2, 421.2.3, and 421.2.4.
Table 421.2.1
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS∅
• 421.2.2 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR FOR MOMENT, AXIAL FORCE, OR COMBINED
MOMENT AND AXIAL FORCE SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH TABLE 421.2.2.
TABLE 421.2.2
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS, 0, FOR MOMENT, AXIAL FORCE, OR COMBINED
MOMENT AND AXIAL FORCE
• 421.2.2.1 FOR DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT, ε ty SHALL BE fy/Es. FOR GRADE 280
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT, IT SHALL BE PERMITTED TO TAKEε ty EQUAL TO 0. 002.
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1.6 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT NO JUSTIFIABLE LOADS ARE OVERLOOKED, STRUCTURAL
DESIGNERS MUST PRECISELY PREDICT THE POTENTIAL LOADS ON STRUCTURES. THEY
ALSO NEED TO IDENTIFY THE WORST LOAD COMBINATIONS, WHICH CAN BE
CATEGORIZED AS ENVIRONMENTAL, LIVE, OR DEAD.
• DEAD LOADS: THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE AND PERMANENTLY ATTACHED
FIXTURES LIKE FRAMES, WALLS, AND PLUMBING ARE EXISTING STATIONARY FORCES
THAT ARE CONSTANT. THE UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE IS 23.54 KN/M3.
• LIVE LOADS - LIVE LOADS ARE INDUCED BY GRAVITY AND CAN VARY IN MAXIMUM AND
POSITION. INCLUDING OCCUPANCY LOADS, WAREHOUSE MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION
LOADS, AND EQUIPMENT. GENERALLY, THEY ARE INDUCED BY GRAVITY.
• ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS - EARTHQUAKES, RAIN, WIND, TEMPERATURE CHANGES, AND
OTHER FACTORS CAN CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS. EVEN THOUGH THEY CHANGE
OVER TIME, ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS ARE NOT JUST INDUCED BY GRAVITY OR
OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS.
THE LOAD FACTORS AND COMBINATIONS THAT MUST BE USED IN THE DESIGN OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES USING THE STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD ARE
PRESENTED IN NSCP 2015 SECTION 203.3. THE LEAST EQUAL VALUE OBTAINED BY
SUBSTITUTING INTO NSCP EQUATIONS 203-1 TO 203-7 IS THE REQUIRED STRENGTH. THE
LOAD FACTORS AND COMBINATIONS USING WORKING STRESS DESIGN ARE PRESENTED
IN NSCP 2015 SECTION 203.4, ON THE OTHER HAND, AND THEY MUST BE AT LEAST EQUAL
TO THE LARGEST VALUE OBTAINED BY SUBSTITUTING INTO NSCP EQUATIONS 203-8 TO
203-12.
1.6.1 LOAD COMBINATIONS USING STRENGTH DESIGN OR LOAD AND RESISTANCE
FACTOR DESIGN (NSCP 2015 SECTION 203.3)
• 203.3.1 WHERE STRENGTH DESIGN OR LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN IS USED,
STRUCTURES AND ALL PORTIONS THEREOF SHALL RESIST THE MOST CRITICAL EFFECTS
FROM THE FOLLOWING COMBINATIONS OF FACTORED LOADS:
1.4(D + F) (203-1)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(L, or R) (203-2)
1.2D + 1.6(Ly or R) + (fL or 0.5W) (203-3)
1.4(D + F) (203-1)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
1.2D + 1.6(Ly or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) (203-3)
1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Ly or R) (203-4)
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L (203-5)
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H (203-6)
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (203-7)
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WHERE:
D = DEAD LOAD
L = LIVE LOAD
W = WIND LOAD
E = EARTHQUAKE LOAD
Lr = ROOF LIVE LOAD
T = TEMPERATURE LOAD
F = FLUID LOAD
1.6.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS USING ALLOWABLE STRESS OR ALLOWABLE
STRENGTH DESIGN (NSCP 2015 SECTION 203.4)
• 203.4.1 WHERE ALLOWABLE STRESS OR ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN IS USED,
STRUCTURES AND ALL PORTIONS THEREOF SHALL RESIST THE MOST CRITICAL EFFECTS
FROM THE FOLLOWING COMBINATIONS OF LOADS:
D+ F (203-8)
D+ H+F+L+T (203-9)
D+H+F+ (Lr OR R) (203-10)
D+ H + F + 0.75|L + T + (Lr OR R)] (203-11)
E
D+ H+ F+(0.6W OR ) (203-12)
1.4
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MOST COMMON LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR MOST
APPLICATIONS:
A. 1.4D
B. 1.2D + 1.6L
C. 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0W
D. 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0E
E. 0.9D + 1.0W
F. 0.9D + 1.0E
1.7 ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCING BARS FOR MOST EFFICIENT RECTANGULAR
BEAM SECTION
WHEN IT COMES TO OPTIMIZING RECTANGULAR BEAMS, THE ARRANGEMENT OF
REINFORCING BARS SHOULD MAXIMIZE THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF REINFORCEMENT. FOR
BEAMS THAT ARE NOT EXPOSED TO WEATHER OR GROUND CONTACT, A MINIMUM
COVERING OF 40 MM IS NECESSARY, AND THE MINIMUM SPACING BETWEEN PARALLEL
BARS MUST BE 25 MM OR THE DIAMETER OF THE BAR, WHICHEVER IS LARGER.
THE MINIMUM WIDTH OF A RECTANGULAR BEAM, bmin:
WHERE:
CC = CONCRETE COVER
ds = DIAMETER OF STIRRUP
db = DIAMETER OF BAR
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sc = CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN THE LONGITUDINAL BARS
n = NUMBER OF LONGITUDINAL BARS
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM:
DRAW THE DETAILS OF THE MOST EFFICIENT BEAM IN TERMS OF FLEXURE IF THE BEAM IS
CAST-IN-PLACE, NON-PRESTRESSED AND NOT EXPOSED TO WEATHER OR IN CONTACT
STIRRUPS AND 6-16mm ∅ LONGITUDINALBOTTOM BARS.
WITH THE GROUND. BEAM SECTION: 250mm x 360mmREINFORCED WITH 10mm ∅
SOLUTION:
FROM NSCP 2015 SECTION 425.2.1:
CLEAR SPACING SHALL BE AT LEAST THE GREATEST OF:
A. 25 mm → USE
B. db= 16 mm
С. (4/3)dagg
TRY SINGLE LAYER:
250−2 ( 40 )−2 ( 10 )−6(16)
sc =
5
sc = 10.8mm < 25mm NOT OK!
TRY DOUBLE LAYER
(4 BARS @ 1ST LAYER & 2 BARS @ 2ND LAYER):
250−2 ( 40 )−2 ( 10 )−6(16)
sc =
3
sc = 28.67mm > 25mm OK!
CARIG, DANIEL M. 10
F
ENGR. MARK GIL D.C. SORIANO 10
