BT 402 – Bioprocess Instrumentation and
Control
Dr. Anbumathi P
Department of Biotechnology
[email protected]
Learning Objectives
▪ Response of Second Order System
2
Brief Summary
▪ System – Open System, Closed System
i/p o/p
▪ Feedback regulation Model
▪ Components of a control system
▪ Controllers
▪ Instrumentation Controller Model/ System
▪ Temperature, pH, Level, Flow, Pressure, DO sensors
▪ Block Diagram Representation
▪ Temperature control System
▪ Transient Response
▪ Laplace Transform, Partial Fractions, ILT
▪ First Order System & Response for Standard
Input functions
▪ Tank in Series: Noninteracting tanks, Interacting
tanks
3
Second Order System
▪ Described by second order differential equation that relates the output
variable y(t) to the input variable x(t)
▪ Examples and Origin
▪ Arise from first order tank in series (recall that 𝑆 2 terms in TF)
▪ Mechanical Systems
▪ Pressure control systems
▪ Biology: Ecological Systems, Population Dynamics Models, Developmental
Dynamics Modelling, Respiratory System Models – Rhythmic breathing, Systems
with Periodical Oscillations
▪ Climate change
4
Damped Vibrator
Derivation: Board
5
Transfer Function
▪ Standard for of transfer function for second order systems
▪ Other physical systems with standard form of numerator
▪ Numerator may or may not have a control gain K for other systems
▪ τ Natural period of oscillation
▪ ζ Damping Coefficent (zeta)
6
7
8
Analysing Characteristic equation
For a step change in the Input
ζ >1 Over Damped or Non Two distinct real
oscillatory roots
ζ=1 Critically damped Two equal real roots
ζ <1 Underdamped or Oscillatory Two complex real
roots 9
Step Response for different ζ
▪ Case i : ζ < 1
▪ Case ii : ζ = 1
▪ Case iii : ζ > 1
▪ This is similar to tank in series
10
Reponses of second order
system for Step Input
▪ For varying ζ
11
Under Damped Second Order System
Also expressed as A/ B
Also expressed as C/ A
Period of oscillations or Frequency related
Natural Period of Oscillation ζ = 0
tr increases with Time required
increasing z for response to
reach ± 5% 12
Impulse Response
▪ Case i : ζ < 1
▪ Case ii : ζ = 1
▪ Case iii : ζ > 1
13
Reponses of second
order system for
Impulse Input
▪ For varying ζ
14
Summary
▪ Inherent second order system
▪ TF for second order system
▪ Effect of damping coefficient ζ
▪ Oscillatory response
▪ ζ is a measure of the degree of damping and the oscillatory character
▪ τ is the measure of speed of the response and influences period of the
response 15
