Patterns of exclusionary development are prevalent in the process of development
Social exclusion is the process in which individuals are blocked from (or denied full
access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to
members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration and
observance of human rights within that particular group (e.g., housing, employment,
healthcare, civic engagement, democratic participation, and due process).
Alienation or disenfranchisement (the state of being deprived of a right or privilege, especially
the right to vote.)resulting from social exclusion can be connected to a person's social
class, race, skin colour, religious affiliation, ethnic origin, educational status,
childhood relationships, living standards, and or political opinions, and appearance.
Such exclusionary forms of discrimination may also apply to people with a disability,
minorities, LGBTQ+ people, drug users, institutional care leavers, the elderly and the
young. Anyone who appears to deviate in any way from perceived norms of a
population may thereby become subject to coarse or subtle forms of social exclusion.
The outcome of social exclusion is that affected individuals or communities are
prevented from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the
society in which they live. This may result in resistance in the form of demonstrations,
protests or lobbying from the excluded people.
In an alternative conceptualization, social exclusion theoretically emerges at the
individual or group level on four correlated dimensions:
1. insufficient access to social rights,
2. material deprivation,
3. limited social participation and
4. a lack of normative integration.
It is then regarded as the combined result of personal risk factors (age, gender, race);
macro-societal changes (demographic, economic and labour market developments,
technological innovation, the evolution of social norms); government legislation and
social policy; and the actual behaviour of businesses, administrative organisations and
fellow citizens.
