Review of Familiar Properties
5. Density (p)
l. Pressure (p)
6. Specific weight (}1
2. Temperature ( 1)
3. Volume (V) 7. Mass (m)
4. Specific volume ( u) 8. Weight ( W)
Ideal Gases
The concept of an ideal gas can be used as a model for the behavior of real
gases. An ideal gas is a gas whose absolute pressure, absolute temperature, and
specific volume obey the equation of state. At low press ures a n d high
temperatures, gases can often be modeled by a simple equation-the ideal-gas
equation of state.
pv = RT
The symbol R is called the specific gas constant. Its value depends on the
particular gas being considered. The value of R for each gas is determined by the
equation
R=�
MW
where 9' = universal gas constant
= 8.3144 kJ/kmol-K
= 1.9859 Btu/pmol-0R
= 1545.3 ft-lbrf pmol-0 R
MW= molar mass or molecular weight
R = specific gas constant
The amount of a substance can also be given in terms ·o f the
�umber of moles
(mol). The mole cular weight of a substance is the number of
kilograms per m ole of
that substance.
m
MW=-
where: m = mass
[kg, lbm]
n = number of moles
[kmol, pmol]
MW = molecular weight
[kg/kmol, lbm/pmol]
Alternative Forms of the Ideal-Gas Equation of State
pV = mRT p = pRT
p V = n(MiV)RT pV = nRT
�
=
m�T 9tT
pV MW pv = .
MW
pV = mRT
where: V = volume flow rate · [m3 / s, ft3 / s, gpm]
m = mass flow rate [kg/ s, lbm / s]
V = total volume [m3 , ft 3 , liter]
m = mass [kg, lbm]
p = absolute pressure [kPa, psia, bar, atm]
T = absolute temperature [K, R]0
p = density [kg/m3 , lbm /ft3]
The volumetric analysis of air is 21 % 02 , 79% N2 .
(a) Find the moles of N 2 per mole 02 .
(b) What is the ratio, kg N2 per kg 02 ?
Given:
21%-02 = 0.21 02 79% N 2 = 0.79 N 2 ,
moles of 0 2 = 0.21 moles of N 2 • 0.79
Solution:
(a) moles N2 = moles N2
= 3_ 76
moles 0 2 moles 0 2
moles N 2 3
= 3.76 ft3 N2
3 m3 N2
(b) 3.76 moles 0 or .76 3
1
2 ft 02 m 02
kgN2 = mN2 (n)(MW)N2 = (0. 79)(28) 3.29 kg N 2
kg02 mo2 (n)(MW)o2 (0.21)(32) kg0 2
er ic ai r ha s a vo lu me tri c c ompos1t1on of 20. 99% oxygen,
Note: Atmos ph
with some quantities of inert gases such as
78.03% nitrogen, less than 1 % argon
hydrogen, and neon. For en gineering
water vapor, carbon dioxide, helium,
inert gases will be included in the
calculations, temperature by volume of all
ion 21 % oxygen and 79% nitrogen
percentage of nitrogen, thus the composit
by volume will be used.
es
Gas Constants and Specific Heat Values for Several Gas
Cp R
Gas MW k kJ/kg-K Btu/lbm- R0
kJ/kg-K ft-lb,/f bm - 0R
Air 28.97 1.4 1.0047 0.24 0.287 53.34
Argon, Ar 39.95 1.666 0.5208 0.1244 0.2081 38.68
Carbon Dioxide, CO 2 44.01 1.288 0.844 0.2016 0.1889 35.11
. .
Helium, He 4.003 1.666 5.1954 1.241 2.077 386.04
Hydrogen, H2 2.016 1.4 14.3136 3.419 4.125 766.54
Methane, CH4 16.043 1.321 2.1347 0.5099 0.5183 96.33
Nitrogen, N2 28.06 1.399 1.0399 0.2484 0.2968 55.16
Octane, C8H18 114.23 1.046 1.6568 0.3952 0.0728 13.5
. Oxygen, 0 2 32.00 1.395 0.9185 0.2194 0.2598 48.29
Steam, H20 18.016 1.329 1.8646 0.4454 0.4615 85.77
Example: ..
Determine the density and specifiic vo1 ume of air
at room conditions.
S�lution:
Let us assume that the behav.10r of air
fits th e .1 deal-gas equatio
It was not explained what "room con n of state.
diti ons " are, so let u s .
near sea level ' say 101 kPa for pr consider locations
essure and 250 C for te
mperature.
p 101 kPa
p = -
RT
=
( 0.287 ��
k K }2s + 273) K.
= 1 18 kg/m 3
.
1
l) = = 0.847 m 3 /kg
P
-
The volume of the passenger coml?artment of an aircraf t is 2100 m 3 • An
automatic equipment maintains the air inside the plane at a pressure of 98
kPa and a temperature of 23° C.
a) Calculate the mass of the air inside the plane.
b) Determine the percent increase in the mass of the air if the pressure 1s
increased to 101 kPa and the temperature drops to 20° C.
System: Air inside the plane
Given: State 1 Condition State 2
p 1 = 98 kPa V = constant p2 = 101 kPa
T 1 = 23° c T2 = 20° C
Solution:
a ) Assume that the air inside the plane behaves as an ideal gas.
= pV (98 kPa)(2100 m3 )
m
RT
(0.287 �
kg-K )
(23 + 273) K
= 2422.54 kg
b) If the pressure of the air is increased and the temperature is decreased, the
mass of the air must increase because the volume of air remains constant.
m2 = P2 V2
RT2
V2 = V1 :e 2100 m3
p2 V2 _ (101 kPa)(2100 m3 ) (
RT2 - (20 + 273) K
(0.287 �
kg-K )
= 2522.27 kg
The percent increase in the mass of the air inside the plane is
m, m,
% increase = ( � ]100%
= 2522.27-2422.54
( )100%
2422.54
= 4.12 %
A worker pre ss u rized a rigid pipe (with n in ,,id di: If el. 1-: , ,1 !f) rfrnJ :,1 ,
length of 20 m) with dry air to check for leak . The le pcrr11,1, � ;,nrl ;,l,:�,,l, r,
pressure of the air in the pipe were 35 C and 205 kP::i, r,:,J ,�,:1h•:l'j, l•.ftt;r �/1
°
hour s, the worker returns and finds out that the b,,o]ut,-; pr,�:�:�1u,� dr,1v� ti,
183 kPa, while the air temperature inside the pi.pc de re. r,<.;:� 1/J '.). J ··(,, J 1 ;,:� ;,Jr
leaked out of the pipe? If yes, calculate the ma of - ir 1.h:Jt h:J:� !t::,b:-,J (,IJ.
i:)
through the fittings.
System: Air inside a rigid pipe
Given: State 1 Condition State 2
p 1 = 205 kPa V = constant p 2 = 131 v.J 6
T 1 = 35° c
Solution:
Assume that the air inside the rigid pipe behaves as an id.ca
l gaB.
For a rigid pipe, the volume remains constant.
v2 = Vl
m2 RT2 m1R7'i
P2 Pi
(;:)(i,)
m2
m2 lB3 kPa 35 + 273) K
= (
ml 205 kPa y(21 + 273) K
= 0.935
m2
Since < 1 . 0 , air has
ffii leaked out d un.
. ng the proce
ss
The initial mass of
air in
. the pi. pe
can b e comp
P I V == mI RT uted using
1
The volume occu .
pied by the
air is
V == 41ed L
::: f:!30 x 10-3 m)2(
2
20 m )
0.014 m3
, ncl the init inl m ss of Ir 1.
l
J
/ ,V (-05 kP )(0.014 1n )
m,
RTI
0.-87 kJ . } 0 } )
k -K
0.0 k :-r
Th · final n1nss of air in lh pip
rn.:.! = 0. 5(n1 i )
= 0. 35(0.0325 k )
= 0.0304 kg
The mass of air that leaked out is m 1 - "½ = 0.0021 kg
Note: Even if the pres ur d er ases, it could not be concluded right away that
the pipe has leaked. The decrease in pressure may be caused by other factors,
like the cooling of air due to the surroundings.
special Relationship for Ideal Gases
cP
C - CV = R k =
p Cv
R
-- kR
CV = C =
k-1 p k-1
=
where: cP specific heat at constant pressure [kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb m - RJ
0
cv = specific heat at constant volume [kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb m - RJ
0
k = specific heat ratio
For a certain ideal gas, R = 0.277 kJ/kg-K and k = 1.384. Determine cP , cv,
and MW.
Solution:
C = --
k-1
(1.384)(0.277)
=
1.384-1
= 0. 998 kJ /kg-K
= --
CV
k-l
0.277
1.384-1
= 0.721 kJ/kg-K
MW=
R
kJ
8.3144
= kmol-K
kJ
0.277
kg-K
= 30 kg/km ol
= 30 g/mol
