Siti Fatimah Mohd Noor

Identify
beneficial Identify harmful
Identify
microorganisms microorganisms
characteristics of
and explain why and explain why
bacteria
they are they are harmful
beneficial.
 Examples
of microorganisms:
• Bacteria
A microorganism is a living
• Archaea
thing that is too small to be
• Algae
seen with the naked eye .
• Protozoa
• Microscopic animals
such as the dust mite

Some are harmful Some give benefit

Organisms consists of cells which
Single cell forms loose
functions independently of the
aggregations called colonies
others

Primary method of reproductions

Microbes are common organisms
is asexual reproduction
It is estimated there are about
Live in any aquatic or moist
1030 prokaryotes on earth.
environment.
Your mouth, skin, guts contains
Die if they dry out
trillion of microbes
 Some live in humans and other
Microorganisms is important in animals.
the maintenance of an ecological
balance on earth They are needed to maintain the
animal’s health

Some microbes are used to

Some microbes cause disease
produce foods and chemicals
Prokaryotes include the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms.

Lack of nuclear membranes

The smallest, simplest organisms.

They are abundant in the air, water, soil, and on most objects
 MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY:

Bacilli Cocci Spiral

Round shaped
Rod shaped bacteria Spiral shape bacteria
bacteria
 MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY:
Colony appearance
 Bacteria grow on solid media as colonies.
 A colony is defined as a visible mass of microorganisms all
originating from a single mother cell.
 Key features of these bacterial colonies serve as an important criteria
for their identification.
 Colony morphology can sometimes be useful in bacterial
identification.
 Colonies are described as to such properties as size, shape, texture,
elevation, pigmentation, effect on growth medium.
Form of the bacterial colony

The form refers to the shape of the colony. These forms

represent the most common colony shapes you are likely
to encounter. e.g. Circular, Irregular, Filamentous, Rhizoid
etc.
Elevation of bacterial colony

The form refers to the shape of the colony. These forms

represent the most common colony shapes you are likely
to encounter. e.g. Circular, Irregular, Filamentous, Rhizoid
etc. This describes the “side view” of a colony. These are
the most common. e.g. Flat, raised, umbonate (having a
knobby protuberance), Crateriform, Convex, Pulvinate
(Cushion-shaped)
Margin of bacterial colony

The margin or edge of a colony may be an important

characteristic in identifying an organisms. Common
examples are Entire (smooth), irregular, Undulate (wavy),
Lobate, Curled, Filiform etc.
Colonies that are irregular in shape and/or have irregular
margins are likely to be motile organisms. Highly motile
organism swarmed over the culture media.
Size of the bacterial colony

The size of the colony

can be a useful
characteristic for
identification. The
diameter of a
representative colony
may be measured in
millimeters or described
in relative terms such as
pin point, small, medium,
large. Colonies larger
than about 5 mm are
likely to be motile
organisms
COLONY
SHAPE
They reproduce They eat
• Grow in number not
in size
• Make copies of
themselves by
dividing in half
• Binary fission
Nutritional type Energy source Carbon source Examples
Cynobacteria, some
Photoautotroph Sun light CO2 fixation chloroflaxi, purple and green
Sulphur bacteria

Organic Some purple and green

Photoherotroph Light
compounds bacteria

Inorganic Few bacteria and many

Chemoautotroph compounds CO2
Archaebacterial
Eg: H2, NH3, NO2, H2S

Organic Organic Most bacteria and some

Chemoheterotroph
compound compounds Archaebacterial
OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS OF BACTERIA
Comparison gram +ve vs gram –ve : https://youtu.be/Jvo6IGKTvxA
 An endospore is a dormant, Endospores
tough, and non-reproductive enable bacteria to lie
structure produced by certain dormant for extended
bacteria from periods, even centuries.
the Firmicute phylum There are many reports of
spores remaining viable over
10,000 years, and revival of
spores millions of years old
The name "endospore" is Endospore formation is
has been claimed. There is
suggestive of a spore or usually triggered by a lack of
one report of viable spores
seed-like form (endo means nutrients, and usually occurs
of Bacillus marismortui in
within), but it is not a in gram-positive bacteria
salt crystals approximately
true spore 250 million years old
It is a stripped-down,
dormant form to which the When
bacterium can reduce itself the environment becomes Examples of bacteria that can
more favorable, the form endospores
endospore can reactivate include Bacillus and Clostridiu
itself to the vegetative state m.
The phylum Thermotogae is composed
of Gram-negative staining, anaerobic, and
mostly thermophilic and hyperthermophilic
bacteria.

The Chloroflexi or Chlorobacteria are

a phylum of bacteria containing isolates
with a diversity of phenotypes including
members that are aerobic thermophiles,
which use oxygen and grow well in high
temperatures, anoxygenic phototrophs,
which use light for photosynthesis (green
non-sulfur bacteria), and anaerobic
halorespirers, which uses halogenated
organics (such as the toxic chlorinated
ethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls) as
electron acceptors
Deinococcus–Thermus is
a phylum of bacteria that are highly
resistant to environmental hazards, also
known as extremophiles.[1] These bacteria
have thick cell walls that give them gram-
positive stains, but they include a second
membrane and so are closer in structure to
those of gram-negative bacteria

Proteobacteria is a major phylum of gram-

negative bacteria. They include a wide
variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia,
Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia,
Legionellales, and many other notable
genera.[9] Others are free-living (non-
parasitic), and include many of the bacteria
responsible for nitrogen fixation.
Cyanobacteria /saɪˌænoʊbækˈtɪəriə/, also
known as Cyanophyta, are
a phylum of bacteria that obtain their
energy through photosynthesis,[4] and are
the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to
produce oxygen

The Firmicutes (Latin: firmus, strong,

and cutis, skin, referring to the cell wall) are
a phylum of bacteria, most of which
have Gram-positivecell wall structure. Many
Firmicutes produce endospores, which are
resistant to desiccation and can survive
extreme conditions. Firmicutes play an
important role in beer, wine, and cider
spoilage
The Actinobacteria are a phylum of Gram-
positive bacteria. They can
be terrestrial or aquatic.[1] They are of great
economic importance to humans
because agriculture and forests depend on
their contributions to soil systems. In soil,
they behave much like fungi, helping
to decompose the organic matter of dead
organisms so the molecules can be taken
up anew by plants.

Planctomycetes are a phylum of

aquatic bacteria and are found in samples
of brackish, and marine and fresh water
The Chlamydiae are bacterial phylum and
class whose members are a group of
obligate intracellular bacteria, whose
members are remarkably diverse, ranging
from pathogens of humans and animals to
symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa.[1] They
are ovoid in shape and stain Gram-
negative

A spirochaete or spirochete is a member

of the phylum Spirochaetes, which
contains distinctive diderm (double-
membrane) bacteria, most of which have
long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or
spiraled, hence the name)
cells.[3] Spirochaetes are
chemoheterotrophic in nature
The phylum Bacteroidetes is composed of
three large classes of Gram-negative,
nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic,
and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely
distributed in the environment, including in
soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as
in the guts and on the skin of
animals. Bacteroidetes spp. are part of
normal, healthy placental microbiome
The green sulfur bacteria
(Chlorobiaceae) are a family of obligately
anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria.
Together with the non-photosynthetic
Ignavibacteriaceae, they form the
phylum Chlorobi. Green sulfur bacteria
are nonmotile (except Chloroherpeton
thalassium, which may glide) and capable
of anoxygenic photosynthesis.[1][2] In
contrast to plants, green sulfur bacteria
mainly use sulfide ions as electron
donors.[3] They are autotrophs that utilize
the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle to fix
carbon dioxide.[4] Green sulfur bacteria
have been found in depths of up to 145m
in the Black Sea, with low light
availability.[5
 Found in harsh
environments (undersea Subdivided into 3 groups based on
volcanic vents, acidic hot their habitat
springs, salty water)
Methanogens

Thermoacidophiles
Cell walls without
peptidoglycan
xtreme halophiles
 Found
Obtain in swamps,
energy by marshes,
Live Break Produce
changing sewage
in anaerobic down cellulo marsh gas or
H2 and treatment
environment se for intestinal gas
CO2 gas plants,
(no oxygen) herbivores (methane)
into methane digestive
(cows)
gas tracts of
animals
 Found in the Dead
Use salt to
Live in very salty Sea, Great Salt Lake,
help generate
water etc.
ATP (energy)
 Found in hot springs in
Yellowstone National Park,
Live in extremely
in volcanic vents on land, &
hot (1100C) and acidic
in cracks on the ocean
(pH 2) water
floor that leak scalding
acidic water
The good & bad about bacteria
Microorganisms as a decomposer

• Microorganisms degrade dead plants and animals, recycle

chemical elements to be used by living plants and animals
• Microbes carry out respiration and so get their energy from this
waste. They need this energy to grow, the by-product is compost
• Compost is great for the garden as it provides the soil with
essential nutrients and improves the structure of the soil
• Composting reduces the amount of waste put into landfill sites.
• Example: bacteria are use to clean up oil spillage in environment
Microorganisms and the food industry Microorganisms as a nitrogen fixer
• Some bacteria live in nodules
• Dairy product (cheese,
on a plants roots
yoghurt)
• Atmospheric nitrogen
• Baked goods (bread)
compounds that the plants
• Alcoholic baverages
can use for growth
• Tempeh
• Pickles Did you know that
• Vinegar on gram of yogurt
contains 1 billion N2  NH3
bacteria!! (by nitrogen fixer bacteria)
 Microorganisms in digestion system Microorganisms in medicine

• Without microorganisms you

• Also there many medicines
would have trouble eating any
that are produced with
food.
microorganisms.
• Certain bacteria in our
• Example: penicilin
bodies help digest our food.
 Symbiotic relationship - E.
. These bacteria help us coli and our
Billions of bacteria in digest our food to get intestines -both organisms
our bodies live in our nutrients. benefit
intestines.
More than 100 different E. coli in intestines helps us
kinds! (There is enough digest food and make
Other bacteria make
bacteria in you to fill vitamins (such as Vitamin K
vitamins to help keep
three coffee cups!) and B-complex) In return,
us healthy and
human intestines provide
disease-free.
food and shelter for bacteria
 The helpful ones leave
Harmful bacteria on our
Some bacteria float in the behind substances that
skin can cause sores or
air and land on us. keep harmful bacteria off
pimples
of our skin
Harmful bacteria on our
This is why washing your
hands can transfer to food Other bacteria enter our
hands is SO
when we handle it to eat body when we breathe.
IMPORTANT!!
it

They can get into the nose, mouth, throat, and chest. As always, some are good, and
some are bad
 Breakdown dead matter to recycle
nutrients into ecosystem -
decomposers

Example: Compost piles need

microorganisms (ex. bacteria) to
decompose (breakdown)
. matter

Oil spills - bacteria can digest small oil

spills
 Cloned bacteria were
grown and protein
Production vitamins,
expressed will be
proteins and hormone
harvested for medical
by genetics engineering
used.
bacteria
Eg: Insulin production
by bacteria
Bacteria that is put in milk changes the Yogurt bacteria helps our bodies get
milk to be thicker and slightly sour. more nutrients from other foods we eat.

Yogurt has a bacteria in it called Bifidus 500 bacterial species in our colon helps
Regularis help regulate digestive system in digestion

Probiotics are living microorganisms that, upon ingestion in sufficient numbers, exert
health benefits beyond basic nutrition
 Lactobacillus:
makes cheese,
Leuconostoc:
yogurt, & Pediococcus: makes
makes pickles &
buttermilk and pepperoni, salami,
sauerkraut
produces vitamins in & summer sausage
your intestine
 Fixing nitrogen gas (N2) Disposable of sewage and
Composing dead animal
into ammonia which will production of biomass
and plant
be use by plant (renewable resources)

Production of organic Production of antibiotics

Fermentation of food
compound and vitamins
Many kind of bacteria
are heterotroph
• Must break down Their activity are
Decomposers are
organic matter to important to recycling
diverse group and use
get energy and of carbon, nitrogen,
wide variety of
growth phosphorus and many
metabolic processes
• Thus, they functions other elements
as decomposers in
all ecosystem.
Benefits Harmfull
 Sewage treatments to degrade organic  Spoil food and
matter materials by
 In food industry, decomposition by certain
rotting
bacteria to produce cheese, yoghurt and
other food
 Alcohols, acetones, acids and other
chemicals are produces by bacteria
 Some bacteria metabolize oil to clean up oil
spills.
 Some
Cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria
are extremely Favorable
This type of They use produce
common that condition
bacteria carry carbon toxin, when
can be found result asexual
out dioxide and bloom occur,
in fresh and reproduction
photosynthesi water as raw number of
marine of
s, they are material and toxin are high
waters, soil cyanobacteria
called release and cause
and other and cause
cyanobacteria oxygen poisoning in
moist algal bloom
human and
environments
animals
 Example:
This type of
Escherichia coli
Commensal: bacteria live on
(E. coli)
symbiotic the surface or
common in the
relationship in within other
intestine tract of
which one organisms They also calls
human, other
species is • Cause them as normal flora
mammals and
benefited while no harm
birds
the other is • Perform any
They composed
unaffected valuable
feces (with
function
other bacteria)
 Mutualistic relationship occur between bacteria and other organisms

Intestinal bacteria
• Benefits to human by producing
Fish have
antibiotics to inhibit developments of
Plants have bioluminescent
disease-causing bacteria
nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their
• Compete with disease-causing
bacteria in their body to allow
bacteria for nutrients
roots them to produce
• Release vitamin K
light.
• Mutualistic bacteria enter humans
along with food and drinks
Many bacteria involve
in the nitrogen cycle
• Free living
These bacteria are Iron, sulfur, manganese
nitrogen-fixing
extremely important and many inorganic
bacteria in the soil
ecologically to provide materials are cycle by
convert N2 to NH3
nitrogen source for bacteria with specialize
• Other bacteria
plant growth metabolic abilities
convert ammonia
to nitrite and
nitrate
 Food Spoiling
 Food Poisoning
 Damaging of domestic articles
 Denitrification
 Desulphurication
 Cause of Diseases
 Food
 Water
 Air/Droplets
 Animal vectors
 Puncture wounds/Cuts
 Sexual contact
 Bacteria cause disease by:

Destroying cells of Releases toxins

infected organisms (poisons) which Must have access to
by breaking the cells destroy cells of new hosts to spread.
down for food. infected organism.
Bacteria Disease
Streptococcus lactis strep throat, related bacteria causes necrotizing
fasciitis
Staphylococcus aureas found on skin, responsible for minor infections (like
on cuts/scratches)
Bacillus subtilis common lab bacteria, easy to grown, unharmful
Bacillus tetani causes tetanus (lockjaw)
Clostridium botulism causes botulism (food poisoning)
Yersinia (bacillus) pestis causes Black Plague
Bacillus anthracis anthrax
Mycoplasmas very very tiny, cause of pneumonia
Rickettsia rickettsi link between bacteria and viruses, can't reproduce
outside host, causes Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever
Escherichia coli E. Coli - common bacteria of the digestive tract,
also causes food poisoning