EE3014 – PERES
UNIT 5 – STUDY MATERIALS
HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM
A Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) is essentially a power generation plant
that integrates two or more independent renewable technologies.
Hybrid systems can address limitations in terms of fuel flexibility, efficiency,
reliability, emissions and / or economics.
HRES help in electrical reliability and greater energy savings
NEED FOR HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMS
❖ The non availability of the renewable energy sources all the time throughout the year
had led to the development of hybrid energy systems.
❖ Hybrid system facilitates when ane system fail to work, it is automatically switched to
second system.
❖ These systems are employed in remote areas where utility grid is either impractical or
expensive, and where the cost of fuel drastically increases with remoteness of the
location.
❖ Hybrid systems can attenuate individual energy fluctuations, increase overall energy
output and reduce energy storage requirements significantly.
ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
❖ Enhanced reliability
❖ Lower emission.
❖ Acceptable Cost (Optimize generation) costs.
❖ Operational flexibility
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SOLAR CELL CHARACTERISTICS
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PARAMETERS OF A SOLAR OR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL FROM
CHARACTERISITICS
Let us discuss about different parameters of a solar or photovoltaic cell upon
which the ratingof a solar panel depends. During choosing a particular solar cell for
specific project it is essential to know the ratings of a solar panel. These parameters tell
us how efficiently a solarcell can convert the light to electricity
Short Circuit Current of Solar Cell
The maximum current that a solar cell can deliver without harming its own
consumption (I SC ). It is measured by short circuiting the terminals of the cell (i.e)
(V=0) Open Circuit Voltage of Solar Cell
It is measured by measuring voltage across the terminals of the cell when no
load is connected to the cell (i.e) (I=0). This voltage depends upon the techniques of
manufacturing and temperature but not fairly on the intensity of light and area of
exposed surface. Normallyopen circuit voltage of solar cell nearly equal to 0.5 to 0.6
volt. It is normally denoted by VOC.
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Maximum Power Point of Solar Cell
The maximum electrical power one solar cell can deliver at its standard test condition.
V-I characteristics of a solar cell maximum power will occur at the bend point of the
characteristiccurve. It is shown in the V-I characteristics of solar cell by Pm.
Current and Voltage at Maximum Power Point
The current and voltage at which maximum power (Pm) occurs. Current at
maximumpower point is shown in the V-I characteristics of solar cell by Imp and
voltage at maximum power point is shown in the V-I characteristics of solar cell
by Vmp.
Fill Factor of Solar Cell
The ratio between product of current and voltage at maximum power point (Imp x Vmp
= Pm) to the product of short circuit current and open circuit voltage of the solar cell.
Fill factor indicates the quality of the cell
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a cell is defined as the ratio of maximum electrical power output to the
radiation power input to the cell and it is expressed in percentage. It is considered that
the radiation power on the earth is about 1000 watt/square metre. Hence if the exposed
surface area of the cell is A then total radiation power on the cell will be 1000 A watts.
Hence the efficiency of a solar cell may be expressed as
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✓ Typical efficiencies range from 14 % to 18 % for a monocrystalline silicon
PV cell.Some manufacturers claim efficiencies greater than 18 %.
✓ Several factors determine the efficiency of a PV cell :
• The type of cell,
• the reflectance efficiency of the cell’s surface,
• the thermodynamic efficiency limit,
• the quantum efficiency,
• the maximum power point,
• internal resistances
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MPPT ALGORITHMS
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Algorithms
Maximum power point tracking is a technique used commonly with wind turbines and
photovoltaic (PV) solar systems to maximize power extraction under all conditions
The output of the solar module is a function of solar irradiance and temperature.
Maximum power point is an operating point at which maximum power can be extracted
from the system.Usually represented as MPP.
✓ The Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the PV panels depends on environmental
and operational conditions such as irradiation, temperature, load impedance,
sunlightspectrum and impurities of the panel.
✓ MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is an algorithm which continuously
tracksthe MPP of the PV panels at all irradiations and temperatures
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✓ It is included controllers used for extracting maximum available power from
PV module under certain conditions
✓ Generally, MPPT is installed in between PV system and load. For the
implementationof MPPT technique, a DC-DC converter interface is introduced
between PV panel andload.
Perturb and Observe (PAO or P&O):
Perturb-and-observe (P&O) method, also known as perturbation method is a type of
MPPT algorithm. The concept behind the “perturb and observe” method is to modify
the operating voltage or current of the photovoltaic panel until you obtain maximum
power from it. It is often referred to as hill climbing method.
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The algorithm depends on the fact that on the left side of the MPP, the curve is rising (dP/dV
> 0) while on the right side of the MPP the curve is falling (dP/dV < 0). Perturb and observe
is the most commonly used MPPT method due to its ease of implementation.
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Drawback:
✓ One of the major drawbacks of the perturb and observe method is that
under steadystate operation, the output power oscillates around the
maximum power point.
✓ This algorithm can track wrongly under rapidly varying irradiation conditions.
Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) Method
The OCV method is the simplest indirect method and calculates the operating
point ofPV array by comparing the measured PV voltage (VPV) with reference PV
voltage (VREF). This method makes use of the fact that the ratio of maximum
power point voltage and the open circuit voltage is 0.76. It is the simplest MPPT
control method. OCV method assumes that temperature variations are constant. The
flowchart of OCV MPPT method is shown in Figure
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Drawback:
✓ The current from the photovoltaic array must be set to zero momentarily
to measurethe open circuit voltage and then afterwards set to 76% of the
measured voltage.
✓ Energy is wasted during the time the current is set to zero.
✓ The approximation setting the voltage to 76% of the measured voltage is not
accurate.
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