- UNIT Sampling Theorem and Correlation ‘Syllabus SAMPLING THEOREM: Graphical and Analytical Proof for Band Limited Signals, Impulse Sampling, Natural and Flat Top ‘Sampling, Reconstruction of Signal From Its Samples, Effect of Under Sampling ~ Aliasing, Introduction to Band Pass Sampling, CORRELATION: Cross Correlation and Auto Correlation of Functions, Properties of Correlation Functions, Energy Density Spectrum, Parsevals Theorem, Power Density Spectrum, Relation Between Autocorrelation Function and Energy/Power ‘Spectral Density Function, Relation Between Convolution and Correlation, Detection of Periodic Signals in the Presence of Noise by Correlation. Extraction of Signal From Noise by Filtering LEARNING OBJEC ‘Sampling theorem for lowpass signals Types of sampling techniques Reconstruction of signals from its samples a Effects of under sampling (Ali ing) Sompling of bandpass signals Concept of auto-correlation and its properties Concept of cross-correlation ang its properties Energy Density Spectrum (EDS) and Power Density Spectrum Relation between convolution and correlation et eg Extraction of signals from noise by filtering. Sampling technique is used while dealing with analog signals. Since sampled signals are more Immune to noise, they can be recovered using reconstruction fier. In this section, we study, sampling theorem for bandlimited signals, sampling techniques; effect of aliasing and sampling theorem for bandpass signals. ‘The similarity between two signals is known as correlation. The energy and power spectral densities represent the energy distribution over the frequencies of the signal respectively. The spectral density functions are useful to analyze the power bandwidth relationship of the signal. ‘SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSPART-A SHORT QUESTIO! 1. Define theorem, Nd write the conditions of sampling Mort Paper} | Nov Dae 10, 18), 40) (or) Define sampling theorem. want. (ns, Ana: Acconing w sampling theon ‘can be completely represented Wthe sampling frequency WWice OF highest requ , ‘continuous-time signal ‘ts samples and recovered back, "8 greater than (or) equal to the Lhe. [A Q2. Define Nyquist rate and Nyquist intorv Ane: Nyquist Rate: The minimum sampling rate at which both Sampling and reconstruction ofa signal (from its samples) can be performed without any distortion is called Nyquist rate. I 's denoted by ‘f', and is given as, hae Where, J ,~ maximum frequency component. Nyquist Interval: Nyquist interval is defined asthe maximum {img interval between the equally spaced samples of the signal] “uring which sampling rate is equal to Nyquist rate 3. Define impulse, natural and flat top sampling. Ans: Impalse Sampling: Impulse sampling is defined as a sampling technique which samples incoming message signal ¢) and Provides impulses. It is also known as ideal or instantaneous sampling. Ii the simplest sampling technique Natural Sampling: Natural sampling is defined as a sampling technique in which ops of the sample pulses retain their natural shape. Its a complex type of sampling technique. Flat Top Sampling: Flat top sampling is defined as a sampling technique in which top of the pulse remains constant and ap- ears to be flat 7 This technique uses a sample and hold circuit with lat top samples. Itis one ofthe most popular and simplest sampling technique. This technique has constant samples atthe top. aliasing and give its effects. Briefly ‘explain how to eliminate aliasing effect. (07) What is meant by Aliasing? (Refer Only Aliasing) (or) ec 48 (R18), ON) 8 AND SYSTEMS [INTU-HY py, srt us WITH SOLUTIONS ino offocts of allasing ang a you minimize the lasing error? My, Mmm any,, (efor bxcluding Allasing) hs, (or) Dotine aliasing effect? How overcome? Apr 49 gg (Refer Excluding Allasing) (or) What is Allasing? very, (Refer Only Aliasing) 7 Ans: Allasing: Alising canbe defined asa phenomenon high frequency components ofthe signal appy.,”* frequency components during sampling. I is au, under sampling Effects of Allasing 1. Theeffects of aliasing are due tothe interferer, frequency components with low frequency rng distortion occurs in the signal 2. The information carried by the signal is los: be retrieved!” Eliminating Aliasing Effect 1, x(t) must be band-limited toa suitable frequen 2. Sampling frequency /, must be greater than tne band-limiting frequency (f ), ie, £>2f, Q5. What is anti-aliasing filter? 7 Ans: ing May, Now A8, 6 Anti-aliasing filter is defined asa filter used 02.0 eliminate the errors in the input vottage ie. having frequns greater than half of sampling frequency Q6. "Define sampling theorem for bandpai signals. Ans: . Dee 14 Rt, The sampling theorem of bandpass signal states a signal m() whose bandwidth is completely recovered =: represented from its samples x(n7), if itis sampled att minimum rate oftwice the bandwidth ie, Sampling rate, = 2 = 2, f= 4f, simples Tce 1 OTs Ge WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying ofthis book is @ CRIMINAL act Anyone found guy i LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings19 THAT ANNI Conrplation) ow te 8, RN, RY Function: A MNCL A gives the meas sgrreation Pa gna an its eave vere re co Fee tS ow ie referred J a0 elation fetion ' - “ote a sale the ao omeaion Fnetion by pe a= fone tion fonction that ives the meas of imitany ea Slay ts oF he signal referred seen Correlation fnetion 2 goa comelaton fut fOr perio signals ,() awe efor ' 1 Kags Ha gp JNO nt t __--jatthe properties of cross-correlation, a (arch, (RIS), Na) | APrIUMAy-18, (RYE), AN) Define auto correlation and cross correlation and list out properties of each. (Model Paper-21() | Now/Dec-12, (ROS), QB()) (or) Define cross and autocorrelation and state the properties of each. ans: Auto Correlation and Cross Correlation MayiJune-12, Set-3, 05(0) For answer refer Unit-5, Q7. Properties of Cross Correlation For answer refer Unit-5, Q8. Properties of Autocorrelation Function 1 Ro= [Roa 53 Given x = €* wf ‘Auto corretaton #2 Ray= Ho 1 Ri) ers) 8-2) Taking Founer transform on both sades, we get PTER(=)} = FT (ew any tt) ‘Taking inverse Fourier transform we eet R= Les da of si) is Auto-correlation 2 QI. Define spectral density. Ans: Nowe 16 (R12, ANG) The distribution of power or energy of a signal pes unit bandwidth (as a function of frequency) called as spectral density —— . ‘There are two types of spectral densities. They are, 1, Energy spectral density 2. Power spectral density So ah anal Q12. When the convolution and correlation equivalent? (NowsDecAS, (RIT) QA(H) | Mareh-t7, (RIS AACN) Ans: ‘When the given functions are even functions, then correlation and convolution are equal. 1f(0) and x,(9 are two funetions then, (Ox « OKC O)., Convolution Correlation KK Fal? R01 =x(OX xO, fx, iseven function, SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS54 13. Derive the relation between P8Ds of Input and Output for an LT! system. 4 Ane: Dee.-14, (R13), Q1o) ‘The relation between input power spectral dens ‘output power spectral density of finear tine invariant syste is piven as, Nor = Ato)? No) Where, Ye) Output PSD Xoo) - Input PSD Transfer PSD Mw) pee Gia, Write the Parseval's relation for periodic signals, theorem states that the energy of a signal is defined interms of Fourier transform, tebe fixer Parseval’s Theorem for Power Signals: The Parseval’s theorem states that the power of a signal is defined interms of Fourier series coefficients, ie, P= > cP . ee Q15. Find the auto correlation of f(t)= sin(o,t). Ans: oc.-4, (3), 1h) Given that,’ Ad = sino!) ‘Auto correlation of function f) can be defined as, r Rols)= Lt 1 fron-oa a Then, eis eft) = Lt zt sin(o,t). sina, (t—1)dt PT J ye080,(1-1+1)-cosa,(r+1+ 1)dt 12 . 12 Jf cosa(nar-t/21~ f coster+ nde ia Ta SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. warusnoeny, The neon tern rosin 10 nteration of ing, over one cycle is . " ; an epee f ao Hope p in ' 47 5 6080,T T7008 of Q16. Write the relationship between autocor, function and power density spectrum, Me, Nove, R5 Ans: h The autocortelaton function fra periodic signa | as, Ga Uy, -(-t)dt RO) a fepledeg lt 7, in Where, (0) ~ Periodic power signal “The power spectral density fora signal x) is given, ' " S- AE | XCf)P It can be observed from equations (1) and (2) tha, FURO|=S) (on) F Ri) <> SI) ‘Therefore, for'a signal, auto correlation function ax power spectrum form a Fourier transform pair. JARNING: X¢rox/Photocopying ofthis book is @ CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings. ady, UEE_—_————OU——_ 5.5 ymit-B (SAMY Theorem yt <<< evn PART-B essay questions WITH SOLUTIONS 54 SAMPLING THEOREM . 4.4 Graphical and Anaiye 5 ‘al Proof of Band Limited Signals tate and prov arr § Prove sampling theorem for band limited signals using analytical approach. (ett Pagar 210) | No Fee 47, (RIB), 5) {or Explain the sampling theorem for band limited ‘Signals with graphical proof. Mow 40, Sat, to) (or) State and prove sampling theorem for band limited signals. —_(sey/une-12, Sat-, ota)|Aorivay-1, (R11. 4 (or) With the help of graphical exampio, ©xplain sampling theorem for band limited signals. an Mow -10, Set-2, GMa) sampling Theorem: According to sam; snd recovered back, ifthe ipessage signal ‘f," ie. [A224] proof: Consider a continuous time signal x components beyond f, Hz, pling theorem, a continuous-time signal can be completely represented in its samples ‘sampling frequeiicy °/- is greater than (or) equal to the twice of highest frequency component of the (f) whose spectrum is band limited to f, Hz. i.e, the signal x{¢) has no frequency ‘Then the corresponding Fourier transform of the message signal x(t) is defined as, A) = 0 for |@|> 0, _ XY)= 0 for | f |>f, Asegment of continuous time signal x(0) is as shown in figure (1). x) t Figure (1) 4 ‘The sampling of x(0) at the rate f, Hz can be obtained by mult ing x(0) by the impulse train 8,, (0). 1 The impulse train 8, (1) consists of unit impulse repeating periodically at the rate of T, 5,0) as shown in figure (2). Figure (2) ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS mySIGNALS AND SYSTEMS [UNTU. YOR, S _The impute trains mutipie with the emp signal) ‘sing multiplier which i as chown in Figure (3) ww ww : | Muhipher : 50) Figure (3) ‘On sampling the continuous signal (with an impulse fain, §, (0) we get.a sampled signal ,(/).a8 an infinite sequence ‘of samples spaced at intervals of 7a shown in figure (4) x The sampled signal (21s expressed as, 240 = Vin de- nt) “ x4 = Doxa ysr— nt) ‘Using Founer transform pairs, we can write, 20-6 Dv -m) ® (On applying Fourier transform to equation(!). we get, X= Deore (jaf) “O [oer {oem} = om ‘Since, the signal x(f) is strictly bandlimited, X(f) has the property Xi) = 0 for |f| 2 Was shown in figure (5). x09 XW) £ Ww w Figure (5 Spectrum of Stlty Bandliitd Signa xt) Taking the sampling period, = 51 the spectrum of Xf) of the sampled signal x,() sas me figure (6), » A 1 Substituting 7, 59 iv in HCN), veg jxnf | ~aTy From equation (2) the Fourier transform oj noe D4 also be expressed a8, Kn a+ LAU my ence, sing the conditions of band-imite 1 AY) © 0 for f) = Wand Ww From equdtion (5), we can write, w= Wy We few Substituting equation (4) into equation (6), ue. = flan $f | ‘Taking inverse Fourier transform of X1/). we ge W)- Sp a Ps, FL Malye ey won f From equation (8), it is clear that, x) is comple represented by the sample values x(n) for —22 5 (Sampling Theore, it 5! and Correlation) Aa 2 10s 300r2 10 Let, 1) = 10-cos 3001 From cos 3000nz, we have cor = 3000Rr 2nft = 3000 y- 222 = 1500 fo isk nisf 1S kHz sinc (2 ~ n) | sin x0 = sine @ 0 (12) Equation (11) isthe interpolation formula for reconstruct- gi signal (0) from the sample values of { oe | The sine . r juxton sine (2071s the interpolation function. The signal x() sscompleely recovered from its samples by multiplying each “ample witha delayed version of sine function and adding them = error er 18. Define sampling theorem for time limited signal and find the Nyquist rate for the following signals. 4. rect 300t 2. 10cos 300ct ans: Nov Dec.-18, (R16), (6) Sampling Theorem For answer refer Unit-5, QI. 1. reet(3000) If (0) denote the given signal then, (1) = rect(3001) Since, the given signal is a rectangular pulse rect(/t), 1 3 t 3001= = t 300 The Fourier transform of rect(/t) is wsne($)) +. The Fourier transform of rect(3001) is 1 sine 300 600 Strictly speaking the bandwidth of rectangular pulse is infinite, as the sine function extends from 0 to «2, Hence the Nyquist rate is also infinite, Maximum frequency of the signal x Nyquist ate = 2/ 2 » 1500 = 3000 Hz “Nyquist sampling te Q19. Give a continuous-time signal x(t) with Nyqi rate wy. Determine the Nyquist rate for the following continuous time signals. @ yth=xt) G_ y(t) = x(t) C08 ot Ans: Now, (R13), 5) ‘Acontinuous time signal x(t) has a Nyquist rate of ©, (i) The given signal is (4) = (7) ‘The signal (0) is obtained by applying square to the signal x1), When a signal (say x(0) is multipled with itself, the highest frequency component ofthe resultant signal y Ibe te times the highest frequency component of x{0). Le.» ~_ Nyquist rate of »() = 2oy sample (ii) The given signal is y(t) = (0) cos ‘Assume thatthe highest frequency component of x1) is “o,’. Then, the relation between highest frequency component and Nyquist rate is, Now, consider the signal (0) = x(7) case In the above signal, x(0) is multiplied with cose. which results a highest frequency component of “@, + ©," Then, theNyquist rate of signal y(#) becomes as, y =2(@,+ 0) Slat =20, +0, Oy Fes ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSampling, Natural and Fiat Top Sampling Q20. Lista Nd oxplain the different types of sampling techniqu ye (or) Define sampling theorem and discuss the way ©f Performing sampling using Impulse sampling technique, (Mayne 2, 8a 2 8 we 1, 8812 8) Refer Onty Sampling Preonern sont Imp Sampling) (or) Define sampling theorem and discu Way of performing sampling, Mayidunet2,Set3,08 (Refer Only Sampling Theorem and Flat top Sampling) Ans: Sampling Theorem For answer refer Unit, QI iny ono The different types of sampling techniques are, 1, Ideal or impulse sampl 2 Natural sampling and. 3. Flat top sampling. 1, Impulse Sampling Impulse or instantaneous sampling is also known as ‘deal sampling. It uses a switching sampler, which samples the ‘incoming message signal x() and provides impulses, Figure (1) shows the basic schematic of sampler for impulse sampling. f wy Figure (1) % The pulses ofthe sampling signal width approaches zero of the sampler switch, when the a closing time * % Then, the output, (1) gives only instantaneous values as shown in figure (2). 0 Pulte wide = Mere > Figure (2: Impulse Sampling WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying ofthis book is a CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (JNTU Hyon am vn vale 19 Wey, ve instante" as e sampled version" ‘eact impulie in Ihe impulse train is expressed 1s, one Lonny Where, «(0 — Sampling fanetion 4 The sampled signal 8 product of inpuy impulse train (0). His represented a 5,0 0 40" YX, nr, 4 Impulse sampling isnot possible practical, never geta pulse with zero pulse widiy ”* 4 Hence this sampling is possible ony thea, 2. Natural Sampling 4 Natural sampling isthe sampling in which sample pulses retain their natural shape” 4 Iisa complex process and hence isnot wed, 4 The pulse has a finite width 4 ILisalso known as chopper sampling The functional schematic of natural sampling in figure (3) Bas ot) UL xi) " Figure (3) ‘The sampling waveform s(1) consists ofatranofpsc having duration tand separated bythe sampling 2 of T, | = (x) 4 The sampled signal consists of a sequence of ps varying amplitude whose tops are not flat but ei the waveform of the signal x(). ‘When e() goes high, switch Sis closed. Hen (0) = x(0) when e() s(1)=0 when e(@) = 0