PHYSICS LAB

MANUAL
CLASS - XII

Physics lab manual Dr. J.THENNARASU

 1

CYCLE -I

EXPERIMENTS:
1. To determine resistivity of two / three wires by plotting a graph between potential
versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire/ standard resistor using metre bridge.
3. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find
its figure of merit.
4. To find the frequency of the ac mains using a sonometer and an electromagnet.

CYCLE -II
EXPERIMENTS:
5. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or
between 1/u and 1/v.
6. To find the focal length of convex mirror using convex lens.
7. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph
between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
8. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward bias and
reverse bias.

ACTIVITIES
SECTION – A
1. Assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
2. Study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
3. Draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

SECTION - B
4. Identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of
such items.
5. Observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.
6. Obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses
from the given set of lenses.
*****

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 2

PHYSICS LABORATORY MANUAL

Name of the Student : Class:

Roll Number :

Index

Remarks*
Si.No: Date Name of the Experiment Signature
L / H / R / RT

*L-Low value, H-High value, R- Record, RT-Repeat

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 4

OHM’S LAW

EX: NO: 1
DATE:
AIM:
To determine resistivity of a two / three wires by plotting a graph
between potential difference versus current.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A wire of unknown resistance, battery eliminator, voltmeter, ammeter,
rheostat, plug key, connecting wires

FORMULA APPLIED:
Ohm's law states that the electric current flowing through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided the
physical state of the conductor remains unchanged.
V  I, V = RI
Where R is the constant of proportionality and is termed as the electrical
resistance of the conductor the graph between V and I will be a straight line
passing through the origin

Resistivity:

UNITS:
S.I. Unit for resistance is Ohms
S.I. Unit of resistivity is ohm meter.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect various components - resistance, rheostat, battery, key, voltmeter
and ammeter as shown in the Circuit diagram
2. Note whether pointers in ammeter and voltmeter coincide with the zero mark
on the measuring scale.
3. Note the range and least count of the given voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Insert the key and slide the rheostat contact to one of its extreme ends, so that
current passing through the resistance wire is minimum.
5. Note the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
6. Remove the key and allow the wire to cool, Shift the rheostat contact slightly
to increase the applied voltage.
7. Now, calculate the resistivity of the material of the wire using the formula,

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 5

TABLE: 1 To find the Resistance of the Wire 1.

Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading R1=V/I

S.NO
V mA Ω
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean = R1 Ω

TABLE: 2 To find the Resistance of the Wire 2.

Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading R2=V/I

S.NO
V mA Ω
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean = R2 Ω

Observation:
Radius of the wire 1, r1 = x10 -3 m
Radius of the wire 2, r2 = x10 -3 m
Length of the wire 1, l1 = x10 -2 m
Length of the wire 2, l2 = x10 -2 m

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 6

CALCULATION:
Plot a graph between the potential difference across the wire (V) and the
current (I) flowing through it.

R = 1/Slope

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel and the ammeter in series with
the circuit. It should be ensured that current enters at the positive terminal
and leaves at the negative terminal
2. Zero error in measuring instruments should be noted.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. The connections may be loose.

2. The ratio V/I may not be constant due to heating caused by continuous
passage of current.

RESULT:
1. Resistance of the wire 1(from graph) = Ω
2. Resistance of the wire 1(from graph) = Ω
3. Resistivity of wire 1 = Ωm.
4. Resistivity of wire 2 = Ωm.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 7

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

METRE BRIDGE

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 8

METRE BRIDGE

EX: NO:2
DATE:
AIM:
To find the resistance of a given wire/standard resistor using a metre
bridge.
APPARATUS:
Metre bridge, a wire about 1m long, a resistance box, a rheostat,
galvanometer, a jockey, one-way key, a cell or battery eliminator, thick
connecting wires, screw gauge.
FORMULA APPLIED:
A metre bridge works on the principle of Wheatstone’s bridge.

𝑅 𝑙
𝑆 = 100−𝑙

The resistance of a given wire/standard resistor using a metre bridge is

found using the formula
(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍)
S=R 𝒍

Where, l is the balancing length,

R is the standard resistance and
S is the Unknown resistance
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the circuit as shown with unknown resistance wire of known length.
2. Introduce some resistance R in the circuit from the resistance box.
3. Bring the jockey J at the middle of the wire, adjust R to get null deflection
in the galvanometer i.e. l 1 = l 2 and x = R.
4. Choose R and find the balancing length.
5. Repeat for different values of resistance R.
6. Interchange the position of the resistances S and R and repeat the experiment.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 9

TABLE 1: To find the unknown resistance

Balancing length Mean

S.NO. R (𝟏𝟎𝟎−
S=R
𝒍)
Length AB = l Length BC = (100-l)
𝒍
Ω cm cm Ω
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mean (S) = Ω

CALCULATION:

The resistance of a given wire/standard resistor using a metre bridge is

found using the formula
(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍)
S=R 𝒍

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 10

PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections and plugs should be tight.
2. Jockey should be moved gently over the metre bridge wire.
3. The plug in the key should be inserted only at the time of taking observations.
4. Null points should be in the middle of the wire (30 cm to 70 cm).

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The metre bridge wire may not be of uniform area of cross-section.
2. The resistances of end pieces / metal strips may not be negligible.

RESULT:
Resistance of the wire using Metre Bridge = Ω

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 11

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIGURE OF MERIT OF GALVANOMETER

TABLE:1 To find the Galvanometer Resistance and to find the figure of

merit of the galvanometer.

Emf of the cell, E =.............V

Half

𝜽
𝑹𝑺
Deflection deflection
R S G = 𝑹−𝑺
𝟐
S.No. ‘θ’

Ω div div Ω Ω

1.

2.

3.

4.

Mean= Ω

CALCULATION:

𝑅𝑆
𝑅−𝑆
1. G =
(Ω)
2. k =
(A/div) =
𝐸

(𝑅+𝐺)θ

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 12

FIGURE OF MERIT OF GALVANOMETER

EX: NO: 3
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method
and to find its figure of merit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A moving coil galvanometer, a battery or a battery eliminator, 4 dial High
Resistance box, Two Dial Low resistance box, Galvanometer, Key

FORMULA APPLIED:
1. Galvanometer resistance G = 𝑅𝑆
𝑅−𝑆
Where, R- high variable resistance, S- low variable resistance
2. Figure of merit of the galvanometer k = 𝐸
(𝑅+𝐺)θ
,
Where, E- emf of the supply

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components as per the circuit
2. Adjust the high resistance R so that the galvanometer shows even number of
deflections
3. Note down the R value and the deflection achieved θ.
4. Connect the shunt S and adjust to get the θ/2 deflections in the galvanometer.
5. Repeat the experiment for various θ and calculate the mean value of k

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The battery must be of constant emf
2. All connections must be tight
SOURCE OF ERROR:
1. The emf of the battery may not be constant
2. Resistance box may not provide a accurate resistance to the circuit

RESULT:
1. Resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method, G = 
2. Figure of merit of galvanometer, k = ampere/division

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 13

DIAGRAM:

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 14

FREQUENCY OF AC MAINS WITH A SONOMETER

EX: NO: 4
DATE:

AIM:
To find the frequency of the ac mains using a sonometer and an
electromagnet.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sonometer having a soft iron core, an electromagnet, a step down
transformer, hanger with kg slotted weights, meter scale, stand for
electromagnet, weighing machine. 21

FORMULA:
Frequency of ac mains using a sonometer,

Where,
l = resonating length, in metre,
T = Tension in the string, in newton and
m = linear mass density of the wire (i.e., mass per unit length of wire)
m = M/ L kg m-1
where, M = mass of the wire in kg, L = length of the wire in metre.

PROCEDURE:
1. Check if pulley is frictionless.
2. Place sonometer parallel to one edge of the working table, such that, the
pulley remains projected out of the perpendicular edge. See that there are no
kinks in the string of sonometer and its one end is rigidly fixed. Pass string
over pulley such that it stretches horizontally over the box of sonometer and
attach a hanger of 0.5 kg weight on its free end.
3. Connect the electromagnet to the secondary of step down transformer and
plug primary of the transformer in ac mains. Hold the electromagnet in a
stand and bring it close to the sonometer wire just above the centre of its
length.
4. Switch on the mains and adjust the wedges on the sonometer, starting from
minimum separation till you get maximum amplitude of oscillation of the
sonometer wire. At this resonance condition, rider flies off. Note the length of
PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu
 15

TABLE: 1 To find the frequency of AC mains.

Si. Mass of Tension Resonating Frequency of ac

No. hanger and T=Mg length ‘l’ mains
weights (N) (x 10-2 m)
M (Kg)
2

CALCULATION:
a) Linear mass density of the wire, m = M/ L = (kg m-1)

b) Frequency of ac mains using a sonometer is calculated using the formula,

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Sonometer wire should be horizontal and free of kinks.
2) Magnet should remain in the middle of vibrating segment and close to wire.
3) Resonance position should be noted when wire has maximum amplitude
of oscillation

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1) Slotted weights may not have fixed value.
2) Pulley may not be frictionless.
3) Sonometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section

RESULT:
The frequency of ac mains by using the sonometer is = Hz.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 16

RAY DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 17

CONVEX LENS
EX. NO: 5
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the focal length of given convex lens from U-V graph.
APPARATUS:
Illuminated wire gauze, convex lens, stand, screen and metre scale.
FORMULA:

𝑓= 𝑢𝑣
(𝑢−
Focal length of the convex lens, (x 10-2m)

PROCEDURE:
1. Focus the distant object on the screen using convex lens.
2. the distance between the screen and the lens gives the approximate focal
length,
3. Choose the U values (2f, 2f -2, 2f+2, etc.)
4. Adjust the screen to get the clear image on the screen for various U.
5. Tabulate the observations.
6. Draw the graph between U and V.
7. Find the focal length from the graph.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid parallax error.
2. X & Y axes must have same scale.

SOURCES OF ERRORS:
1. Parallax error may not be removed perfectly.
2. The given convex lens may be very thick.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 18

TABLE 1: To find the focal length convex lens:

Focal length by distance object method = x10-2 m
Object distance Image distance Focal length
S.NO. Lens Position
U (x10-2 m) V (x10-2 m) f (x10-2 m)
2f+4

2f+2

2f
2f-2

2f-4

Calculation:
Experimental Calculation:

Focal length of the convex lens, 𝑓 = (𝑢−

𝑢𝑣

Graphical Calculation: (using graph)

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 19

RESULT:
Focal length of the give convex lens from U-V graph = x10-2m.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 20

RAY DIAGRAM:

TABLE 1: To find the focal length of the convex mirror.

Radius of curvature
Position Position of Position of convex mirror, R f=𝑹
S.No of convex convex of screen = Distance between 𝟐
-2
lens (L) mirror (M) (I) the position of M to I (x 10 m)
(x 10-2 m)

MEAN f =...........x10-2 m

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 21

CONVEX MIRROR
EX.NO: 6
DATE:
AIM:
To find the focal length of convex mirror using convex lens.
APPARATUS:
Source box, screen, convex lens, convex mirror and metre scale.
PROCEDURE:
1. Mount the convex lens and convex mirror in front of the source box
and adjust the both to get the clear image by the side of the source box.
2. Note the position of convex lens and convex mirror.
3. Remove the convex mirror and adjust the screen to get the clear image on
the screen
4. Note the position of the screen.
5. The difference between the positions of convex mirror and the screen
gives radius of curvature.
6. Calculate the focal length of convex mirror is R/2.

PRECAUTIONS:
i) Avoid parallax error,
ii) stand, source and screen must be in the same straight line.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
i) Parallax error may not be removed perfectly;
ii) Focal length of the lens may not be small.

RESULT:
The focal length of convex mirror = x 10-2 m.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 22

RAY DIAGRAM

MODELGRAPH

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 23

GLASS PRISM
EX. NO: 7
DATE:
AIM:
To draw i-d curve using a glass prism.
APPARATUS:
Glass prism, drawing board, pins and paper.
PROCEDURE:
a) Fix white paper on a drawing board with the help of thumb pins.
b) Draw a line through the centre of paper longitudinally.
c) Keep the triangular face of the prism with one of the edge on the line and
draw the boundary of the prism with the help of a sharp pencil.
d) Draw normal N on the sides AB at L.
e) Draw straight lines KQ making an angle of 30 ̊ with the normal.
f) Fix two paper pins P1 and P2 on line KQ. Keep the pins at maximum distance
away from each other (atleast 5cm).
g) Place the prism back on the mark ABC. Look for the image of the pins P1 and
P2 through the face AC.
h) Take the third pin P3, close your left eye and fix the pin P3 at such a position
that the image of pins P1, P2 and P3 be on the same line.
i) Now take the fourth pin P4, again close your left eye and fix them at such a
position such that pins P1, P2 , P3and P4 are on the same line. Remove the pins
from their positions and encircle the points. Draw lines through P 1, P2 , P3and
P4.
j) Produce the emergent ray backward and incident ray forward to meet at E.
Measure the angle of deviation at D.
k) Repeat all the above steps for angles 35 ̊, 40 45 50̊, 55̊ and 60̊. Do not take i
< 30 ̊ to avoid TIR.
l) Plot the graph i versus δ with ‘δ’ on Y-axis and ‘i’ on the X-axis.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Angle of incidence should lie between 30° - 60°
2. Distance between the pins should be more than 5cm.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 24

TABLE 1: To find angle of deviation.

Angle of incidence Angle of deviation

S.NO.
‘i’ (degree) ‘d’ (degree)

CALCULATION:
Draw the graph between i and D with D on Y-axis and i on the X-axis. Find the
minimum angle of deviation by drawing a straight perpendicular line from the point
of the graph to the Y-axis called the angle Dm

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 25

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Angles may be measured wrong.
2. Distances between the pins may be too short.

RESULT:
Angle of minimum deviation using prism i-d curve is =

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 26

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Forward bias:

Reverse bias:

MODEL GRAPH:

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 27

DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
EX. NO: 8
DATE:

AIM:
To study the forward and reverse characteristics of a diode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
semiconductor diode, ammeter (milli) and voltmeter.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections for forward bias.
2. Increase the forward bias, note down the ammeter and voltmeter reading.
3. Repeat the experiment for reverse bias of the diode by changing the
connection.
4. Plot the forward and reverse bias characteristic curve.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight
2. The voltmeter and ammeter readings must be recorded accurately.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The given diode may be faulty
2. The connections may be loose.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 28

TABULAR COLUMN:

FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS

Si.No. Voltmeter Ammeter Si.No. Voltmeter Ammeter

Reading Reading Reading Reading
(V) (mA) (V) (µA)

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 29

RESULT:
The forward and reverse characteristics of a diode is studied and the
graph is drawn.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 30

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT:

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 31

ACTIVITY -1
ASSEMBLING OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
DATE:
AIM:

To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

APPARATUS:

Battery, resistors, ammeter, voltmeter, key and rheostat.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the components ammeter, rheostat and resistors in series with

each other and also with battery.
2. Connect ammeter in series to measure current and voltmeter in parallel, to
measure potential difference across R.
3. Assembly of all in the electrical circuit is complete.

CONCLUSION:

Assembly of all the components in an electric circuit is complete.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 32

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO. V (volt) l x10-2 (m)

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 33

ACTIVITY – 2

POTENTIAL GRADIENT

DATE:

AIM:

To study the variation in potential drop with length for a constant current
flowing through the potentiometer wire.

APPARATUS:

Potentiometer, d c supply, voltmeter, ammeter rheostat and connecting

wire.

FORMULA:

As constant current flowing through the wire of uniform area of cross-

section the potential drop between any two points is directly proportional to its
length.

= 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕.

Vα l,
𝑽
𝒍

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Note down the readings in the voltmeter by placing the jockey at 50cm, 150
cm, 250 cm, 350 cm, and 450 cm constant current.
3. Draw the graph between V & l
4. Measure the slope of the graph which gives 𝑉 .
𝑙

CONCLUSION:
The variation in potential drop with length for a constant current flowing
through the potentiometer wire Potential gradient is studied and found to
be = v/m.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 34

Non-functional open circuit Functional closed circuit

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 35

ACTIVITY-3
FUNCTIONAL AND NON-FUNCTIONAL CIRCUITS
DATE:
AIM:
To draw the circuit diagram of given open circuit comprising a battery,
rheostat, resistance, ammeter, voltmeter and key. Mark the components that are
not connected in proper order, correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
APPARATUS:
Battery, key, rheostat, ammeter, resistance, voltmeter and connecting
wires.
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit diagram in your note book.
2. Identify the various components in the circuit
3. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order.
4. Correct the connections according to the correct circuit diagram) close the
key and check the function of circuit elements.

CONCLUSION:
The corrected circuit assembled in proper order is found functional on
checking.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 36

DIAGRAM

COLLECTION OF LED, DIODE, RESISTOR AND A CAPACITOR

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 37

ACTIVITY –4
IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRIC / ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
DATE:
AIM:
To identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor from mixed
collection of such items.
APPARATUS:
A mixed collection of electronic components such as diodes, light
emitting diodes (LED s), resistors, capacitors and a multimeter.
PRINCIPLE:
Diode: A diode is a two-terminal device. It conducts when forward biased. It
does not emit light while conducting.
Light emitting diode (LED): An LED is also a two-terminal device. It
conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It
emits light while conducting.
Resistor: A resistor is a two-terminal device. It conducts when operated with ac
as well as dc voltage.
Capacitor: A capacitor is a two-terminal device. It does not conduct with dc
voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the physical appearance of the component.
2. If the component has two terminals, it could be a resistor, a capacitor, a diode
or LED.
3. Look for colour bands, if it has a typical set of three colour bands followed by
a silver or gold band, the component is a resistor.
4. Connect the multimeter terminals to the component terminals and watch for
multimeter deflection keeping the multimeter knob in resistance mode.
5. If the multimeter shows a deflection, the component could be a resistor, a
diode or LED.
6. If the deflection is accompanied with emission of light, the component is an
LED.
7. If no light is emitted then interchange the multimeter terminals connected to
the component.
8. If the component still gives deflection in a multimeter, then the component is
a resistor.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 38

9. If the pointer of the multimeter shows deflection when its terminals are
connected across the component in one direction and does not show
deflection when the terminal, of the multimeter in opposite direction and also
there is no emission of light, then the component is a diode.
10. If the multimeter does not show any deflection on connecting its
terminals either wat to component, then it is a capacitor.

CONCLUSION:
A diode, an LED. a resistor and a capacitor are identified from a mixed
collection.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 39

RAY DIAGRAM:

TABLE 1: To find the lateral deviation.

Thickness of the Slab Lateral deviation

S.No.
‘t’ (x 10-2 m) ‘δ’ (x 10-2 m)

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 40

ACTIVITY –5
LATERAL DEVIATION
DATE:
AIM: To observe the lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.
APPARATUS: A sheet of white paper, glass slab, drawing board, pins, metre
scale and pencil.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the sheet of white paper on the drawing board.
2. Draw the boundary of a glass slab ABCD.
3. Draw the normal in CD and incident ray making an angle of 30° with the
normal (PQ)
4. Fix two pins on PQ and view the legs of the pins on the opposite side.
5. Fix two more pins so that all lie in the same straight line,
6. Join the points namely RS to the side AB.
7. Draw the normal at the point of incidence of the emergent ray.
8. Produce the incident ray and measure the perpendicular distance between
incident ray produced and emergent ray,
9. Repeat the experiment for various thickness of glass slat.
10. Tabulate the observations.

CONCLUSION:
1. The incident ray produced is parallel to the emergent ray.
2. The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of the slab.

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 41

RAY DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Focal length by
f1 f2 f
S.NO. Experiment
(x 10-2 m) (x 10-2 m ) (x 10-2m ) (x 10-2m)

From experiment f =

1
𝑓 1 1
By calculation
=𝑓 + 𝑓2
1

f=

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu

 42

ACTIVITY –6
FOCAL LENGTH BY COMBINATION
DATE:
AIM: To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two
lenses from a given set of lenses.
APPARATUS: convex lenses of known focal length, scale and screen.
PROCEDURE:
1. Focus the lens 1 and lens II towards the distance object separately.
2. Adjust the screen to get the clear image on the screen.
3. Measure the distance between lens I and screen gives f1 and similarly for
lens II (f2).
4. Tie both the lenses and find the focal length of combination by the
same method (f).

CONCLUSION:
1. The focal length of the first lens, f 1 =
2. The focal length of the second lens, f 2 =
3. The focal length of the combination f, =

*****

PHY LAB MANUAL | Dr. J. Thennarasu