WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Jannatun Naemah Ismam, Zulhabri Ismail

Sustainable Construction Waste Management Strategic Implementation

Model
JANNATUN NAEMAH ISMAM, ZULHABRI ISMAIL
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying
University Technology of MARA
Shah Alam
MALAYSIA
[email protected]

Abstract: - All stakeholders should participate in striving towards sustainable construction in order to embark
upon the environmental impact issues. Since waste perceived as major obstacle particularly in the construction
industry, the government is obligated to develop tools or model to enhance the quality of waste management
during the construction life cycle. The aim of the paper is to develop a conceptual framework of sustainable
construction waste management implementation. There were four components that have been identified in the
conceptual framework; regulation, policy, technology and guideline. The established framework will react as
mechanisms in strengthening the government performance. Furthermore, the framework helps in engaging all
stakeholders to collaborate with the government in construction waste management implementation.

Key-Words: - Environmental impact, sustainable construction, waste management

1 Introduction
Presently, the world now is faced with several Dimensions View(s) Towards Sustainable
environmental problems which continue to harm Construction
lands, jeopardizing production of natural resources Social Enhancement of people’s quality of
[1]. According to [2], the greenhouse gas effects life.
which caused by carbon dioxide emissions is Economic Employment creation,
competitiveness enhancement, lower
predicted to be increased to 40 billion tons in year
maintenance cost, high quality of
2030 if no tremendous effort is thrown in to mitigate working environment leading to
it. In addition, the construction industry is resulted greater productivity.
of great impact on the environment and the Environment Deals with design, construction,
consideration of sustainable construction becomes a operation deconstruction approaches
top agenda at the global level [3, 4, 5]. Therefore, to to minimize the adverse impact on the
facilitate the enhancement of sustainable environment
construction implementation, the International Table 1
Council for Research and Innovation in Building
and Construction (CIB), in partnership with the People nowadays paying greater attention to the
United Nations Environment Program, environmental issues [9] and look as if a vital aspect
commissioned the preparation of an Agenda 21 for rather than social and economic indicators [9, 6].
Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries According to [11], the government contribution is
(A21 SCDC) [6]. necessary in attaining the sustainable construction
because at the end, it may give the benefits to the
The definition of sustainable construction defined economical dynamics of society. At the moment,
by [7], as a way forward to balance the need to government bodies in each developed countries
continue development without ignoring the extensively developing the environmental
responsibility to care for the natural environment assessment schemes which use to measure the
whilst creating healthy, comfortable and environmental performance buildings as a means of
economically prosperous places for people to live, attaining sustainable construction [12]. In the
work and play. There are three important aspects perspective of environment, [13] said, the criteria of
are emphasized in the construction industry to drive sustainable construction is developed from the sub-
towards sustainable development [8][3]:- issues arise during the construction process which
describe as follows:-

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Sub-issues Footprint Rationale of Citation activities increased by more than 75% [19].
the Issues Therefore, most of developed countries being
The [14] proactively minimized the issues of waste in the
International construction industry.
Energy
Agency is However, execution of waste management in
estimated, a attaining sustainable construction still not assist the
53% stakeholder practices it in the construction. Refer to
increase in
[20] points out that lack of knowledge about
global
Energy Air energy construction waste management constituted as one
consumption emission consumption of the barriers in attaining towards sustainability. It
is foreseen is also supported by [21] who stated that lack of
by 2030, demonstration of tools and approach being difficult
with 70% of for stakeholders to deal with the waste created
the growth during construction. It might be caused of several
in demand complicated activities in construction associated
coming from with aspect planning which probably reflect to three
developing main important elements in construction which are
countries.
time, money and material [22]. Table 3 shows the
Estimates [15]
that 70 current problems regarding to waste management
million of strategy in the construction industry. Through the
Raw issues, the waste management strategy
Waste waste is
material implementation model is felt urgent as a way to
generation generated in
use
the tackle the issue.
construction
industry. The Rationale of Waste References
Human has [16]; [17] Management Strategy
influenced Implementation Model
83% of the
A lack of an industry norm or [23]
earth’s
performance standard for managing
surface and
waste causing uncertainty and
the balance
confusion among operatives about
of the
waste management relative
surface
importance.
Water / remains
land use untouched
A proper methods/strategy is an [24]
by human
urgent demand to improve
influence.
construction management to realize
Due to the
the mission of sustainable
rapid
development.
development
it is likely to
A lack of consideration given to waste [25]
change over
reduction during planning and design
time.
stage, well-established waste
Table 2 minimization strategic model and
adoption of it will help much on it.
However among these three aspects, construction
waste has given significant impacts due to the large An effective material control strategy [26]
amount of waste generated per year as well as should be implemented to control
expensive to discard because of landfill space are wastage during the life cycle of the
becoming more limited [15]. Furthermore, by 2020 construction process.
all European Union countries have to achieve a 70
A lack of experience, inadequate [27]
% reduction by weight of this waste put into landfill planning and scheduling may causing
[18]. As well in Hong Kong, material waste is the construction waste are poor
major environmental concern since there the management and handling.
material produced annually by local construction Table 3

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Due to the recommendation from previous research, According to [30], who the first person interpreting
Policy maker are suggested to execute waste the sustainable construction defined it as “the
strategy implementation model to clearly indicate creation and responsible management of a healthy
the actual flow of waste handling in the construction built environment based on resources efficient and
industry in order assist in accelerating the process ecological principles”. In addition, [6] clarified
towards the sustainable development. The existence terms “construction” at four levels; as a
of the strategic model in developing countries is also comprehensive project cycle, site activity, the
assisting in meeting the criteria of sustainable process of human settlement creation and
construction. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is relationship in the business of the construction.
to overview the waste management strategy being Based on the report published in CIB Agenda 21 for
implemented in the United Kingdom, China and sustainable construction, outlined the six principles
Singapore. At the end of the comparative study the to be applied to the construction life cycle in
paper attempts to identify the main component that achieving the sustainable construction (Figure 1) [3,
shall be considered by policy makers to enhance the 30, 20].
quality of waste management in the construction
industry.

2 Sustainable Construction Waste

Management
Since years ago, some opinion says that waste
management is something that related to the
achievement of sustainable construction. For
instance, [28, 19] points out the advantages a well-
performed construction and demolition waste
management allowing a smooth implementation of
construction activities while minimizing the impacts
to the environment. It is aligned with the two pillars
Fig 1
of sustainability in construction, which minimize
resource consumption and alleviating environmental However, the principles adopted might be various in
pollution [29]. Therefore, new strategic instruments
each country (DETR, 2000). Even differ principle
are necessary which waste prevention aims not only
adopted in each country, [32] mentioned, the
at reducing the amounts of waste, but also at sustainable construction implementation still have a
reducing the hazards of the waste towards the
potential to obtain an investment in the future and
environment.
create the best performance throughout the
construction life cycle activities.
2.1 Sustainable Construction
Sustainable development establishment has been
2.2 Construction Waste Management
evolving worldwide for almost 25 years [30] and it
The terms “waste” is defined as portable objects that
is used as a measure to imbalances the ecologists in
abandoned by the owner (subjective definition of
the world due to three pillars; social, economic and
waste) [33]. The definition is rephrased and
environment. In addition, sustainable development understandable among communities as the symbol
is interpreted straightforward by [6] as correlation of
of inefficiency of any modern society and a
human and their environment which allowed the
representation of misallocated resources [34].
human right moving towards development without According to [36] cited from Bilitewski et al. (1994)
exceeding the critical environmental parameters. In and Gilpin (1996), waste management encompasses
the meantime, [21] researched that sustainable
the collection, transporting, storage, treatment,
construction is vital concept should be considered in recovery and disposal of waste, and is defined as a
attaining sustainable development by deliberating comprehensive, integrated, and rational system
environment, social economic and cultural issues. In
approach towards achievement and maintenance of
fact, sustainable construction perceived as a vital
acceptable environmental quality and support of
subcomponent to drive in sustainable development sustainable development. To ensure construction
[3].
waste is manageable, the waste management

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strategy is developed now and then by government, each country, less of a concern given towards waste
journalism, experts and practitioners [35]. management. There is only some of the countries
highlighted waste management as one of the criteria
Waste management in construction perceived more of sustainability. It shows as follows [43, 44, 45]:-
intricate since it is possible to be generated in each
activity during construction project (Figure 2) [37].

Fig 2

Nevertheless, [38] specified that there are three

principal components should be concerned with Table 4
construction waste which namely; labor, material
and machinery waste. The principle components are The assessment criteria are based on the green
relevant but it is seeing robust enough by inserting a assessment criteria established in each country
perception from [39] who simplified the waste types which aim to reduce the overall impact of the built
into two, namely physical waste and non-physical environment on human health and the natural
waste. The physical waste is formed from material environment [46]. Summarized, the Table shows
loss during the construction stage and non-physical that government in developed countries still takes
waste may cause by poor management such as time too lightly on the waste management issues which
overrun and cost overrun. Due to the clarification, only 4 out of 11 developed countries are stressed on
new principle components of construction waste are the waste management in attaining sustainable
formed as following figure:- construction.

3 Governments Strategic Planning for

Waste Management
A. United Kingdom

Due to the statistic of waste produced in the UK, it

is about 335 million tonnes of waste and 220 million
Fig 3 tonnes consists of construction and demolition
wastes [47]. The deduction of waste generation is
Viability of sustainable construction to reduce the perceived through the statistic issued by the UK
issues of environmental being passionate promoted Government, construction and demolition waste
over the world [39, 6, 40]. Since the researcher and generated in the UK is estimated at 120 million
practitioners around the world forecasting that waste tonnes per annum and 13 million tonnes of unused
in construction has major impact on environmental material [48]. Combination of waste management
aspects and tend to increase [25, 26, 41], it is regulation, economic instruments and voluntary
relevant for government to take some actions as well agreements, one of the strategies has been
as develop various ideas to create appropriate implemented by government to reduce the waste
techniques in handling the issues. Refer to the generation as well as to achieve targets of ethical,
assessment criteria of sustainability published in social and environmental performance in driving the

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waste management agenda [49]. Furthermore, the can be said as the significant approach to achieve
introduction of new legislation is also supported by sustainability in development. While the UK
the existence of new technologies and practices in government as a top body is called to play the roles
both waste disposal and recovery plus the increasing in attracting the stakeholders to develop the
of public awareness which all uniting to deal with countries by way of embedding the environmental
the waste management [36, 46]. Seen that, the UK friendly concept.
government is proactively contribute towards waste
management since it contributes to the adverse In terms of guideline, the ‘three Rs’ principle of
effects of climate change and being one of the top waste (reduction, re-use and recycle), otherwise
issues nowadays [50]. known as the waste hierarchy also has been widely
adopted in the UK [56, 57, 58]. These waste
Refer to [51], Her Majesty’s Government’s Annual hierarchy broadly used as guidance for designers to
Report, United Kingdom, session 2010-2013, The adopt a waste minimization approach in their
Site Waste Management Plans (SWMP) constitute projects [60]. Another, in the waste hierarchy, waste
of the regulations were made law under Section 54 avoidance and reduction is the prior choice of
of the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act. measures in the management of waste. Refer to
The act is described that the site waste management [61], stated that the waste cannot be avoided, rather
plan should be prepared by both the client and main it should be recovered, reused, recycled and treated
contractor of the project worth at least 300,000€ [47, as well as it should only be disposed of as a last
50]. resort. However the 3R strategy deemed not
practically relate to all parameters of the designers’
Additional, the United Kingdom (UK) Department environment and it is discredited because the waste
for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) occurrence during the architectural design stages is
also has published a paper entitled "Government different and unpredicted [48]. As a solution, the
Review of Waste Policy in England 2011" which Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP)
has outlined the action should be done to achieve was established by the government to help the UK
"zero waste economy" [52]. Aligned with the goal, improve its waste management practices [59]. For
the strategy calls as “zero construction waste to instance, “SMARTWaste” is introduced by WRAP
landfill by 2020” is also being implemented in the as tools to facilitate on-site auditing, waste
construction industry as a means to reach the target management, and cost analysis deal with waste that
[52, 47]. It shows that some of the policies has already been produced [58, 47, 61] while
developed by UK government mainly focused on tending to improve contractors' waste management
how to achieve a reduction of construction waste to strategy [63]. Moreover, WRAP has also introduced
landfill since it is one of the key areas that a waste management framework based on eight key
highlighted in the “Strategy Sustainable areas (figure 4) that should be taken into
Construction”, [54]. Refer to [48], the UK consideration in construction activities from start
Government also keeps on striving to enhance the until project completion [59]. This key area is
efficiency of waste management through the viewed a holistic process of waste management and
introduction of other fiscal measures and legislation stakeholder roles in handling the waste
which will drive the construction industry towards a management.
closed loop production system. Closed loop
production systems, refer to [55]:-

“Conceptualization of a sustainable approach to

managing the entire life cycle of a consumer
product, whereby all material not safely consumed
during the use of the product is designed to be a
valuable input into the same or other processes”

In the context of green and sustainable

manufacturing, [56] revealed, closed loop
production system may give the benefit in terms of
economic and ecological of the whole project life
cycle. Therefore, the implementation of the
government's policy, regulation and guidelines is Fig 4

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The step taken by the UK government to initiate implementation is recognized [78]. Similarly to
better waste management in construction and other developed countries, the hierarchy of waste
demolition sector is creditable. The good thing is management is emphasizing on reduce, recycle and
some of the developed countries is starting to use reuse the waste and it is said to be the best approach
this approach to tackle environmental issues and in China [79]. Regarding limited landfill space and
reduce the burden on natural resources [64]. It costly, the policy makers in China and waste
shows that all of the approaches are viable to be producers are entitled to do something to avoid the
successfully implemented and accepted widely. waste from landfills [41, 79]. However, there will
still be a substantial amount of construction
B. China materials that require disposal, either at public fill
reception facilities or at landfills [80, 81, 82].
In China, the government is taking some action to Hence, “A Policy Framework for the Management
tackle the waste problem by establishing a policy, of Municipal Solid Waste (2005-2014)” has
requiring the preparation of waste management established by the government [84]. The framework
plans for all stakeholders of the project [64, 26, 65]. includes the exchanges of hierarchy of Construction
According to [67], the trip ticket system also and Demolition waste in Hong Kong as shows
introduced as government approach to control waste below:-
transfer for public work contracts and it is a form
detailing the waste load for disposal that shall be
filled by the contractors. The purpose of the system
is to ensure the contractors will properly dispose the
construction waste through tracking its destination
as well as complying with the government policy
[68]. Furthermore, through the recent technologies
and intensive research conducted in China,
Recycled Aggregate is accepted as a sustainable
building construction material [68, 69]. Another, Fig 5
China’s government also allows the use of recycled
aggregates derived from construction waste for use The earlier of China’s waste hierarchy model, the
in government projects [65]. Research by [71] who landfill occupied more than 80% for waste disposal
cited from Zhang Chao (2002) and Chi Sun Poon and landfill is the least priority in the waste
(2006) where the utilization of recycled aggregate in hierarchy [85]. Next, China’s government review
road engineering is one of effective ways to deal and improve China’s waste management system by
with construction waste. Afterward, the recycled way of changing the “China Waste Model” into
concrete aggregate (RCA) derived from concrete ”The Danish Waste Model”, which means to reduce
wastes is growing interest [72]. the landfill proportion and increase the proportion of
waste reduce, reuse, and recycling (3R) as described
Since the China’s Government bodies is strictly to in figure 4 [86]. This model was also executed in
minimize the amount of C&D waste entering Denmark and has succeeded in reaching a high
Landfills [72, 73], the “Polluter Pays Principle” has recycling rate for construction and demolition waste
introduced by the China’s government which [87]. Summarized, the scarcity of landfill faces in
enacted under environmental law [75]. According to China might be the reason why “The Danish Waste
[76], the “Polluter Pays Principle” defined as:- Model” adopted as well as the model is assisting to
minimize the usage of land for waste disposal by
"Whoever is responsible for damage to the way of maximizing the waste reuse and recycle.
environment should bear the costs associated with
it." (Taking Action, the United Nations In the context of construction and demolition waste
Environmental Programme) management, there are few numbers of strategic
model has been proposed by researchers and
In other hence, while reducing the construction and journalist in China. According to [88], the
demolition waste, it also provides an economic construction project life cycle is the corner stone to
incentive for building professionals [76, 76, 64]. predict the possibility of waste production especially
during the construction stage, maintenance stage
In terms of guidelines, China has developed the and demolition stage. It is supported by [89],
same 3R principle but different way of effective management of any future risks would be

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possible if these risks are managed from the

perspective of a project life cycle as well as allowed
all parties involved making appropriate actions to
cope with them. In addition, [88] point out, the
waste material life cycle, “reuse’, “recycle” and
“disposal” are also the significant stage should be
looked. In a way towards sustainable construction,
adequate information is necessary to enable
contractors considers the most environmentally
friendly materials to be used, recycled and disposed. Fig 6
Therefore, the holistic observation towards the
process of the construction project life cycle should Actually, it is recognized that this agenda seems
be monitored systematically by the construction parallel to the government implementation in the
team at an early stage of the project since it is UK which aim of sustainability for the next few
important as a guideline to predict the production of decades. The fundamental of waste management
waste. strategy (reduce, reuse and recycle) mainly
corresponding with other developed countries.
C. Singapore Conversely, [92] opine that the waste management
adopted by various countries are different and it is
Singapore is an Asian country constitutes a city- supposed to be influenced by a number of factors
state with one of the highest per capita incomes in such as geographical area, population density,
the world. However, waste management is an transportation infrastructure and environmental
obstacle in attaining rapid development in Singapore regulation. Therefore, clarified that the
[90]. The depletion of natural resources and implementation of waste management in developed
government encouraging towards green buildings countries is various but the basis of 3R principles is
are driving stakeholders comes out with other perceived as main pillars in dealing with waste
alternative in obtaining building materials [91]. creation.
Therefore, to prevent the increasing of waste issues,
the Building Construction Authority (BCA) drawn
up an ISO 14000 Certification Scheme as a 4 Research Methodology
surveillance audit for construction firms towards To obtain the aims and objectives, the essential
environmental performance [92] Besides that, since stages of methodology were performed in several
limited land faces which is only 682 square stages. This research begins with completion of
kilometres, Singapore aim for “zero landfill” which literature reviews from publication, current issues
attempt to minimize the amount of waste generated and report from the government. Related facts to
and recycling as much as is feasible. It can be figure waste management strategy adopted in
perceived through the Singapore Green Plan (SGP) developed countries. Comparative analyses being
2012 execution which listed out the targets and aims used as approach to identify the main aspects that
of the zero landfill [93] [94]. government supposed to be considered in improving
the management of waste in construction. A review
Another, in attaining to sustainability concept, and a series of observation is on the three of
Singapore’s industry is trying to develop some developed countries namely United Kingdom,
industries that can develop products from recyclable China, Singapore since these countries facing a high
waste, consume less natural resources and increase urbanization and rapid development in terms of
the reusability of such materials and products for the technologies, construction and others. In addition
same or similar purpose [95]. In addition, while an these countries also emphasize the waste
efficient system for waste collection and disposal is management in the criteria of sustainability.
critical in Singapore, The National Environment Through studies on the previous research and
Agency (NEA) has also called for plans, develops research that has been successfully conducted, the
and manages Singapore’s advanced waste conceptual framework of strategic construction
management system [96]. Refer to The National waste management to be developed at the end of the
Environment Agency in Singapore, there are four stage.
dimensions were emphasized regarding on waste
management strategy:-

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5 Results and Discussion It is due to the several of the journalist opine that
Since the construction waste is the major obstacle in there will still be a substantial amount of
attaining sustainable construction, the government construction materials that require disposal.
in developed countries keeps on striving to develop Therefore, from the conceptual framework indicates
and generate idea to overcome the issues of that less waste to dispose and more reuse and
construction waste. The strategic framework model recycle of waste should be done. It is based on the
for construction waste management is used to comparative analysis of the developed countries
enhance the efficiency of waste management among which mainly emphasized in reducing waste
all stakeholders. In Tandem, it is one of the criteria disposal to landfill due to the limited landfill.
should be considered in attaining sustainable
construction. In other hence, an improvement of
waste management strategy should be periodically 6 Conclusions
done since the issues of limited landfills faces by In a way forward in sustainable construction, the
some of the developed countries becomes crucial. obstacle for the government to deal with rapid
development especially in construction that
The strategic implementation of the waste continuously comes out with the issues related to the
management in construction industry supposed to be environment. Government is called as main pillars
commenced by the government body which is main endeavor to cut off the serious issues of waste that
pillar in formulating a strategic plan. Refer to figure arise during construction.
7, the conceptual framework for strategic planning
of construction waste management emphasizes few The research is developed the four measures that
aspects that the government could use in ensuring should use by government to encourage and guide
the successful implementation of construction waste the stakeholders in dealing with waste. The strategic
management. It is namely regulation, policy, waste management that recognized from developed
technology and guideline. These four measures are countries is seems to be the strategic formulation
used to ensure the 3R strategy being implemented planning for any developing countries.
efficiently.
While allowing the development growth, it is
Moreover, from the comparative analyses, it is important for government formulate the strategic
identified that the fundamental of the waste planning of waste management based on these four
management still based on the three principles measures to facilitate all stakeholders identified how
which are reduce, reuse and recycle in achieving strategic action could be made in dealing to the
sustainability. However, it is recognized that the waste created in different stage of the construction
principles of waste in developed countries being industry. Otherwise is to standardize the waste
evolved by adding the ‘disposal’ at the end of the management in the construction industry.
stage.

Fig 7

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