Spanish II- Final Exam Study Guide NOMBRE: ___________________________
Vocabulary 1 – describing people, routines, and activities; expressing likes and dislikes
Nouns, Adjectives, and Gustar
Present Tense of Regular Verbs
-AR endings -ER endings -IR endings
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
Present Tense of Stem-Changing or “Boot” Verbs
The present tense of querer (to want)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The present tense of almorzar (to have lunch)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The present tense of jugar (to play)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The present tense of servir (to serve)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
Some other common e ie stem-changing verbs are:
______________ (to prefer), ______________ (to think/to plan), and ______________ (to begin)
Some other common o ue stem-changing verbs are:
______________ (to try/to taste), ______________ (to sleep), ______________ (to be able to),
and ______________ (to return/to go back)
Another common e i stem-changing verb is:
______________ (to ask for/to order)
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Verbs with Irregular “Yo” Forms
Salir = ______________ (I go out/I leave)
Poner = ______________ ( put)
Hacer = ______________ (I do/I make)
Traer = ______________ (I bring)
Saber = ______________ (I know)
Venir = ______________ (I come)
Tener = ______________ (I have)
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the _____________ _____________ as the subject pronoun. Use
______________ ______________ with certain verbs when the subject acts upon itself.
The present tense of levantarse (to get up)…
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
Vocabulary 2 – offering help and talking about chores; talking about plans and places
Idioms with Tener
to be in a hurry = __________________
to be hot = __________________
to be cold = __________________
to be thirsty = __________________
to be sleepy = __________________
to be hungry = __________________
to be lucky = __________________
to be … years old = __________________
to have to = __________________
to feel like = __________________
Verbs followed by Infinitives
The following verbs are followed by infinitives (an unconjugated verb – meaning, it still ends in –AR, -ER, or –IR).
to have to = __________________
to feel like = __________________
should/ought to = __________________
to be able to/can = __________________
to plan to = __________________
to prefer = __________________
to want = __________________
likes to = __________________
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The Present Progressive
You use the present progressive to say what is going on______________ ______________. To form it, you must
use the conjugated form of estar followed by the ______________ ______________.
To form the present participle, you drop the –AR, –ER, and –IR endings and add new endings.
-AR -ando (hablar hablando)
-ER/-IR -iendo (comer comiendo; escribir escribiendo)
Don’t forget about leer! (leer leyendo)
For example, to say “I am playing tennis,” you would say “Estoy jugando al tenis.”
Ir + a + Infinitives
Use ______________ + ______________ + an ______________ to say what someone is going to do.
Example: ¡Voy a estudiar mucho para el examen de español!
I’m going to study a lot for the Spanish exam!
The present tense of ir (to go)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
Direct Object Pronouns
Direct object pronouns can replace nouns already mentioned to avoid______________. They can go
______________ conjugated verbs or can be ______________ to the end of an infinitive or present participle.
Please make sure you know when to use the following Direct Object Pronouns!
lo los
la las
Vocabulary 3 – talking about what people do for a living; introducing people and responding to introductions
Indirect Objects and Indirect Object Pronouns
The indirect object is the person who ______________ the direct object or the person who ______________ from
the action of the verb. You must always use the preposition ___ before an indirect object!
An indirect object pronoun stands for an indirect object (always a person). The I.O. pronoun can take the place of
the indirect object or be used ______________ with it.
Please make sure you know when to use the following Indirect Object Pronouns!
me nos
te os
le les
The verbs dar and decir
Indirect objects are often used with verbs for ______________ and ______________ something to someone.
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The present tense of dar (to give)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The present tense of decir (to say/to tell)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
Saber and Conocer
The verbs saber and conocer both mean ______________. However, they are each used in different situations:
Saber is used to say that you know a ______________ or a piece of information. It is also used to say
that you know ______________ to do ______________.
Concocer is used to say whether you ______________ or are ______________ with a person, place, or
thing.
Each of these verbs has an irregular yo form in the present tense!
Saber = ______________ Conocer = ______________
Uses of Ser; Adjectives of Nationality
You can use the verb ser (to be) to:
tell time, say at what time something happens
say what belongs to someone
say who or what someone or something is
say what someone or something is like
say where someone is from and to describe someone’s nationality
Vocabulary 4 – describing a house; saying what needs to be done
Ser and Estar
Both ser and estar mean “to be”, but they are not used interchangeably. Please list their different uses below:
Use ser to… Use estar to…
- -
- -
- -
Expressions followed by Infinitives
All of the following expressions are followed by infinitives and are used to say what someone has to do or what
has to be done.
should/ought to = ______________________
to have to = ______________________
it’s my/your/his/her/our/their turn = ______________________
to say what has to be done = hay que, tener que
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Preterite Tense of Regular Verbs
-AR endings -ER/-IR endings
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
Irregular Preterite forms of Hacer and Ir (pg. 66)
The preterite tense of hacer (to do/make)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The preterite tense of ir (to go)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
Vocabulary 5 – asking for and giving information; talking about where someone went and what he or she did
Preterite of –CAR, –GAR, and –ZAR verbs
Verbs ending in –CAR, –GAR, and –ZAR have spelling changes in the ____ form of the preterite tense.
buscar ______________ jugar ______________ empezar ______________
Irregular Preterites
The following verbs have irregular ______________ in the preterite. Also, none of their endings have
______________ ______________. Please pay special attention to the endings because they are a
______________ of –AR and –ER/–IR preterite endings!
The preterite tense of andar (to walk)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The preterite tense of tener (to have)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The preterite tense of venir (to come)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
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The preterite tense of dar (to give)…
______________ ______________ **Only irregular because it take –ER/ –IR
______________ ______________ preterite endings, instead of –AR!
______________ ______________
The preterite tense of ver (to see/watch)…
______________ ______________ **Only irregular because it has no accent
______________ ______________ marks!
______________ ______________
Vocabulary 6 – talking about how something turned out, reacting to events
Irregular Preterites: Ponerse and Decir
The preterite tense of ponerse (to start to, to become)…
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
The preterite tense of decir (to say, to tell)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
Preterite of stem-changing –IR verbs
Only ______________ verbs have stem changing in the preterite. If an –IR verb has a stem change in the
______________ tense, it also has a stem change in the ______________, but in the ______________ person
form only.
The preterite of the verb sentirse (to feel)…
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
The preterite of the verb dormirse (to fall asleep)…
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
Other verbs that follow this pattern are…
______________ = to die
______________ = to prefer
______________ = to follow, to keep going
______________ = to have fun
______________ = to get dressed
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The Preterite of Ser and Estar
The preterite of ser… *Notice that the preterite of ser is
______________ ______________ identical to the preterite of the verb ir.
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The preterite of estar…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
You can use the preterite of ______________ to say where an event took place, how someone did, or to sum up
what someone or something was generally like.
You can use the preterite of ______________ to say where someone or something was or to say how someone
felt for a certain period of time. You can also use ______________ to give your opinion on how something was.
Verbs with Reflexive Pronouns
You know that reflexive verbs are used to talk about someone doing something to himself or herself.
Reflexive pronouns, indirect object pronouns, and direct object pronouns can go just before the ______________
verb or it can be attached to the end of an ______________ or ______________.
Preterite of verbs like Caer
When –ER or –IR verbs have a stem that ends in a ______________, the í of the ______________ person
preterite endings changes to y: -ió -yó and -ieron -yeron. In all other forms, the í has a written accent mark
to show that it is pronounced as a separate syllable.
The preterite of caerse (to fall)…
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
___ ______________ ___ ______________
Other verbs with a stem that ends in a vowel…
______________ = to read
______________ = to hear
Preterite of poder and traer
The preterite of poder (to say what you could/did do, to say what you couldn’t/didn’t do)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The preterite of traer (to bring)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
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Verbs with Reflexive Pronouns
Verbs that use reflexive pronouns typically show that the subject acts upon itself. Here are some commonly used
verbs with reflexive pronouns…
______________ = to get ready
______________ = to brush (one’s hair)
______________ = to hurry
______________ = to take a shower
______________ = to paint one’s nails
______________ = to take a long time
______________ = to remember
______________ = to be glad
______________ = to get mad
______________ = to forget
______________ = to get nervous
______________ = to worry
When direct object pronouns and reflexive pronouns are used together in a sentence, the ______________
______________ always goes before the ______________ ______________ pronoun.
Because of the leismo rule, we cannot have _____, ______ combinations. Instead ______, ________
combinations are permitted.
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns agree with the nouns they are replacing.
Masculine (sing.) Feminine (sing.) Masculine (plural) Feminine (plural)
yo ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
tú ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
usted, él, ella ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
nosotros(as) ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
vosotros(as) ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
ustedes, ellos, ellas ___________ ______________ ______________ ______________
Negative Expressions: ninguno(a)
Negative expressions in Spanish go either before or after the verb. If they are placed ______________ the verb,
place no before the verb also.
______________ = no one, not anyone
______________ = nothing, not anything
______________ = none, not a single one (can stand alone or can go before a noun)
Ninguno changes to ______________ before a masculine singular noun.
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Pero and Sino
Use ______________ to say but, as in however.
Use ______________ when you want to say but as in “Not this, but that instead.” Notice that sino can only
follow a ______________ verb. Remember the dancing hamsters!
A common expression with sino is No sólo…, sino también. (not only, but also)
Vocabulary 7 – talking about what you and others used to like and dislike, saying what you used to do and what
you wanted to be
Imperfect of Regular Verbs
The imperfect tense is used to talk about the past, but it has different uses than the preterite. The imperfect tells
what someone used to do, what things were like, or how things used to be. The preterite is typically used to talk
about a one time event, not something that was ongoing in the past.
You form the imperfect by dropping the –AR, –ER, or –IR infinitive endings and adding these imperfect endings…
-AR endings -ER/-IR endings
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The imperfect form of ______________ with an infinitive is used to say what someone usually did or tended to
do in the past.
Expressions often used with the imperfect…
______________ = sometimes ______________ = often
______________ = (almost) always ______________ = every year
Imperfect of Ir and Ver
The imperfect of ir (to go)...
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
The imperfect of ver (to watch, to see)…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
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Vocabulary 8 – describing people/things in the past, talking about an emotional reaction
Imperfect of Ser and Haber
To say what someone or something was generally like in the past, you use the imperfect of ser…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
To say what there generally was/were or what there used to be in the past, use the imperfect of haber = ______.
Preterite with Mental & Emotional States
You use the preterite of such verbs as ______________ and ______________ to describe reactions and changes
in mental/emotional states that occurred at a specific point in the past.
To say that someone had the urge to do something and even follow through with it, use the preterite of querer…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
To say that someone found out something, use the preterite of saber…
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
Comparatives and Superlatives
more…than _______ + adjective/adverb + que
less…than _______ + adjective/adverb + que
as…as _______ + adjective/adverb + como
the most/least… of… el/la/los/las + noun + más/menos + adjective + de
the best/worst/oldest/youngest…of…. el/la/los/las + irregular superlative word + noun + de
(mejor/mejores, peor/peores, mayor/mayores, menor/menores)
Another way to say that something is extremely good, bad, interesting, etc. is to add the ending ___________ to
the end of the adjective. Example – Esta sopa es buenísima.
Por and Para
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Vocabulary review:
Unit 1- pg. 74- describing people using SER and describing feelings using ESTAR
Unit 2- pg. 126- house and chore vocabulary
Unit 3- pg. 178- clothing & shopping vocabulary
Unit 4- food vocabulary
Unit 5- parts of the body, health, and personal hygiene vocabulary
Unit 6- travel vocabulary
On a separate sheet of paper, write down and list the following:
List 12 Question words- pg. 62 (Example: ¿Quién?= Who)
List the possessive pronouns- pg. 38 (Example: Este es mi libro= This is my book // El libro es mío= The book is mine)
List 8 irregular gerunds that stem change- pg. 90 (Example: dormirdurmiendo- stem changes from ou)
Make 5 short sentences using the present progressive (Ex: ¡Yo estoy aprendiendo!= I am learning!)
List the demonstrative adjectives- pg. 114 (Example: este= this)
List the regular preterite -AR, -ER, & -IR verb endings- pg. 142 & 150
List the 5 highly irregular preterite verbs- pg. 158
List 10 stem-changing verbs in the preterite- pg. 166 (*Hint: only verbs that end in –IR stem change in the preterite)
List 6 adverbs/markers for the preterite- pg. 150 (Example: yesterday= ayer)
Conjugate the 3 highly irregular imperfect verbs (SER, IR, & VER)
List the imperfect regular –AR, -ER, & -IR verb endings
List 6 adverbs/markers that are used with the imperfect (Example: every day= cada día/todos los días)
List the uses of POR & PARA- (when to use POR & when to use PARA)
Make a list of the indirect object pronouns (referring to people who receive the action) *Hint: think of the verb GUSTAR
Make a list of the direct object pronouns (referring to objects using “it” & “them”) *Hint: there are 4 of them
Make a list of the reflexive pronouns (referring to actions that are done onto oneself) *Hint: think of reflexive verbs
**You can find all of this content (vocabulary & grammar) in Units 1-6 of the
textbook and workbook on www.vhlcentral.com
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