ROBOTICS REVIEWER !!
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INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS
Robot - comes from the Czech word “robota” meaning “forced labor”
The word “robotics” was rst used in runaround, a short story published in 1942, by Isaac
Asimov.
ROBOTS - de ned as a man-made mechanical devices that can move by themselves, whose
motion must be modeled, planned, sensed, actuated, and controlled, and whose motion
behavior can be in uenced by “programming”.
1950’s ELSIE - Elsie was the rst mobile robot in history, with limited technical capabilities. It
was an electromechanical robot that responded to light and had both internal and external
stability.
1960’s SHAKEY - During the 60’s, a robot named shakey was developed. equipped with
tactile sensors, a vision camera, and two computers (one on board, one remote) connected
by radio to control it’s movements on the ground.
1970’s MARS ROVER - NASA developed mars rover, which was equipped with a mechanical
arm, proximity sensors, a laser telemetry device, and stereo cameras. The purpose of this
platform was to explore hostile or unknown terrain on Mars.
1980’s SRI’s CART - platform enabled the modeling of obstacles through the use of
Cartesian coordinates on its vertices.
The rst industrial robots were developed by George Devol, Norman Scha er, and Joseph
F. Engelburger americsn inventors and founders of the rst robotics company in history,
Unimation.
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In 1954, what is considered the rst industrial robot was developed in the USA: a hydraulic
arm called Unimate, used to lift heavy loads, which was sold to General Motors.
The Unimate was developed as a result of the foresight and business acumen of Joseph
Engelburger - the father of robotics.
Evolution of Industrial Robotics
Some of the advantages that AI brings to industrial robotics are:
● Increased accuracy
● Improved decision making
● Predictive maintenance
THREE LAWS OF ROBOTICS
1st law: a robot may not injure a human being
2nd law: a robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings except where such
orders would con ict with the rst law
3rd law: a robot musf protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
con ict with the First or Second law.
4th or zeroth law: a robot may not harm humanity, or by inaction, allow humanity to
come to harm.
ROBOT COMPONENTS
1. Manipulator or Rover - includes links, joints, and other structural elements.
2. End effectors - the part that is attached to the last joint or hand of a manipulator.
3. Actuators - Manipulators use servomotors, steppermotors, and pneumatic and hydraulic
cylinders as muscles for movement.
4. Sensors - to gather information about the robot’s internal state or communicate with the
environment.
5. Controller - is similar to the cerebellum and is responsible for controlling and coordinating
the movements of the actuators.
6. Processor - the brain of the robot. Calculates the motions and the velocity of the robot’s
joints, etc.
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7. Software
Operating System manages hardware, and provides services to programs. Robotic software
programs and pre-written code for routine tasks.
SENSORS
provide awareness of the environment by sensing things.
Sensors are the core of robots. It is the system that alerts the robots.
1. Light
2. Sound
3. Heat
4. Chemicals
5. Force
6. Object proximity
7. Physical orientation/position
8. Magnetic & Electric Fields
9. Resistance
END EFFECTOR
The end effector is the device at the end of a robotic arm used for interacting with the
environment. It can consist of a gripper or a tool, with the gripper having two, three or ve
ngers.
ACTUATORS
are electromechanical devices which converts energy into mechanical work. It could be in a
form of locomotion or manpulation.
LOCOMOTION
Robots move differently based on their purpose and surroundings. Locomotion systems affect
their performance, stability, and energy ef ciency.
MANIPULATIONS
Manipulation in robotics refers to the ability of a robot to handle and interact with objects in its
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environment. This involves the use of robotic arms, grippers, and other end-effectors, as well
as sensors and algorithms that enable the robot to perceive and manipulate objects with
precision and accuracy.
GENERALIZATION
Robotics is very much present around us. It could be seen in our technology, in architecture,
daily living, and many more.
This gives us the idea that technology can never be avoided and should be embraced and
appreciated.
PARTS OF A ROBOT
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
One of the main components of a robot is found in any
computer-driven technology: the central processing unit (CPU).
The CPU acts as the "brain" of the robot. In other words, a CPU is the robot component that
provides feedback to outside stimuli.
MICROCONTROLLERS
These are small, low-power processors that are often used in simple robots or robotic
components that perform basic tasks. They are commonly used for tasks like sensor data
processing, motor control, and simple decision-making.
SENSORS
Sensors are the powerhouse of a robot's feedback mechanism. They act as eyes and ears to
help it take in information about its surroundings. Robots typically incorporate a wide range of
sensor types to help them perform their work.
SENSORS
These include:
• Light sensors
• Sound sensors
• Temperature sensors
• Contact sensors
• Proximity sensors
• Distance sensors
• Pressure sensors
• Positioning sensors
LIGHT SENSORS
Light sensors are used to identify the light and generate a voltage difference. There are two
types of light sensors used in robot parts-photoresistors and photovoltaic cells.
A photocell or photoresistor is a sensor that changes its resistance when light shines on it.
Photovoltaic cells are applied when changing solar radiation energy to electrical. Naturally,
these sensors are commonly used in the production of solar robots.
SOUND SENSORS
Detects a sound and converts it into an electrical signal. By applying this type of sensor,
robots can navigate through sound, even to the point of creating a sound-controlled robot that
recognizes and responds to speci c sounds or series of sounds, to carry out certain tasks.
TEMPERATURE SENSORS
is used to detect temperature changes within the environment.
This sensor mainly uses the voltage difference principle to get the temperature change,
thereby generating the equivalent temperature value of the environment.
CONTACT AND PROXIMITY SENSORS
Help robots navigate more con dently and safely, especially when deployed alongside human
workers.
CONTACT SENSORS
are also known as touch sensors.
They mainly function to detect a change in velocity, position, acceleration, torque, or force at
the joints of the manipulator and the end-effector in robots. Physical contact is required for
these sensors to ef ciently direct the robot to act accordingly.
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PROXIMITY SENSORS
is used to detect objects that are close to a robot and measure the distance between a robot
and particular objects without making physical contact. This is possible because the sensors
use magnetic elds to sense the objects in question.
DISTANCE SENSORS
sometimes called ultrasonic sensors, use sound waves to tell the robot how far away the
robot is from the wall. The sensor sends a pulse of ultrasonic sound, and then times how long
it takes for the echo to bounce back to the sensor.
PRESSURE SENSORS
May control the grip strength of a powered robotic arm so it doesn't crush the merchandise it's
processing.
the robot contains uids under pressure (for example, hydraulic systems), pressure sensors
can be used to detect faults in the system.
Pressure sensors can also be installed in a compressed tank of gas to measure the amount
of gas left.
POSITIONING SENSORS
Include GPS, digital magnetic compasses and other tools to approximate the location of a
robot, either indoors or outdoors. Some robots also navigate their
surroundings through vision sensors,
which function like eyes. Cameras feed in visual information, and then an arti cial intelligence
(Al) process called machine vision analyzes the video footage to recognize objects, guiding
the robot.
ACTUATORS
If sensors are the eyes and ears of the robot, its actuators function like muscles. Actuators
are small motors attached directly to the structure of the machine that facilitate movement.
ACTUATORS
Some of the most common types include:
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• Hydraulic: Uses oil to facilitate
movement
• Pneumatic: Uses air to facilitate movement
• Electric: Uses electric current and magnets to facilitate movement
END-EFFECTORS
Another quality that most robots have in common is end-effectors.
The terms "effector" and "end-effector" are sometimes used interchangeably. Both terms refer
to the tools aboard the robot - the parts that perform the actual work and interact with the
environment or a workpiece.
POWER SUPPLY
Power supplies can still take many different forms, however. Stationary robots, like those in
factories, receive direct power just like any other appliance. Mobile robots typically sport high-
capacity batteries, while robotic probes and satellites are generally equipped with solar
panels for harvesting energy from the sun.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP - both an art and science of converting business ideas into
marketable products or services to improve the quality of living.
(MEANING)
Invention - refers to the occurence of a completely new idea for a product or process that
has never been created before.
Innovation - the implementation of an idea for a product or process that is being introduced
for the rst time.
(WHAT IS IT?)
Invention - involves the creation of a fresh product.
Innovation - adding value to something that already exists.
(CONCEPT)
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Invention - based on original idea and its theoretical workings.
Innovation - characterized by the practical implementation of a new idea.
(SKILLS REQUIRED)
Invention - scienti c skills
Innovation - marketing, technical, and strategic skills
2 core subjects
Mathematics - a good grasp of algebra and geometry are essential to all of the subjects which
make up robotics.
Physics - provides foundational knowledge in energy, electrical circuits, mechanics, material
science, and other key topics for robotics.
Careers
Robotics Engineer - responsible for creating and designing robots and robotic systems. Also
responsible for designing the machines and processes.
Robotics Technician - focused on testing and repairing robotics systems.
Sales Engineer - focused on the sales, need to be exceptionally knowledgeable about them.
Software Developer - focuses more on developing the software, the brain behind the
operation.
Robotics Operator - need to be lled by a group of people or by at least having someone on-
call on an ongoing basis. It operates/tests the robot.
Safety
Pros
● machines can be built to withstand hazardous conditions and work long hours.
● Can manage heavy loads and complete dull repetitive tasks
● reduce accident risks
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● costs are lower than a salaried employee
Cons
● when it comes to tasks that include creativity, decision making, and adapting.
● robots can be dangerous coworkers.
Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout)
make sure its unplugged and that only the person performing maintenance can plug it back in
The lockout/tagout helps prevent the machine from going rouge during maintenance.
Safeguarding
safety fences, presence sensing device, and braking systems are examples of appropriate
safety guards for the robotic workstation.
Risk and assessment
understanding the risks and hazards of the machine and the tasks.
Training
understand how it works and how to safely interact with it.
Personal Protective Equipment
● respirators
● gloves
● face shields
● hearing protection
● hard hats
● safety glasses
