Statistical Tables

Statistics

Copyright c 2015 Department of Statistics, University of Manitoba

List of Tables
1 Random digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 z (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 t⇤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 F⇤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 F ⇤ (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 F ⇤ (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 F ⇤ (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 F ⇤ (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 F ⇤ (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 F ⇤ (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 F ⇤ (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 F ⇤ (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5 2⇤
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

First edition, 1st electronic distribution, September 9, 2015.

i
 Table 1: Random digits

Line Digits
101 65875 71954 09608 53840 73912 60285 63382 92865
102 22954 59619 38399 80364 93381 74662 84472 27803
103 62669 58074 71502 91369 07123 24031 99612 51876
104 36318 23259 08550 84544 97808 15477 53707 66470
105 01098 87378 76265 95249 25321 05824 99271 49680
106 60690 69999 27850 33976 29257 57018 16596 94065
107 02317 18166 39219 54778 64403 45371 02980 22007
108 54198 33331 51766 73091 93964 15812 50781 76811
109 07641 86333 61533 22396 40762 39227 91026 28513
110 41147 45141 59408 43791 94096 30614 06996 72005
111 45998 79775 68467 44015 21946 37762 58572 21469
112 50100 45225 67745 11566 93079 66908 06818 95257
113 53885 85432 57232 56551 35865 38824 01518 03507
114 58627 41442 72847 59003 84242 30990 47535 03966
115 81874 77831 54245 18714 53270 10434 47728 55329
116 18199 42843 24514 34131 24031 83098 72508 19303
117 50942 36919 41739 11224 96567 69378 82173 27877
118 09524 65394 73184 31491 73260 36182 02026 79285
119 19246 82377 02040 65492 66024 61430 75163 93145
120 26698 54304 49351 11761 03040 54699 63837 06408
121 99476 88531 97398 53175 34854 57563 62845 27248
122 29480 62626 95821 02684 43025 96836 75163 76288
123 51755 36693 30274 30668 29758 91250 97768 08760
124 43280 89068 76868 95693 25865 21805 19063 39044
125 75108 34305 25102 54467 24350 87552 51957 04929
126 18476 06619 37439 52804 88755 45174 94770 23452
127 99250 17820 19044 65394 44496 27785 27921 21454
128 98278 87674 92093 07660 44301 54569 60602 28849
129 14192 93581 77285 97396 19396 75805 76311 84518
130 21567 21568 59097 08885 43477 33079 27925 25457
131 91459 03122 12426 87925 12845 38491 55718 69308
132 54948 58839 93684 54769 31056 76182 01450 90505
133 92976 12938 67445 32970 59011 31369 64481 01171
134 09006 92963 87791 06536 96017 86532 32567 05622
135 94588 51752 90478 48308 31038 70316 30952 72603
136 85490 35200 46909 27752 16065 60518 72597 92980
137 12207 71612 42562 53162 29190 01117 79908 85882
138 79621 80415 62503 34432 83188 81661 37639 40109
139 81667 66424 95211 31288 71227 51155 24816 12788
140 47973 03985 70533 53669 39503 27944 26443 54726
141 17097 41147 32281 95650 77174 32950 35768 23240
142 69424 25189 32786 70414 36060 45516 51714 59025
143 74697 23446 81586 32807 34679 66094 41580 85781
144 66486 39047 68655 76587 67306 26578 20332 13692
145 77187 85098 95517 35854 01946 66697 77149 36651

1
 Table entry is the area under the standard
normal curve to the left of z.
Probability

Table 2: z

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
-0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641

2
 Table 2: z (continued)

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998

3
Table entry for p and C is the critical value
t⇤ with probability p lying to its right and Probability p
probability C lying between t⇤ and t⇤ .

t⇤

Table 3: t⇤

Upper tail probability p

df 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.0025 0.001 0.0005
1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706 15.895 31.821 63.657 127.321 318.309 636.619
2 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 6.965 9.925 14.089 22.327 31.599
3 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.215 12.924
4 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781
10 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587
11 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140
15 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
16 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883
20 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850
21 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745
25 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
26 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690
28 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659
30 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646
40 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
50 0.679 0.849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 2.937 3.261 3.496
60 0.679 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
80 0.678 0.846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 2.887 3.195 3.416
100 0.677 0.845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 2.871 3.174 3.390
1000 0.675 0.842 1.037 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.056 2.330 2.581 2.813 3.098 3.300
z⇤ 0.674 0.842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291
C 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 96% 98% 99% 99.5% 99.8% 99.9%

4
 Table entry for the critical value F ⇤ which
has probability p lying to its right for the
Probability p
appropriate degrees of freedom, for the
numerator (df1 ) and the denominator (df2 ).

F⇤

Table 4: F ⇤

df1
df2 p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.100 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19
0.050 161.45 199.50 215.71 224.58 230.16 233.99 236.77 238.88 240.54 241.88
1 0.025 647.79 799.50 864.16 899.58 921.85 937.11 948.22 956.66 963.28 968.63
0.010 4052 5000 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056
0.001 405284 500000 540379 562500 576405 585937 592873 598144 602284 605621
0.100 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39
0.050 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40
2 0.025 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40
0.010 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40
0.001 998.50 999.00 999.17 999.25 999.30 999.33 999.36 999.37 999.39 999.40
0.100 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23
0.050 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79
3 0.025 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42
0.010 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23
0.001 167.03 148.50 141.11 137.10 134.58 132.85 131.58 130.62 129.86 129.25
0.100 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92
0.050 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96
4 0.025 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84
0.010 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55
0.001 74.14 61.25 56.18 53.44 51.71 50.53 49.66 49.00 48.47 48.05
0.100 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30
0.050 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74
5 0.025 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62
0.010 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05
0.001 47.18 37.12 33.20 31.09 29.75 28.83 28.16 27.65 27.24 26.92
0.100 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94
0.050 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06
6 0.025 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46
0.010 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87
0.001 35.51 27.00 23.70 21.92 20.80 20.03 19.46 19.03 18.69 18.41
0.100 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70
0.050 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64
7 0.025 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76
0.010 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62
0.001 29.25 21.69 18.77 17.20 16.21 15.52 15.02 14.63 14.33 14.08

5
 Table 4: F ⇤ (continued)

df1
df2 p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.100 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54
0.050 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35
8 0.025 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30
0.010 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81
0.001 25.41 18.49 15.83 14.39 13.48 12.86 12.40 12.05 11.77 11.54
0.100 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42
0.050 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14
9 0.025 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96
0.010 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26
0.001 22.86 16.39 13.90 12.56 11.71 11.13 10.70 10.37 10.11 9.89
0.100 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32
0.050 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98
10 0.025 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72
0.010 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85
0.001 21.04 14.91 12.55 11.28 10.48 9.93 9.52 9.20 8.96 8.75
0.100 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25
0.050 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85
11 0.025 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53
0.010 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54
0.001 19.69 13.81 11.56 10.35 9.58 9.05 8.66 8.35 8.12 7.92
0.100 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19
0.050 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75
12 0.025 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37
0.010 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30
0.001 18.64 12.97 10.80 9.63 8.89 8.38 8.00 7.71 7.48 7.29
0.100 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14
0.050 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67
13 0.025 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25
0.010 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10
0.001 17.82 12.31 10.21 9.07 8.35 7.86 7.49 7.21 6.98 6.80
0.100 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10
0.050 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60
14 0.025 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15
0.010 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94
0.001 17.14 11.78 9.73 8.62 7.92 7.44 7.08 6.80 6.58 6.40
0.100 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06
0.050 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54
15 0.025 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06
0.010 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80
0.001 16.59 11.34 9.34 8.25 7.57 7.09 6.74 6.47 6.26 6.08
0.100 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03
0.050 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49
16 0.025 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99
0.010 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69
0.001 16.12 10.97 9.01 7.94 7.27 6.80 6.46 6.19 5.98 5.81

6
 Table 4: F ⇤ (continued)

df1
df2 p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.100 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00
0.050 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45
17 0.025 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92
0.010 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59
0.001 15.72 10.66 8.73 7.68 7.02 6.56 6.22 5.96 5.75 5.58
0.100 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98
0.050 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41
18 0.025 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87
0.010 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51
0.001 15.38 10.39 8.49 7.46 6.81 6.35 6.02 5.76 5.56 5.39
0.100 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96
0.050 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38
19 0.025 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82
0.010 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43
0.001 15.08 10.16 8.28 7.27 6.62 6.18 5.85 5.59 5.39 5.22
0.100 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94
0.050 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35
20 0.025 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77
0.010 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37
0.001 14.82 9.95 8.10 7.10 6.46 6.02 5.69 5.44 5.24 5.08
0.100 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92
0.050 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32
21 0.025 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73
0.010 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31
0.001 14.59 9.77 7.94 6.95 6.32 5.88 5.56 5.31 5.11 4.95
0.100 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90
0.050 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30
22 0.025 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70
0.010 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26
0.001 14.38 9.61 7.80 6.81 6.19 5.76 5.44 5.19 4.99 4.83
0.100 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89
0.050 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27
23 0.025 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67
0.010 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21
0.001 14.20 9.47 7.67 6.70 6.08 5.65 5.33 5.09 4.89 4.73
0.100 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88
0.050 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25
24 0.025 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64
0.010 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17
0.001 14.03 9.34 7.55 6.59 5.98 5.55 5.23 4.99 4.80 4.64
0.100 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87
0.050 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24
25 0.025 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61
0.010 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13
0.001 13.88 9.22 7.45 6.49 5.89 5.46 5.15 4.91 4.71 4.56

7
 Table 4: F ⇤ (continued)

df1
df2 p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.100 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.86
0.050 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22
26 0.025 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59
0.010 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09
0.001 13.74 9.12 7.36 6.41 5.80 5.38 5.07 4.83 4.64 4.48
0.100 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.85
0.050 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20
27 0.025 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57
0.010 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06
0.001 13.61 9.02 7.27 6.33 5.73 5.31 5.00 4.76 4.57 4.41
0.100 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84
0.050 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19
28 0.025 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55
0.010 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03
0.001 13.50 8.93 7.19 6.25 5.66 5.24 4.93 4.69 4.50 4.35
0.100 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83
0.050 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18
29 0.025 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53
0.010 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00
0.001 13.39 8.85 7.12 6.19 5.59 5.18 4.87 4.64 4.45 4.29
0.100 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82
0.050 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16
30 0.025 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51
0.010 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98
0.001 13.29 8.77 7.05 6.12 5.53 5.12 4.82 4.58 4.39 4.24
0.100 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76
0.050 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08
40 0.025 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39
0.010 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80
0.001 12.61 8.25 6.59 5.70 5.13 4.73 4.44 4.21 4.02 3.87
0.100 2.81 2.41 2.20 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.84 1.80 1.76 1.73
0.050 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03
50 0.025 5.34 3.97 3.39 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32
0.010 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70
0.001 12.22 7.96 6.34 5.46 4.90 4.51 4.22 4.00 3.82 3.67
0.100 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71
0.050 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99
60 0.025 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27
0.010 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63
0.001 11.97 7.77 6.17 5.31 4.76 4.37 4.09 3.86 3.69 3.54
0.100 2.76 2.36 2.14 2.00 1.91 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.66
0.050 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93
100 0.025 5.18 3.83 3.25 2.92 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.24 2.18
0.010 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50
0.001 11.50 7.41 5.86 5.02 4.48 4.11 3.83 3.61 3.44 3.30

8
 Table 4: F ⇤ (continued)

df1
df2 p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.100 2.73 2.33 2.11 1.97 1.88 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.66 1.63
0.050 3.89 3.04 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.14 2.06 1.98 1.93 1.88
200 0.025 5.10 3.76 3.18 2.85 2.63 2.47 2.35 2.26 2.18 2.11
0.010 6.76 4.71 3.88 3.41 3.11 2.89 2.73 2.60 2.50 2.41
0.001 11.15 7.15 5.63 4.81 4.29 3.92 3.65 3.43 3.26 3.12
0.100 2.71 2.31 2.09 1.95 1.85 1.78 1.72 1.68 1.64 1.61
0.050 3.85 3.00 2.61 2.38 2.22 2.11 2.02 1.95 1.89 1.84
1000 0.025 5.04 3.70 3.13 2.80 2.58 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.13 2.06
0.010 6.66 4.63 3.80 3.34 3.04 2.82 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34
0.001 10.89 6.96 5.46 4.65 4.14 3.78 3.51 3.30 3.13 2.99

df1
df2 p 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 1000
0.100 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.05 62.26 62.53 62.69 62.79 63.06 63.30
0.050 243.91 245.95 248.01 249.26 250.10 251.14 251.77 252.20 253.25 254.19
1 0.025 976.71 984.87 993.10 998.08 1001 1006 1008 1010 1014 1018
0.010 6106 6157 6209 6240 6261 6287 6303 6313 6339 6363
0.001 610668 615764 620908 624017 626099 628712 630285 631337 633972 636301
0.100 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.47 9.48 9.49
0.050 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.46 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.48 19.49 19.49
2 0.025 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.48 39.49 39.50
0.010 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.48 99.49 99.50
0.001 999.42 999.43 999.45 999.46 999.47 999.47 999.48 999.48 999.49 999.50
0.100 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.17 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.15 5.14 5.13
0.050 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.63 8.62 8.59 8.58 8.57 8.55 8.53
3 0.025 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 14.01 13.99 13.95 13.91
0.010 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.58 26.50 26.41 26.35 26.32 26.22 26.14
0.001 128.32 127.37 126.42 125.84 125.45 124.96 124.66 124.47 123.97 123.53
0.100 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.76
0.050 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.70 5.69 5.66 5.63
4 0.025 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.50 8.46 8.41 8.38 8.36 8.31 8.26
0.010 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.91 13.84 13.75 13.69 13.65 13.56 13.47
0.001 47.41 46.76 46.10 45.70 45.43 45.09 44.88 44.75 44.40 44.09
0.100 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.15 3.14 3.12 3.11
0.050 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.52 4.50 4.46 4.44 4.43 4.40 4.37
5 0.025 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.27 6.23 6.18 6.14 6.12 6.07 6.02
0.010 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.45 9.38 9.29 9.24 9.20 9.11 9.03
0.001 26.42 25.91 25.39 25.08 24.87 24.60 24.44 24.33 24.06 23.82
0.100 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.80 2.78 2.77 2.76 2.74 2.72
0.050 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.83 3.81 3.77 3.75 3.74 3.70 3.67
6 0.025 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.11 5.07 5.01 4.98 4.96 4.90 4.86
0.010 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.30 7.23 7.14 7.09 7.06 6.97 6.89
0.001 17.99 17.56 17.12 16.85 16.67 16.44 16.31 16.21 15.98 15.77

9
 Table 4: F ⇤ (continued)

df1
df2 p 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 1000
0.100 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.51 2.49 2.47
0.050 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.40 3.38 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.27 3.23
7 0.025 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.40 4.36 4.31 4.28 4.25 4.20 4.15
0.010 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.06 5.99 5.91 5.86 5.82 5.74 5.66
0.001 13.71 13.32 12.93 12.69 12.53 12.33 12.20 12.12 11.91 11.72
0.100 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.32 2.30
0.050 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.04 3.02 3.01 2.97 2.93
8 0.025 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.94 3.89 3.84 3.81 3.78 3.73 3.68
0.010 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.26 5.20 5.12 5.07 5.03 4.95 4.87
0.001 11.19 10.84 10.48 10.26 10.11 9.92 9.80 9.73 9.53 9.36
0.100 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.18 2.16
0.050 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.89 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.79 2.75 2.71
9 0.025 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.60 3.56 3.51 3.47 3.45 3.39 3.34
0.010 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.71 4.65 4.57 4.52 4.48 4.40 4.32
0.001 9.57 9.24 8.90 8.69 8.55 8.37 8.26 8.19 8.00 7.84
0.100 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.17 2.16 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.08 2.06
0.050 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.58 2.54
10 0.025 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.35 3.31 3.26 3.22 3.20 3.14 3.09
0.010 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.31 4.25 4.17 4.12 4.08 4.00 3.92
0.001 8.45 8.13 7.80 7.60 7.47 7.30 7.19 7.12 6.94 6.78
0.100 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.04 2.03 2.00 1.98
0.050 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.45 2.41
11 0.025 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.16 3.12 3.06 3.03 3.00 2.94 2.89
0.010 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.01 3.94 3.86 3.81 3.78 3.69 3.61
0.001 7.63 7.32 7.01 6.81 6.68 6.52 6.42 6.35 6.18 6.02
0.100 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.93 1.91
0.050 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.43 2.40 2.38 2.34 2.30
12 0.025 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.85 2.79 2.73
0.010 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.76 3.70 3.62 3.57 3.54 3.45 3.37
0.001 7.00 6.71 6.40 6.22 6.09 5.93 5.83 5.76 5.59 5.44
0.100 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.92 1.90 1.88 1.85
0.050 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.30 2.25 2.21
13 0.025 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.88 2.84 2.78 2.74 2.72 2.66 2.60
0.010 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.57 3.51 3.43 3.38 3.34 3.25 3.18
0.001 6.52 6.23 5.93 5.75 5.63 5.47 5.37 5.30 5.14 4.99
0.100 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.83 1.80
0.050 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.34 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.18 2.14
14 0.025 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.78 2.73 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.55 2.50
0.010 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.41 3.35 3.27 3.22 3.18 3.09 3.02
0.001 6.13 5.85 5.56 5.38 5.25 5.10 5.00 4.94 4.77 4.62
0.100 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.83 1.82 1.79 1.76
0.050 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.28 2.25 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.11 2.07
15 0.025 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.52 2.46 2.40
0.010 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.28 3.21 3.13 3.08 3.05 2.96 2.88
0.001 5.81 5.54 5.25 5.07 4.95 4.80 4.70 4.64 4.47 4.33

10
 Table 4: F ⇤ (continued)

df1
df2 p 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 1000
0.100 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.75 1.72
0.050 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.11 2.06 2.02
16 0.025 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.61 2.57 2.51 2.47 2.45 2.38 2.32
0.010 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.16 3.10 3.02 2.97 2.93 2.84 2.76
0.001 5.55 5.27 4.99 4.82 4.70 4.54 4.45 4.39 4.23 4.08
0.100 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.83 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.72 1.69
0.050 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.18 2.15 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.01 1.97
17 0.025 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.55 2.50 2.44 2.41 2.38 2.32 2.26
0.010 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.07 3.00 2.92 2.87 2.83 2.75 2.66
0.001 5.32 5.05 4.78 4.60 4.48 4.33 4.24 4.18 4.02 3.87
0.100 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.78 1.75 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.66
0.050 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.14 2.11 2.06 2.04 2.02 1.97 1.92
18 0.025 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.49 2.44 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.26 2.20
0.010 3.37 3.23 3.08 2.98 2.92 2.84 2.78 2.75 2.66 2.58
0.001 5.13 4.87 4.59 4.42 4.30 4.15 4.06 4.00 3.84 3.69
0.100 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.67 1.64
0.050 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.93 1.88
19 0.025 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.44 2.39 2.33 2.30 2.27 2.20 2.14
0.010 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.91 2.84 2.76 2.71 2.67 2.58 2.50
0.001 4.97 4.70 4.43 4.26 4.14 3.99 3.90 3.84 3.68 3.53
0.100 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.71 1.69 1.68 1.64 1.61
0.050 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.04 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.90 1.85
20 0.025 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.29 2.25 2.22 2.16 2.09
0.010 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.84 2.78 2.69 2.64 2.61 2.52 2.43
0.001 4.82 4.56 4.29 4.12 4.00 3.86 3.77 3.70 3.54 3.40
0.100 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.62 1.59
0.050 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.87 1.82
21 0.025 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.11 2.05
0.010 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.79 2.72 2.64 2.58 2.55 2.46 2.37
0.001 4.70 4.44 4.17 4.00 3.88 3.74 3.64 3.58 3.42 3.28
0.100 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.60 1.57
0.050 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.02 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.84 1.79
22 0.025 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.21 2.17 2.14 2.08 2.01
0.010 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.73 2.67 2.58 2.53 2.50 2.40 2.32
0.001 4.58 4.33 4.06 3.89 3.78 3.63 3.54 3.48 3.32 3.17
0.100 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.71 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.59 1.55
0.050 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76
23 0.025 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.18 2.14 2.11 2.04 1.98
0.010 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.48 2.45 2.35 2.27
0.001 4.48 4.23 3.96 3.79 3.68 3.53 3.44 3.38 3.22 3.08
0.100 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.57 1.54
0.050 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.97 1.94 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.79 1.74
24 0.025 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.26 2.21 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.01 1.94
0.010 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.64 2.58 2.49 2.44 2.40 2.31 2.22
0.001 4.39 4.14 3.87 3.71 3.59 3.45 3.36 3.29 3.14 2.99

11
 Table 4: F ⇤ (continued)

df1
df2 p 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 1000
0.100 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.56 1.52
0.050 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.77 1.72
25 0.025 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.23 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.05 1.98 1.91
0.010 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.60 2.54 2.45 2.40 2.36 2.27 2.18
0.001 4.31 4.06 3.79 3.63 3.52 3.37 3.28 3.22 3.06 2.91
0.100 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.67 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.54 1.51
0.050 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.82 1.80 1.75 1.70
26 0.025 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.05 2.03 1.95 1.89
0.010 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.57 2.50 2.42 2.36 2.33 2.23 2.14
0.001 4.24 3.99 3.72 3.56 3.44 3.30 3.21 3.15 2.99 2.84
0.100 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.66 1.64 1.60 1.58 1.57 1.53 1.50
0.050 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.92 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.73 1.68
27 0.025 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.18 2.13 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.93 1.86
0.010 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.54 2.47 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.20 2.11
0.001 4.17 3.92 3.66 3.49 3.38 3.23 3.14 3.08 2.92 2.78
0.100 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.65 1.63 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.52 1.48
0.050 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.71 1.66
28 0.025 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.91 1.84
0.010 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.51 2.44 2.35 2.30 2.26 2.17 2.08
0.001 4.11 3.86 3.60 3.43 3.32 3.18 3.09 3.02 2.86 2.72
0.100 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.64 1.62 1.58 1.56 1.55 1.51 1.47
0.050 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.77 1.75 1.70 1.65
29 0.025 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.14 2.09 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.89 1.82
0.010 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.48 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.23 2.14 2.05
0.001 4.05 3.80 3.54 3.38 3.27 3.12 3.03 2.97 2.81 2.66
0.100 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.61 1.57 1.55 1.54 1.50 1.46
0.050 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.68 1.63
30 0.025 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.87 1.80
0.010 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.45 2.39 2.30 2.25 2.21 2.11 2.02
0.001 4.00 3.75 3.49 3.33 3.22 3.07 2.98 2.92 2.76 2.61
0.100 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.47 1.42 1.38
0.050 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.78 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.58 1.52
40 0.025 2.29 2.18 2.07 1.99 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.80 1.72 1.65
0.010 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.27 2.20 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.92 1.82
0.001 3.64 3.40 3.14 2.98 2.87 2.73 2.64 2.57 2.41 2.25
0.100 1.68 1.63 1.57 1.53 1.50 1.46 1.44 1.42 1.38 1.33
0.050 1.95 1.87 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.63 1.60 1.58 1.51 1.45
50 0.025 2.22 2.11 1.99 1.92 1.87 1.80 1.75 1.72 1.64 1.56
0.010 2.56 2.42 2.27 2.17 2.10 2.01 1.95 1.91 1.80 1.70
0.001 3.44 3.20 2.95 2.79 2.68 2.53 2.44 2.38 2.21 2.05
0.100 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.50 1.48 1.44 1.41 1.40 1.35 1.30
0.050 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.69 1.65 1.59 1.56 1.53 1.47 1.40
60 0.025 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.87 1.82 1.74 1.70 1.67 1.58 1.49
0.010 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.88 1.84 1.73 1.62
0.001 3.32 3.08 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.41 2.32 2.25 2.08 1.92

12
 Table 4: F ⇤ (continued)

df1
df2 p 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 1000
0.100 1.61 1.56 1.49 1.45 1.42 1.38 1.35 1.34 1.28 1.22
0.050 1.85 1.77 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.38 1.30
100 0.025 2.08 1.97 1.85 1.77 1.71 1.64 1.59 1.56 1.46 1.36
0.010 2.37 2.22 2.07 1.97 1.89 1.80 1.74 1.69 1.57 1.45
0.001 3.07 2.84 2.59 2.43 2.32 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.83 1.64
0.100 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.29 1.23 1.16
0.050 1.80 1.72 1.62 1.56 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.39 1.30 1.21
200 0.025 2.01 1.90 1.78 1.70 1.64 1.56 1.51 1.47 1.37 1.25
0.010 2.27 2.13 1.97 1.87 1.79 1.69 1.63 1.58 1.45 1.30
0.001 2.90 2.67 2.42 2.26 2.15 2.00 1.90 1.83 1.64 1.43
0.100 1.55 1.49 1.43 1.38 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.18 1.08
0.050 1.76 1.68 1.58 1.52 1.47 1.41 1.36 1.33 1.24 1.11
1000 0.025 1.96 1.85 1.72 1.64 1.58 1.50 1.45 1.41 1.29 1.13
0.010 2.20 2.06 1.90 1.79 1.72 1.61 1.54 1.50 1.35 1.16
0.001 2.77 2.54 2.30 2.14 2.02 1.87 1.77 1.69 1.49 1.22

13
 Table 5: 2⇤

Table entry for the critical value 2⇤ which

has probability p lying to its right for the Probability p
appropriate degrees of freedom.

2⇤

Tail Probability p
df 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.0025 0.001 0.0005
1 1.32 1.64 2.07 2.71 3.84 5.02 5.41 6.63 7.88 9.14 10.83 12.12
2 2.77 3.22 3.79 4.61 5.99 7.38 7.82 9.21 10.60 11.98 13.82 15.20
3 4.11 4.64 5.32 6.25 7.82 9.35 9.84 11.35 12.84 14.32 16.27 17.73
4 5.38 5.99 6.75 7.78 9.49 11.14 11.67 13.28 14.86 16.42 18.47 20.00
5 6.63 7.29 8.12 9.24 11.07 12.83 13.39 15.09 16.75 18.39 20.52 22.11
6 7.84 8.56 9.45 10.64 12.59 14.45 15.03 16.81 18.55 20.25 22.46 24.10
7 9.04 9.80 10.75 12.02 14.07 16.01 16.62 18.48 20.28 22.04 24.32 26.02
8 10.22 11.03 12.03 13.36 15.51 17.54 18.17 20.09 21.95 23.77 26.12 27.87
9 11.39 12.24 13.29 14.68 16.92 19.02 19.68 21.67 23.59 25.46 27.88 29.67
10 12.55 13.44 14.53 15.99 18.31 20.48 21.16 23.21 25.19 27.11 29.59 31.42
11 13.70 14.63 15.77 17.27 19.68 21.92 22.62 24.73 26.76 28.73 31.26 33.14
12 14.85 15.81 16.99 18.55 21.03 23.34 24.05 26.22 28.30 30.32 32.91 34.82
13 15.98 16.98 18.20 19.81 22.36 24.74 25.47 27.69 29.82 31.88 34.53 36.48
14 17.12 18.15 19.41 21.06 23.68 26.12 26.87 29.14 31.32 33.43 36.12 38.11
15 18.25 19.31 20.60 22.31 25.00 27.49 28.26 30.58 32.80 34.95 37.70 39.72
16 19.37 20.46 21.79 23.54 26.30 28.84 29.63 32.00 34.27 36.46 39.25 41.31
17 20.49 21.61 22.98 24.77 27.59 30.19 31.00 33.41 35.72 37.95 40.79 42.88
18 21.61 22.76 24.16 25.99 28.87 31.53 32.35 34.80 37.16 39.42 42.31 44.43
19 22.72 23.90 25.33 27.20 30.14 32.85 33.69 36.19 38.58 40.88 43.82 45.97
20 23.83 25.04 26.50 28.41 31.41 34.17 35.02 37.57 40.00 42.34 45.31 47.50
21 24.93 26.17 27.66 29.61 32.67 35.48 36.34 38.93 41.40 43.77 46.80 49.01
22 26.04 27.30 28.82 30.81 33.92 36.78 37.66 40.29 42.80 45.20 48.27 50.51
23 27.14 28.43 29.98 32.01 35.17 38.08 38.97 41.64 44.18 46.62 49.73 52.00
24 28.24 29.55 31.13 33.20 36.41 39.36 40.27 42.98 45.56 48.03 51.18 53.48
25 29.34 30.68 32.28 34.38 37.65 40.65 41.57 44.31 46.93 49.44 52.62 54.95
26 30.43 31.80 33.43 35.56 38.88 41.92 42.86 45.64 48.29 50.83 54.05 56.41
27 31.53 32.91 34.57 36.74 40.11 43.20 44.14 46.96 49.65 52.22 55.48 57.86
28 32.62 34.03 35.72 37.92 41.34 44.46 45.42 48.28 50.99 53.59 56.89 59.30
29 33.71 35.14 36.85 39.09 42.56 45.72 46.69 49.59 52.34 54.97 58.30 60.73
30 34.80 36.25 37.99 40.26 43.77 46.98 47.96 50.89 53.67 56.33 59.70 62.16
40 45.62 47.27 49.24 51.80 55.76 59.34 60.44 63.69 66.77 69.70 73.40 76.09
50 56.33 58.16 60.35 63.17 67.50 71.42 72.61 76.15 79.49 82.66 86.66 89.56
60 66.98 68.97 71.34 74.40 79.08 83.30 84.58 88.38 91.95 95.34 99.61 102.69
80 88.13 90.41 93.11 96.58 101.88 106.63 108.07 112.33 116.32 120.10 124.84 128.26
100 109.14 111.67 114.66 118.50 124.34 129.56 131.14 135.81 140.17 144.29 149.45 153.17

14