CES 429

BASIC DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
(Week 1 & 2)

INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Slide 1 of 34 Structural System

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

1. Identify the different forms of structures

2. Calculate the degrees of static and kinematic
indeterminacy for beam, frame and truss.
3. Classify the structure to unstable, statically
determinate and statically indeterminate.

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 What is Structural Engineering?

Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineering that

focuses on the design and analysis of structures to ensure they
can withstand the loads and forces they will experience
throughout their lifespan. These structures can range from
buildings and bridges to dams and towers.

Structural engineers use principles of physics and mathematics

to design structures that are safe, durable, and functional. They
consider factors such as the materials used, the shape and
layout of the structure, and the environmental conditions it will
be subjected to. By understanding how different materials
behave under various conditions, structural engineers can
create designs that are both efficient and cost-effective.

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 What is Structural System?

A structural system refers to the framework or arrangement of

elements that provide stability and support to a building or any
other structure. It includes components such as beams,
columns, walls, slabs, foundations, and braces, designed to
resist various forces like gravity loads, lateral loads (such as
wind or seismic forces), and other environmental factors.

Structural elements can be classified based on various criteria,

including their behavior under load, material composition,
shape, and function. For simplified analysis, one common
classification is based on the primary direction in which the
elements resist loads.

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 Type of Structures

Pictures shows different type of structures.

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 What is Structural Idealization?

Structural idealization is a simplification process used in structural

analysis to represent complex real-world structures as simplified
models. In essence, it involves reducing a complex structure to a
simpler form while retaining its essential characteristics for analysis
purposes. This simplification is necessary to make calculations more
manageable while still providing accurate results.

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 Structural Idealization Process
Idealization of Geometry
This step involves simplifying the geometry of the structure. For example, complex three-dimensional
structures may be idealized as two-dimensional representations, such as beams, plates, or shells,
depending on the level of detail required for analysis.

Idealization of Supports and Constraints

Real-world structures often have numerous supports and constraints that affect their behavior under
loads. In structural idealization, these supports and constraints are simplified to basic representations,
such as fixed supports, pinned supports, rollers.

Idealization of Connections
Connections between structural elements are often simplified for analysis. For instance, complex
welded or bolted connections may be replaced with simplified models that adequately represent their
behavior under loading conditions.

Idealization of Loads and Loadings

Loads acting on a structure are simplified to concentrated loads, distributed loads, moments, or other
basic load types. Complex load distributions may be approximated by simpler representations to
facilitate analysis.

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 Idealized Structure

 To develop the ability to model or idealize a structure so that the

structural engineer can perform a practical force analysis of the
members
 Generally actual structure in 3-D can be idealized to 2-D.

3-D 2-D

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 Idealized Structure

Support reactions are idealized as follow;

Rx Rx

Ry Ry Ry

(a) Fixed (b) Hinge or Pin (c) Roller

δ
M = -kθ

θ
R = -kδ

(d) Helical Spring (e) Spiral Spring

Forces exerted by supports are referred to external reactions

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 Idealized Structure

Internal reactions are idealized as follow;

F
M

(a) Rigid

(b) Cable

(c) Hinge

Forces exerted by one part of a member upon adjacent parts are referred to
internal reactions

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 Typical Support Connections

Different type of support conditions are as follow;

Idealized models used in
Actual support connections
structural analysis

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 What is Static Equilibrium Equations?

In structural analysis, static equilibrium equations are fundamental principles used

to analyze the stability and balance of a structure under various loads. These
equations are derived from Newton's laws of motion and are essential for ensuring
that the forces and moments acting on a structure are in balance, meaning that
the structure remains stationary or in equilibrium.

The static equilibrium equations are typically expressed as:

 Sum of Forces in the x-direction:

∑Fx = 0

 Sum of Forces in the y-direction:

∑Fy = 0

 Sum of Moments about a point (or axis):

∑M = 0

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 Static Equilibrium Equations

Static equilibrium equations have 2 types;

1. For 3-D Structures;

∑ Fx = 0 ∑ Fy = 0 ∑ Fz = 0
∑ M x =0 ∑ M y =0 ∑ M z =0
2. For 2-D Structures;

∑ Fx = 0
∑ Fy = 0
∑ M o =0

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 Structure Flow Chart

STRUCTURE

STABLE UNSTABLE

STATICALLY STATICALLY STATICALLY GEOMETRICALLY

DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE

EXTERNAL INTERNAL

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 Static Indeterminacy

Static indeterminacy can be categorised into two;

Statically Determinate Structures

When the static equilibrium equations
are sufficient to determine the unknown
support reactions.

Statically Indeterminate Structures

When the static equilibrium equations
are not sufficient to determine the
unknown support reactions.

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 Degree of Static Indeterminacy

Degree of static indeterminacy, d, is defined as an excess of

unknown reactions as compared to the static equations (known as
redundant).

Beam & Frame

d = Degree of static indeterminacy
d=r–n–c
r = Number of support reactions
or
n = Number of static equilibrium equations
d = 3m + r – 3j – c
(n = 3 for 2D structures)
c = Number of internal hinge
m = Number of members
Plane Truss
j = Number of joints
d = m + r – 2j

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 Degree of Static Indeterminacy

Structures can be classified base on their Degree of static

indeterminacy, d. It can be summarised as follows;

Degree of Static Classification of

Indeterminacy (d) Structures

if d is < 0 (-ve) Statically unstable

if d is = 0 Statically determinate

if d is > 0 (+ve) Statically indeterminate

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 Example 1
Show that the beams below are either unstable, statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. For those that are statically determinate, determine their reactions.

5 kN 5 kN 5 kN

300 300 300

A C B A C B A C B
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m

(a) (b) (c)

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 Example 1
General equation for beam and frame.
d = 3m + r – 3j - c or d = r – n - c
5 kN 5 kN 5 kN

300 300 300

A C B A C B A C B
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m

(a) (b) (c)

r = 3, n = 3, c = 0 r = 4, n = 3, c = 0 r = 2, n = 3, c = 0

d = 3 – 3 – 0 = 0. d = 4 – 3 – 0 = 1. d = 2 – 3 – 0 = -1.
The beam is statically The beam is statically The beam is unstable.
determinate. indeterminate to the 1st degree

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 Example 2
Show that the frames below are either unstable, statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. For those that are statically determinate, determine their reactions.

B B B
C C C

2m hinge 2m hinge 2m

5 kN 5 kN 5 kN

2m 2m 2m

A D A D A D

3m 3m 3m

(b) (c)
(a)

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 Example 2
General equation for beam and frame.
d = 3m + r – 3j - c or d = r – n - c
B C B C B C

5 kN 5 kN 5 kN
hinge hinge

A A D A D
D

3m 3m 3m

r = 3, n = 3, c = 1 r = 4, n = 3, c = 1 r = 4, n = 3, c = 0

d = 3 – 3 – 1 = -1. d = 4 – 3 – 1 = 0. d = 4 – 3 – 0 = 1.
The frame is unstable. The frame is statically The frame is statically
determinate. indeterminate to the 1st degree

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 Example 3
Show that the trusses below are either unstable, statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. For those that are statically determinate, determine their reactions.

5 kN 5 kN
B C B C

A D A D

3m 3m

(a) (b)

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 Example 3
General equation for truss.
d = m + r – 2j
5 kN
5 kN B C
B C

A D
A D
3m
3m

m = 5, r = 3, j = 4 m = 6, r = 4, j = 4

d = 5 + 3 – 2(4) = 0. d = 6 + 4 – 2(4) = 2.
The truss is statically determinate. The truss is statically indeterminate to the 2nd degree
Need to check for external redundancy.
d=r–n=4–3=1
external =1

therefore internal = 2 – 1 = 1

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 Kinematic Indeterminacy

When loads are applied on structure, each joint will undergo

displacements (translation and rotation). Some displacements may
be known, some are unknown. The number of unknown joint
displacements is the degree of kinematic indeterminacy or the
number of DEGREE OF FREEDOM for joint displacement.

There are three (3) possible displacement can occur;

1. Horizontal Translation (H)

2. Vertical Translation (V)
3. Rotational Translation (M)

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 General Principle

Kinematic indeterminacy (Degree of freedom) can be determined base on

two categories which are depends on;

1. Type of supports
a) Fixed support (zero DOF) – Unconstrained DOF = 0
b) Pinned support (M DOF) – Unconstrained DOF = 1
c) Roller Support (M and H or V DOF) – Unconstrained DOF = 2

2. Type of joints
a) Fixed joint (H, V and M) – Unconstrained DOF = 3
b) Pinned Joint (H and V) – Unconstrained DOF = 2

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 Example 4
Determined the unconstrained degrees of freedom and constrained degrees of
freedom of the given structures below.

5 kN
At Support A
300
Unconstrained DOF = 1 (M)
Constrained DOF = 2 ( H and V)
A C B
3m 3m
At Support B
(a) Unconstrained DOF = 2 (H and M)
Constrained DOF = 1 (V)

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 Example 5
Determined the unconstrained degrees of freedom and constrained degrees of freedom of
the given structures below.

B
C

2m At Support A
Unconstrained DOF = 1 (M)
5 kN Constrained DOF = 2 ( H and V)

2m
At Support D
Unconstrained DOF = 2 (H and M)
A D Constrained DOF = 1 (V)

3m At Joint B and C
Unconstrained DOF = 3 (M, H and V)
Constrained DOF = 0

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 Example 6
Determined the unconstrained degrees of freedom and constrained degrees of freedom of
the given structures below.

5 kN
B
At Support A
C
Unconstrained DOF = 0
Constrained DOF = 2 ( H and V)

At Support D
A D Unconstrained DOF = 1 (H)
Constrained DOF = 1 (V)
3m

At Joint B and C
Unconstrained DOF = 2 (H and V)
Constrained DOF = 0

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 Structural Stability

• To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its member, it is not

only necessary to satisfy the equations of equilibrium, but the
members must also be properly held or constrained by their
supports.

• Two (2) situations may occur where the conditions for proper
constraints has not been met;

i) Partial Constraints
ii) Improper Constraints

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 Partial Constraints

Fewer reactive forces than equations of equilibrium.

If ∑ Fx ≠ 0 or ∑ Fy ≠ 0 or ∑ M ≠ 0 the structure will be unstable.

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 Improper Constraints

In some cases, unknown forces may equal to the equilibrium.

However, instability or movement of structure could still occur if
support reactions are concurrent at a point

Concurrent reactions

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 Improper Constraints

In some cases, unknown forces may equal to the equilibrium.

However, instability or movement of structure could still occur if
support reactions are concurrent at a point

Parallel reactions

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 Review
Problems

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 Problem 1
The structures shown in Figure below are either statically determinate, statically
indeterminate or unstable. Determine statically indeterminate structure/s ONLY and
suggest changes to be made so that the structure/s become statically determinate, hence
calculate the external reactions.

(a)

(c)

(d)

(b)

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 Problem 2

1. Show that the structures below are either unstable, statically

determinate or statically indeterminate. For those that are
statically determinate, determine their reactions.
2. Calculate the kinematic indeterminacy of the structures below.

10 kN/m
20 kN/m
15 kN/m
C D
5m
B 10 m C
B
10 m
10 m
A
A B A D
10 m
9m 6m
(c)
(a) (b)

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 Problem 3

1. Show that the structures below are either unstable, statically

determinate or statically indeterminate. For those that are
statically determinate, determine their reactions.
2. Calculate the kinematic indeterminacy of the structures below.
15 kN
30 kN 10 kN/m
E

5m B
D C 5m

4m A
A C
B 2m 6m
5m 5m
(a) (b)

10 15 kN/m 10 kN/m
A kN/m D
B B
C A
4m 6m 4m
6m 4m
(c)
(d)

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 References

Hibbeler R.C, (2012), “Structural Analysis, 8th Edition in S.I. Units”,

Pearson, Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2009), “Structural Analysis, 7th Edition in S.I. Units”,
Pearson, Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2006), “Structural Analysis, 6th Edition in S.I. Units”,
Pearson, Singapore
UiTM Structural Division (2003), “Basic Structural Analysis”, Cerdik
Publications Sdn. Bhd.
UiTM Structural Division (2003), “Basic Structural Mechanics”, Cerdik
Publications Sdn. Bhd.
Mc Cormac N., (1999), “Structural Analysis”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley
and Sons.

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