PGS.

TS LÊ CHÍ CƯƠNG

GIÁO TRÌNH

ANH VĂN CHUYÊN NGÀNH CƠ KHÍ

 PGS.TS LÊ CHÍ CƯƠNG

GIÁO TRÌNH

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA

THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH – 2016
 LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

Việt Nam đang trong quá trình hội nhập kinh tế toàn cầu, trong đó
nhiều lãnh vực sản xuất mũi nhọn của nền kinh tế quốc dân đang có nhu
cầu cấp thiết về cập nhật và chuyển giao công nghệ, đáng kể nhất là cơ
khí, vật liệu học và tự động hóa. Song song với quá trình học tập và
nghiên cứu chuyên môn, việc nâng cao năng lực tiếng Anh cho sinh viên
hệ ngành cơ khí và trang bị cho kỹ sư mới ra trường khả năng sẵn sàng
làm việc để đáp ứng nhu cầu hội nhập và nâng cao khả năng cạnh tranh
của nguồn nhân lực trong nước là một công việc quan trọng và cần thiết.
Trước nhu cầu đó, nhóm tác giả, với kinh nghiệm nghiên cứu, làm
việc trong lãnh vực chuyên ngành và ngôn ngữ dịch thuật đã mạnh dạn
biên soạn Giáo trình Anh văn Chuyên ngành Cơ khí cho sinh viên đại
học và cao đẳng thuộc nhóm ngành cơ khí để nâng cao khả năng ngoại
ngữ. Cuốn sách cũng nhằm muốn chia sẻ, trao đổi kiến thức và ngôn ngữ
với đông đảo bạn đọc có nhu cầu học thêm tiếng Anh về cơ khí.
Giáo trình bao gồm 13 bài với các phần từ vựng, bài đọc, luyện tập
cấu trúc câu và ngữ pháp được biên soạn theo hình thức vừa là bài giảng
cho giảng viên, vừa là phần tự học cho sinh viên. Các cấu trúc và văn
phạm được luyện tập là những cấu trúc rất cơ bản và thường gặp trong
lãnh vực kỹ thuật mà người kỹ sư ra trường cần trang bị.
Dù giáo trình đã được biên soạn công phu, cập nhật, nhưng vẫn
không khỏi những sai sót. Chúng tôi mong nhận được những ý kiến bổ
sung, đóng góp để cuốn sách ngày càng hoàn thiện và bổ ích cho các bạn
đọc. Mọi ý kiến đóng góp xin gửi về:
PGS.TS Lê Chí Cương
Khoa Cơ khí Chế tạo máy
Trường Đại học Sư phạm Kỹ thuật TP HCM
[email protected] hoặc [email protected]

3
 MỤC LỤC

Unit 1: Engineering - What's it all about? ................................................. 5

Unit 2: Engineering Materials ................................................................. 15
Unit 3: Mechanisms ................................................................................. 29
Unit 4: Forces in Engineering .................................................................. 41
Unit 5: Washing Machine ........................................................................ 53
Unit 6: Robotics ....................................................................................... 71
Unit 7: Lasers ........................................................................................... 85
Unit 8: Corrosion ..................................................................................... 95
Unit 9: Plastic Injection Moulding ........................................................ 103
Unit 10: Welding Technology ............................................................... 113
Unit 11: Computer Integrated Manufacturing ....................................... 123
Unit 12: Special Machining Technologies ............................................ 129
Unit 13: Applying for a Job ................................................................... 137
Tài liệu tham khảo ................................................................................. 147

4
 Unit 1
ENGINEERING - WHAT'S IT ALL ABOUT?

Task 1. Warm-up
1. What is your major?
2. Discuss with your friends and make a list of technical majors in
HCMC University of Technology and Education.
Task 2. List main branches of engineering. Combine your list with
others in your group. Then read this text to find out how
many branches listed are mentioned.

5 Engineering is largely a practical activity. It is about putting ideas into

action. Civil engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads,
airports, etc. Mechanical engineering deals with the design and
manufacture of tools and machines. Electrical engineering is about the
generation and distribution of electricity and its many applications.
Electronic engineering is concerned with developing components and
equipment for communications, computing, and so on.
10 Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical,
heating and ventilating, and others. Electrical engineering includes
electricity generating, electrical installation, lighting, etc. Mining and
medical engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.
Task 3. Complete this diagram using the information from the text
above.

Engineering

Civil 1 Electrical 2

3 4 automobile aeronautical 5 6 electrical 7

installation

8 medical
5
 Reading Introduction
In your study and work, it is important to think about what you are
going to read before reading. This helps you to link old and new
knowledge and make guesses the content and meaning of new words in
the text. It is also important to have a clear purpose so that you can
choose the best way to read. In this book, you will find tasks to make you
think before you read and tasks to help you to have a clear purpose when
you read.

Task 4. Study these illustrations. They show some of the areas in

which engineers work. Can you identify them? What kinds of
engineers are concerned with these areas - electrical,
mechanical, and both?

Figure 1. Fields of engineering

Task 5. Now read the following texts to check your answers to Task
4. Match each text to one of the illustrations above.
Transport: Cars, trains, ships, and planes are all products of
mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineers are also involved in
support services such as roads, rail track, harbours, and bridges.
5 Food processing: Mechanical engineers design, develop, and make
the machines and the processing equipment for harvesting, preparing and
preserving the foods and drinks that fill the supermarkets.
6
 Medical engineering: Body scanners, X-ray machines, life-support
systems, and other high-tech equipment result from mechanical and
electrical engineers combining with medical experts to convert ideas into
life-saving and preserving products.
10 Building services: Electrical engineers provide all the services we
need in our homes and places of work, including lighting, heating,
ventilation, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and lifts.
15 Energy and power: Electrical engineers are concerned with the
production and distribution of electricity to homes, offices, industry,
hospitals, colleges and schools, and the installation and maintenance of
the equipment involved in these processes.

Task 6. Answer these following questions.

1. What are the products of mechanical engineering in transport?
2. What do mechanical engineers do in food processing?
3. How is mechanical engineering applied in medical engineering?
4. What is the role of electrical engineer in building services?
5. What is the concern of electrical engineers in energy and power
sectors?
Language study
deal with / be concerned with
What is the link between column A and column B?
A B
Mechanical Machines
Electrical Electricity
Column A lists branches of engineering or types of engineer.
Column B lists things they are concerned with. We can show the link
between them in a number of ways:
1. Mechanical engineering deals with machines.
2. Mechanical engineers deal with machines.
3. Mechanical engineering is concerned with machines
4. Mechanical engineers are concerned with machines.
5. Machines are the concern of mechanical engineers.

7
 Task 7. Match each item in column A with an appropriate item from
column B and link them to make a sentence.

A B
1 marine a air-conditioning
2 aeronautical b roads and bridges
3 heating and ventilating c body scanners
4 electricity generating cables and switchgear
5 automobile d communications and equipment
6 civil e ships
7 electronic f planes
8 electrical installation g cars and trucks
9 medical h power stations

Task 8. Building your vocabulary.

Noun Verb Adjective

1. machine/machinery _______________ _______________
2._______________ _______________ electrical/ electric
3. practice _______________ _______________
4. industry _______________ _______________
5._______________ produce _______________
6. installation _______________
7._______________ maintain _______________
8. process/processing _______________ _______________
9. ventilation _______________ _______________
10.______________ distribute _______________

8
Task 9. Fill in the gaps in the following text which describes different
branches of engineering. (Use words of the diagram in Task
3 and languages you have studied in this unit.)
The main branches of engineering are civil, 1__________,
2
__________, and electronic. Mechanical engineering is
3
__________ 4__________machinery of all kinds. This branch of
engineering includes 5__________, automobile 6_________, and
heating and ventilating. The first three are concerned with
transport: 7___________, cars and planes. The last 8__________
with air-conditioning, refrigeration, etc.
Electrical engineering deals with 9__________ from generation to
use. Electricity generating is concerned with 10__________
stations. Electrical installation deals 11__________ cables,
switchgear, and connecting up electrical equipment.
Two branches of engineering include both 12__________ and
13
_________ engineers. These are mining and 14__________
engineering. The former deals with mines and mining equipment,
the latter with hospital 15_________ of all kinds.

VOCABULARY
 to act (v) /ækt/ hành động
activity (n) /æk'tɪ vɪ ti/ hoạt động
active (adj) /'æktɪ v/ năng động
action (n) /'æk∫n/ hành động, hành vi; hoạt động
 aeronautical(adj) /ˌ eərəˈ nɔ ː tɪ kl/ (thuộc) hàng không
 application (n) /ˌ æplɪ ˈ keɪ ʃ n/ sự áp dụng, sự ứng dụng
 automobile (n) /ˈ ɔ ː təməbiː l/ xe ô tô
 branch (n) /brɑ ː ntʃ / nhánh, ngành
 bridge (n) /brɪ dʒ / cầu
 cable (n) /ˈ keɪ bl/ cáp
 civil (adj) /ˈ sɪ vl/ thuộc công dân, dân dụng
 to combine (v) /kəmˈ baɪ n/ kết hợp, phối hợp
 to communicate (v)/kəˈ mjuː .nɪ .keɪ t/ liên lạc, giao tiếp
9
 communication (n) /kəˌ mjuː nɪ ˈ keɪ ʃ n/ sự liên lạc
communications(n) những phương tiện liên lạc
 component (n) /kəmˈ pəʊ nənt/ thành phần
 to compute (n) /kəmˈ pjuː t/ tính toán
 to be concerned(v) /kənˈ sɜ ː nd/ liên quan
 to be about liên quan, về
 to deal with (v) /diː l/ đề cập đến
 to design (v) /dɪ ˈ zaɪ n/ thiết kế
 to develop (v) /dɪ ˈ veləp/ phát triển
 to distribute(v) /dɪ ˈ strɪ bjuː t/ phân phối
distribution (n) /ˌ dɪ strɪ ˈ bjuː ʃ n/ sự phân phối
 electrify (v) /ɪ 'lektrɪ faɪ / điện khí hóa
electricity (n) /ɪ ˌ lekˈ trɪ səti/ điện lực
electrical (adj) /ɪ ˈ lektrɪ kl/ thuộc về điện
electric (adj) /ɪ 'lektrɪ k/ dùng điện, chạy bằng điện
electronic (adj) /ɪ ˌ lekˈ trɒ nɪ k/ thuộc về điện tử
 engine (n) /ˈ en.dʒ ɪ n/ máy, động cơ
engineer (n) /ˌ endʒ ɪ ˈ nɪ ə(r)/ kỹ sư
engineering (n) /ˌ endʒ ɪ ˈ nɪ ərɪ ŋ/ kỹ thuật
 equipment (n) /ɪ ˈ kwɪ pmənt/ đồ trang bị, trang thiết bị
 former (adj) /ˈ fɔ ː mə(r)/ trước
 food processing(n) /'prousesɪ η/ chế biến thực phẩm
 to generate (v) /ˈ dʒ enəreɪ t/ phát, phát ra
generation (n) /ˌ dʒ enəˈ reɪ ʃ n/ sự phát điện
generator (n) /'dʒ enəreɪ tə/ máy phát điện
 harbour (n) /ˈ hɑ ː bə(r)/ bến cảng
 to harvest (v) /ˈ hɑ ː vɪ st/ gặt hái, thu hoạch
 idea (n) /aɪ ˈ dɪ ə/ ý tưởng
 to install (v) /in'stɔ :l/ lắp đặt

10
 installation (n) /ˌ ɪ nstəˈ leɪ ʃ n/ sự lắp đặt hoặc được lắp đặt
 to involve (v) /ɪ nˈ vɒ lv/ gồm, bao hàm
 latter (adj) /ˈ lætə(r)/ sau cùng
 machine (n) /məˈ ʃ iː n/ máy, cỗ máy
mechanical (adj) /məˈ kæn.ɪ .kl/ thuộc về cơ khí
 maintenance (n) /ˈ meɪ ntənəns/ sự bảo dưỡng, bảo trì
 to manufacture (v, n) /ˌ mænjuˈ fæktʃ ə(r)/ sản xuất, chế tạo
 marine (adj) /məˈ riː n/ (thuộc) ngành hàng hải
 medical (adj) /ˈ medɪ kl/ thuộc về y tế, y học
 mining (n) /ˈ maɪ nɪ ŋ/ sự khai mỏ
 to prepare (v) /prɪ ˈ peə(r)/ chuẩn bị
 to preserve (v) /prɪ ˈ zɜ ː v/ bảo quản, giữ gìn
 process (n) /ˈ prəʊ ses/ quá trình; quy trình
 to produce (v) /prəˈ djuː s/ làm, sản xuất, chế tạo
product (n) /ˈ prɒ dʌ kt/ sản vật, sản phẩm
production (n) /prə'dʌ k∫n/ sự sản xuất, sự chế tạo
 to provide (v) /prəˈ vaɪ d/ cung cấp; cung ứng
 service (n) /ˈ sɜ ː vɪ s/ sự phục vụ
 to support (v) /səˈ pɔ ː t/ cung cấp, hỗ trợ
 system (n) /ˈ sɪ stəm/ hệ thống
 tool (n) /tuː l/ công cụ, dụng cụ
 to ventilate (v) /ˈ ventɪ leɪ t/ làm cho thông gió, thông hơi

REVIEW
Choose the best answer for the following sentences.
1. Engineering, which is about putting __________ into action, is
largely a practical activity.
A. generation B. distributions
C. ideas D. equipment
11
2. __________ is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc.
A. Mechanical engineering B. Electrical engineering
C. Electronic engineering D. Civil engineering
3. Electrical engineering __________ electricity generating, electrical
installation, lighting, etc.
A. generates B. produces C. includes D. makes
4. Mining and medical engineering belong partly to __________ and
partly to electrical
A. electronic B. civil
C. aeronautical D. mechanical
5. Cars, trains, ships and planes are all __________ of mechanical
engineering.
A. serves B. systems C. components D. products
6. The main __________ of engineering are civil, mechanical, electrical
and electronic.
A. systems B. offices C. branches D. services
7. Mechanical engineering __________ with design and manufacture of
tool and machines.
A. concerned B. is C. is concern D. deals
8. Electrical engineering is concerned with electricity from
___________ to use.
A. generation B. installation
C. transportation D. communication
9. Two branches of engineering including both mechanical and
electrical engineers are mining and medical engineering
___________ deals with mines and mining equipment, __________
with hospital equipment of all kinds.
A. The former/ the latter B. A former/ a latter
C. The latter/ the former D. A latter/ a former
10. Electricity generating is concerned with __________.
A. products B. services
C. supply D. power stations
12
11. The aim of design engineers is to ____ new components to make the
product cheaper or stronger.
A. repair B. install C. introduce D. fit

Translate into Vietnamese

Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of forces and
their effect upon matter. Typically, engineering mechanics is used to
analyze and predict the deformation process (both elastic and plastic) of
objects under known loads or stresses.
Structural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and
also civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail
and to fix the objects and their performance. Structural failures occur in
two general modes: static failure and fatigue failure.
Thermodynamics is an applied science used in several branches of
engineering, including mechanical and chemical engineering.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation
through a system. Typically, engineering thermodynamics is concerned
with changing energy from one form to another. As an example,
automotive engines convert chemical energy (enthalpy) from the fuel into
heat, and then into mechanical work that actually turns the wheels.
Drafting or technical drawing is the means by which mechanical
engineers design products and create instructions for manufacturing
parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn
schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as
well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent
information.
Acoustical engineering is one of many other sub disciplines of
mechanical engineering and is the application of acoustics. Acoustical
engineering is the study of Sound and Vibration. These engineers work
effectively to reduce noise pollution in mechanical devices and in
buildings by soundproofing or removing sources of unwanted noise.
Mechatronics is the combination of mechanics and electronics. It
is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering and software engineering that is concerned with integrating
electrical and mechanical engineering to create hybrid systems.

13
 Unit 2
ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Task 1. Warm-up
What materials do you know? Make a list and compare with your
classmates.

Task 2. Identify the materials below.

Brass, ABS, Aluminium, Stainless steel, Copper, Epoxy resin,
Nylon, Urea formaldehyde, Acrylic

15
 Reading: Scanning tables
In engineering it is important to practise reading tables, charts,
diagrams, and graphs because so much information is presented in these
ways. We will start this unit with a table.
Scanning is the best strategy for finding information in a table. With
scanning, you can know what sort of information you are searching for
before reading. To scan a table, you move your eyes up and down the
columns until you find the word or words you want. To scan quickly, you
must learn to ignore any information which will not help you with your task.

Task 3: Scan the table below to find the material which is …

1. soft
2. ductile
3. malleable
4. tough
5. scratch-resistant
6. conductive and malleable
7. durable and hard
8. stiff and brittle
9. ductile and corrosion-resistant
10. heat-resistant and chemical-resistant

Materials Properties Uses

Metals
Aluminium Light, soft, ductile, highly Aircraft, engine
conductive, corrosion- components, foil,
resistant. cooking utensils.
Copper Very malleable, tough and Electric wiring,
ductile, highly conductive, PCBs, tubing.
corrosion-resistant.
Brass (65% Very corrosion-resistant, Valves, taps castings,
copper, 35% zinc) casts well, easily machined. ship fittings,
Can be hardened. Good electrical contacts.
conductor.
16
Mild steel (iron High strength, ductile, General purpose
with 0.15% to tough, fairly malleable.
0.3% carbon) Cannot be hardened and
tempered. Low cost. Poor
corrosion resistance.
High carbon steel Hardest of the carbon steels Cutting tools such as
(iron with 0.7% to but less ductile and drills, files, saws
1.4% carbon) malleable. Can be hardened
and tempered.
Thermoplastics
ABS High impact strength and Safety helmets, car
toughness, scratch-resistant, components,
light and durable. telephones,
kitchenware.
Acrylic Stiff, hard, very durable, Aircraft canopies,
clear. Can be polished baths, double
easily. Can be formed glazing
easily.
Nylon Hard, tough, wear-resistant, Bearings, gears,
self-lubricating. casings for power
tools
Thermosetting
plastics
Epoxy resin High strength when Adhesives,
reinforced, good chemical encapsulation of
and wear resistance. electronic
components
Polyester resin Stiff, hard, brittle. Good Molding, boat and
chemical and heat car bodies
resistance.
Urea formaldehyde Stiff, hard, strong, brittle, Electrical fittings,
heat-resistant, and a good adhesives
electrical insulator.

17
 Grammar

Be + used to + V0
Be + made of
Be + used for + Noun/Gerund (V-ing)
Language study:
Making definitions and describing materials using “which”
Study these facts from the table about aluminium:
1. Aluminium is a light metal.
2. Aluminium is used to make aircraft.
We can link these facts to make a definition of aluminium:
(1+2) Aluminium is a light metal which is used to make aircraft.
or we can describe aircraft:
Aircraft are made of aluminium, which is a light metal.
or: Aluminium, which is a light metal, is used for making aircraft.

Task 4. Define each of the materials in column A (see the table above).
Choose the correct information in columns B and C to
describe the materials in column A.

A B C
1. An alloy allows heat or current to flow easily
2. A thermoplastic remains rigid at high temperatures
3. Mild steel a metal does not allow heat or current to flow
easily
4. A conductor a material contains iron and 0.7% to 1.4% carbon
5. An insulator an alloy becomes plastic when heated
6. High carbon steel contains iron and 0.15% to 0.3% carbon
7. Brass formed by mixing other metals or
elements
8. A thermosetting consists of copper and zinc
plastic
18
Task 5. Complete the sentences.
a. Epoxy resin, which is …………………………………, is used
to……………………. …………….…………………………….
b. Brass, which ……………………………….……., is used for
……………….………..
c. Thermosetting plastic, which ………………..…………., is used
for………………………………………………….
d. Mild steel, which is an alloy containing ………………..……
……………………………, is used for……... ………………….
e. Urea formaldehyde, which is ………………………..………, is
used to make……….. …………………such as …………….….

Task 6. What materials make these things? Use is/are made of.
Ex: Safety helmets are made of ABS.
1. Bearings
2. A cam
3. Car bodies
4. Cutting tool
5. Wirings
6. A file
7. A valve
Writing. Adding information to a text
Study this text about aluminium.
Aluminium is used to make aircraft, engine components, and
many items for the kitchen.
Or we can add extra information to the text:
Aluminium, which is light, soft, and ductile, is used to make
aircraft, engine components – for example, cylinder heads –
and many items for the kitchen, such as pots.
Note that the extra information is marked with commas or dashes,
and linked by which, for example, such as.

19
Task 7. Add this extra information to the following texts of plastics.

Extra information
1. Plastics can be molded into plates, car components, and
medical aids.
2. Thermoplastics soften when heated many times.
3. Thermosetting plastics set hard and do not alter if heated again.
4. ABS is used for safety helmets.
5. Nylon is self-lubricating.
6. Nylon is used for motorized drives in cameras.
7. Acrylic is a clear thermoplastic.
8. Acrylic is used for aircraft canopies and double glazing.
9. Polyester resin is used for boat and car bodies.
10. Polyester resin is hard and has good chemical and heat resistance.
Texts of plastics

Plastics are synthetic materials. They can be softened and molded

into useful articles. They have many applications in engineering. There
are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.
ABS is a thermoplastic which is tough and durable. Because it has
high impact strength, it has applications where sudden loads may occur.
Nylon is a hard, tough thermoplastic. It is used when silent, low-
friction operation is required.
Acrylic can be formed in several ways. It is hard, durable, and has
many uses.
Polyester resin is a thermosetting plastic used for castings. It has a
number of useful properties.

Task 8. Using suffixes -ness -ity -ility to make Nouns.

Adjectives Nouns
hard hardness
soft ………………
rough ........................

20
 stiff ........................
tough ........................
damp .........................
ductile ductility
elastic ........................
plastic ........................
flexible ........................
available ........................
intense ........................
humid ........................
compatible ........................
visco ........................

Task 9. Match each material in column A with its properties from

column B.
A B
Wood Plastic, easily molded
Metal Good total properties
Glass Strong, conductive
Plastics Brittle, clear
Composite Light, stiff

Task 10. How is it? Match the sentences to find the answers.

1. It’s flexible. a. When you heat it, it doesn’t burn or deform.

2. It’s rigid. b. When you drop or strike it, it doesn’t break.
3. It’s hard. c. When you compress it, it doesn’t break or deform.
4. It’s tough. d. When you twist it, it doesn’t break or deform.
5. It’s elastic. e. You can’t bend it.
6. It’s heat-resistant. f. You can bend it as it doesn’t break.
21
7. It’s strong in g. You can stretch it and make it longer as it
tension. doesn’t break.
8. It’s strong in
h. When you pull it, it doesn’t stretch or break.
compression
9. It has torsional
i. You can’t scratch or cut it.
strength

Task 11. Read these descriptions of tests and write the right figure
number in its gap.
Materials-testing: Destructive tests

material is placed in a clamp, so it

The purpose of the tensile
stands vertically. A hammer
strength test (Fig………) is to
strikes the material with a
discover whether a material will
specified force. The yield point
deform (change shape) or break
and/or the breaking point are
when it is pulled apart. The
material is secured with two measured. This indicates the
impact resistance of the material.
clamps, one at each end. The
clamps are pulled apart with The objective of the
specified force. The yield point compressive strength test
(the point where the material (Fig………) is to find out if a
deforms) and/or the breaking material will deform or break
point (the point where the when it is compressed. The
material breaks) is measured. material is secured in a clamp
This measurement shows you the between a fixed head and a
tensile strength of the material. moving head. The moving head
presses down on the material and
The aim of the impact-
the load is increased. The yield
resistance test (Fig……….) is to
point and/or the breaking point
find out whether a material will
are measured. This indicates the
bend or break when it is struck
compressive strength of the
with force. The bottom of the
material.
22
VOCABULARY
 Acrylic (n) /əˈ krɪ lɪ k/ nhựa Acrylic
 aircraft (n) /ˈ eəkrɑ ː ft/ máy bay
 Aluminium (n) /ˌ æljəˈ mɪ niəm/ nhôm
 bearing (n) /ˈ beərɪ ŋ/ ổ đỡ
 Brass (n), (adj)/brɑ ː s/ đồng thau; bằng đồng thau
 brittle (adj) /ˈ brɪ tl/ giòn, dễ gãy, dễ vỡ
 carbon (n) /ˈ kɑ ː bən/ các-bon
 to conduct (v) /kən'dʌ kt/ dẫn điện, dẫn nhiệt
conductive (adj) /kənˈ dʌ ktɪ v/ có tính dẫn điện
conductor (n) /kənˈ dʌ ktə(r)/ chất dẫn (điện, nhiệt)
conductivity (n) /kɑ ː ndʌ k'tɪ vɪ ti/ dẫn suất
 contact (n) /ˈ kɒ ntækt/ công tắc
 Copper (n), (adj)/ˈ kɒ pə(r)/ đồng đỏ, bằng đồng đỏ
 to corrode (v) /kə'roud/ ăn mòn
corrosive (adj) /kə'rousɪ v/ tính ăn mòn
corrosion (n) /kəˈ rəʊ ʒ n/ sự ăn mòn
 ductile (adj) /ˈ dʌ ktaɪ l/ mềm, dễ uốn; dễ kéo sợi
 durable (adj) /ˈ djʊ ərəbl/ có tính bền
 engine (n) /ˈ endʒ ɪ n/ máy, động cơ
 to file (v) /faɪ l/ dũa
file (n) /faɪ l/ cái dũa
 saw (n), (v) /sɔ ː / cái cưa, cưa
 to machine (v) /məˈ ʃ i:n/ gia công (bằng cắt gọt)
 to lathe (to turn) (v) /leɪ ð/ tiện
 to mill (v) /mɪ l/ phay
 to plane (v) /pleɪ n/ bào
 to grind (v) /grɪ n/ mài
23
 to drill (n), (v) /drɪ l/ khoan, mũi khoan, máy khoan
 to bore (v) /bɔ :/ doa
 to temper (v) /ˈ tempə(r)/ ram (thép...)
 to quench (v) /kwentʃ / tôi (thép...)
 to anneal (v) /əˈ ni:l/ ủ
 to form (v) /fɔ :m/ tạo hình
 to deform (v) /dɪ ˈ fɔ :m/ biến dạng
 to fit (v) /fɪ t/ lắp ghép, kết nối
 fitting (n) /ˈ fɪ tɪ ŋ/ sự lắp ráp; (số nhiều) máy móc
 foil (n) /fɔ ɪ l/ lá (kim loại)
 to harden (v) /ˈ hɑ ː dn/ làm cứng (bằng cơ), tôi (bằng nhiệt)
hardness (n) /ˈ hɑ ː d.nəs/ cứng (chống biến dạng dẻo cục bộ)
 to insulate (v) /'ɪ nsjuleɪ t/ cách nhiệt, cách điện
insulation (n) /ɪ nsju'leɪ ∫n/ sự cách nhiệt, cách điện
insulator (n) /ˈ ɪ nsjuleɪ tə(r) /vật cách điện
 malleable (adj) /ˈ mæliəbl/ dễ dát mỏng, dễ uốn
 material (n) /məˈ tɪ əriəl/ vật liệu, vật chất
 metal (n) /'metl/ kim loại
 nylon (n) /ˈ naɪ lɒ n/ nhựa nylon
 property (n) /'prɔ pəti/ đặc tính, tính chất
 purpose (n) /ˈ pɜ ː pəs/ mục đích, ý định
 resist (v) /rɪ 'zɪ st/ chống lại
resistance (n) /ri'zɪ stəns/ điện trở
resistant (adj) /rɪ ˈ zɪ stənt/ chịu được
 soft (adj) /sɒ ft/ mềm
soften (v) /'sɔ fn/ làm mềm
softness (n) /'sɔ ftnəs/ độ cứng
 stiff (adj) /stɪ f/ cứng (không dễ uốn, gấp… )

24
 stiffness (n) /ˈ stɪ f.nəs/ cứng vững (đàn hồi toàn phần)
 strength (n) /streŋθ/ sức bền; độ bền
 thermoplastic (n), (adj) /ˌ θɜ ː məʊ ˈ plæstɪ k/ nhựa dẻo nóng
 thermosetting plastic (n), (adj) nhựa nhiệt rắn
 clear (adj) /klɪ ər/ trong suốt
 transparent (adj) /trænˈ spærnt/ trong suốt
transparency (n) /trænˈ spærnsi/ sự trong suốt
 tough (adj) /tʌ f/ chắc, bền, dai
toughness (n) /ˈ tʌ f.nəs/ độ bền, dai
 tubing (n) /ˈ tjuː bɪ ŋ/ tuốc-bin
 utensil (n) /juː ˈ tensl/ đồ dùng, dụng cụ (trong gia đình)
 valve (n) /vælv/ van
 wiring (n) /ˈ waɪ ərɪ ŋ/ dây điện, hệ thống dây điện

REVIEW
Choose the best answer.
1. Aluminium, which is a light, __________ and ductile metal, is used
to make aircraft, engine components, foil, and cooking utensils.
A. tough B. soft C. clear D. hard
2. Copper, which is very _____________, tough and ductile and highly
conductive, is used to make electric wiring, PCBs and tubing.
A. less conductive B. malleable
C. hard D. tough
3. Safety helmet, car components, telephones and kitchen wares are
made of ABS, which has high __________ and toughness.
A. contacts B. impact strength
C. plastics D. high conductive
4. Manufacturers use acrylic, which is stiff, hard, very durable and
__________ to make aircraft, canopies, baths, and double glazing.
A. clear B. clean C. malleable D. ductile
25
5. Acrylic can be polished and __________ easily.
A. performed B. restrained C. reinforced D. formed
6. Bearing, gears and casings for power tools are made of nylon, which
is hard, tough and __________.
A. tear-resistant B. clean
C. rusted D. wear-resistant
7. Epoxy, polyester resin and urea formaldehyde are called
___________.
A. thermosetting plastics B. thermoplastics
C. carbon steel D. power tools
8. Mild steel is a metal which contains iron and __________ carbon.
A. 0.3% to 4.5% B. 0.7% to 1.4%
C. 0.15% to 0.3% D. 0.15% to 0.35%
9. Aluminium __________ to make aircraft is light, soft, and ductile.
A. is used B. uses C. which used D. used
10. Plastics are ____________ materials which can be softened and
_____________ into useful articles.
A. synthetic/ molded B. complex/ molded
C. complex/ helpful D. synthetic/ helpful

Translate into Vietnamese

PLASTICS
There are two types of plastics: Thermoplastic, which softens when
heated many times, and thermosetting plastic, which sets hard and does
not alter if heated again. Nylon, which is self-lubricating, is a hard, tough
thermoplastic. It is used where silent, friction free operation is required –
for example, motorized drives in cameras.

ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is the most common metallic element on earth, making
up about 8% of the earth's crust, concentrated in the outer 16 km. It is the
most widely used non-ferrous metal today. Aluminium never occurs in its

26
metallic form in nature. It occurs in various forms in most rocks and soils
and is also present in gemstones like topaz and garnet. It can be found in
vegetation and in all of the earth's water. Aluminium is also present in all
clays, so it has been a constituent of cooking vessels since earliest
civilisations.
COPPER
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and having
atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal, with very high thermal and
electrical conductivity. Pure copper is rather soft and malleable, and a
freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange color. It is used as a thermal
conductor, an electrical conductor, a building material, and a constituent
of various metal alloys.
COMPOSITES
Composite materials (also called composition materials or
shortened to composites) are materials made from two or more
constituent materials with significantly different physical, chemical or
mechanical properties, that when combined, produce a material with
characteristics different from the individual components.

CUTTING TOOL MATERIALS

(Society of Manufacturing Engineers – SME)
Carbide is used in solid round tools or in the form of replaceable
inserts. Every manufacturer of carbide tools offers a variety for specific
applications. The proper choice can double tool life or double the cutting
speed of the same tool. Shock-resistant types are used for interrupted
cutting. Harder, chemically-stable types are required for high speed
finishing of steel. More heat-resistant tools are needed for machining the
super alloys, like Inconel and Hastelloy.
There are no effective standards for choosing carbide grade
specifications so it is necessary to rely on the carbide suppliers to
27
recommend grades for given applications. Manufacturers do use an ANSI
code to identify their proprietary carbide product line.
Two-thirds of all carbide tools are coated. Coated tools should be
considered for most applications because of their longer life and faster
machining. Coating broadens the applications of a specific carbide tool.
These coatings are applied in multiple layers of under .001 of an inch
thickness. The main carbide insert and cutting tool coating materials are
titanium carbide, titanium nitride, aluminium oxide, and titanium
carbonitride.
Ceramic cutting tools are harder and more heat-resistant than
carbides, but more brittle. They are well suited for machining cast iron,
hard steels, and the super alloys. Two types of ceramic cutting tools are
available: the alumina-based and the silicon nitride-based ceramics. The
alumina-based ceramics are used for high speed semi- and final-finishing
of ferrous and some non-ferrous materials. The silicon nitride-based
ceramics are generally used for rougher and heavier machining of cast
iron and the super alloys.

Translate into English

Khoa học vật liệu là một ngành nghiên cứu quan trọng và đang
được khuyến khích phát triển tại Việt Nam. Tuy nhiên, việc này cần đầu
tư nhiều thiết bị phức tạp và đắt tiền. Việc phát triển các vật liệu tiên tiến
là cần thiết bởi vì ngành này liên quan đến rất nhiều lãnh vực công
nghiệp quan trọng như cơ khí, xây dựng, điện-điện tử, và các ngành công
nghiệp phụ trợ khác.
Khoa học vật liệu cần các kiến thức nền tảng vững chắc về các
ngành vật lý ứng dụng, hóa học, toán học kết hợp với các kiến thức
chuyên ngành. Trong ngành cơ khí, ngoài các vật liệu thông dụng như
thép, hợp kim nhôm, hợp kim đồng, ni-ken… các vật liệu như composite,
gốm, và polymer cũng đang được nghiên cứu mạnh mẽ.

28
 Unit 3
MECHANISMS

Task 1. Identify these simple mechanisms. Explain the principles on

which they operate.

Reading: Scanning a text

Scanning is the best strategy to search specific information in a
text. Move your eyes up and down the text until you find the word or
words you want. Again, try to ignore the information which does not help
you with your task.

Task 2. Scan the text opposite quickly to find out which of these
mechanisms are mentioned.

1. cam 4. foot pump

2. tap 5. escalator
3. pendulum

29
 Mechanisms
Mechanisms are an important part of everyday life. They allow us
to do simple things like switch on lights, turn taps, and open doors.
They also make it possible to use escalators and lifts, travel in cars,
and fly from continent to continent.
Mechanisms play a vital role in industry. While many industrial
5 processes have electronic control systems, it is still mechanisms
that deliver the power to do the work. They provide the forces to
press steel sheets into car body panels, to lift large components
from place to place, to force plastic through dies to make pipes.
All mechanisms involve some kinds of motion. The four basic
kinds of motion are:
Rotary: Wheels, gears, and rollers involve rotary movement.
10
Oscillating: The pendulum of a clock oscillates – it swings
backwards and forwards.
Linear: The linear movement of a paper trimmer is used to cut the
edge of the paper.
Reciprocating: The piston in a combustion engine reciprocates.
Many mechanisms involve changing one kind of motion into
another type. For example, the reciprocating motion of a piston is
15
changed into a rotary motion by the crankshaft, while a cam
converts the rotary motion of the engine into the reciprocating
motion required operate the valves.

Task 3. Identify what kind of motion.

1 2

30
 3 4

1_____________________ 2________________________
3_____________________ 4________________________

Task 4. Now read the text and find the answers to these questions.
1. What does a cam do?
2. What does oscillating mean?
3. How are plastic pipes formed?
4. What simple mechanisms in the home are mentioned directly or
indirectly?
5. What is the function of a crankshaft?
6. Give an example of a device which can produce a linear
movement.
7. How are car body panels formed?
8. What do mechanisms provide in industry?
Grammar: Passive Voice
Be + V-ed (Past participle)
Example:
The rotary motion is converted to reciprocating by a cam
Weight is measured in newtons.
Machines are designed by engineers

31
Task 5. Make passive sentences by using subjects and verbs provided.
1. Technicians, educate
2. Motions, convert
3. Volume, measure
4. Goods, manufacture
5. ABS, use
6. A drill, make

Writing: Ways of linking ideas

When we write, we may have to describe, argue, persuade,
something, etc. In all these forms of writing, we use ideas. To make our
writing more effective, we have to make sure our readers can follow our
ideas. So it’s useful to use links between the ideas in our writing. What is
the link of meaning of the 2 sentences below? What words are used for
the connection?
1. Mechanisms are important to us.
2. They allow us to travel.
Sentence 2 is the reason of Sentence 1
So, they can be linked like this:
The mechanisms are important to us because they allow us to travel.

Effect Conjunctions Cause

The mechanisms are because they allow us to travel.
important to us since
as
The football match because of the rain.
has been cancelled due to
owing to

3. Mechanisms deliver the power to do work.

4. They play a vital role in industry.
Sentence 4 is the result of Sentence 3.
So, they can be linked like this:

32
 Mechanisms deliver power to do work; therefore, they play a
vital role in industry.

Cause Connectors Effect

Mechanisms deliver therefore, they play a vital role
power to do work; accordingly, in industry.
as a consequence/result,
because of this,
consequently,
hence,
so,
that’s why,
thus,

5. Friction is sometimes a help.

6. It is often a hindrance.
Sentence 6 contrasts with Sentence 5.
So, they can be linked like this:
Friction is sometimes a help but it is often a hindrance.
Clause 1 Connector Clause 2
Friction is sometimes a help, but/yet/still it is often a hindrance.
Friction is sometimes a help; however,
nevertheless,
all the same,

Task 6. Connect these pairs of sentences by using proper linking words.

1. Copper is highly conductive.
It is used for electric wiring.
2. Weight is measured in newtons.
Mass is measured in kilograms.
3. Nylon is used for bearings.
It is self-lubricating.
33
 4. ABS has high impact strength.
It is used for safety helmets.
5. The foot pump is a class 2 lever.
The load is between the effort and the fulcrum.
6. Friction is essential in brakes.
Friction is a nuisance in an engine.

7. The upper surface of a beam is in compression.

The lower surface is in tension.

8. Concrete beams have steel rods near the lower surface.

Concrete is weak in tension.

Language study: Technical terms solving

One of the difficult things about the field of engineering in English
is that there are many technical terms to learn. Newer terms may be the
same, or almost the same, in your own language. But many terms will be
quite different and you may not always remember them.
When this happens, you will have to use whatever English you
know to make your meaning clear.
34
 The same thing may happen in reverse when you know a technical
term but the person you are communicating with does not recognize it. This
may happen in the Speaking practice tasks in this book. Again, when this
happens, you will have to make your meaning clear by using other words.

Task 7. Match the meaning between the technical words in column A

and the more general English in column B.
A B
1. oscillates a. changes
2. rotates b. large, thin, flat pieces
3. reciprocates c. moving stairs
4. has a linear motion d. goes round and round
5. converts e. movement
6. motion f. goes in a line
7. escalator g. swings backwards and forwards
8. sheets h. goes up and down

Task 8. Work in pairs.

Cams are shaped pieces of metal or plastic fixed to, or part of, a
rotating shaft. A “follower” is held against the cam, either by its own
weight or by a spring. As the cam rotates, the follower moves. The way
in which it moves and the distance it moves depends on the shape of the
cam. Rotary cams are the most common type. They are used to change
rotary motion into either reciprocating or oscillating motion.

………………………
Kind of motion: ………………

35
VOCABULARY
 beam (n) /biː m/ rầm, chùm (tia)
 brake (n) /breɪ k/ cái hãm, cái phanh
 cam (n) /kæm/ cam, bánh lệch tâm
 combustion engine (n) /kəmˈ bʌ ʃ n ˈ endʒ ɪ n/ động cơ đốt trong
 to compress(v) /kəmˈ pres/ nén
compression (n) /kəmˈ preʃ n/ sự nén
compressive (adj) /kəm´presiv/ nén
compressive strength (n) độ bền nén
 concrete (n, adj) /ˈ kɒ ŋkriː t/ bê tông
 conjunction (n) /kənˈ dʒ ʌ ŋkʃ n/ sự kết hợp; liên từ
 continent (n) /ˈ kɒ ntɪ nənt/ lục địa
 to convert (v) /kənˈ vɜ ː t/ đổi, biến đổi
 crankshaft (n) /ˈ kræŋkʃ ɑ ː ft/ trục khuỷu
 to deliver (v) /dɪ ˈ lɪ və(r)/ phân phát; giao
 die (n) /daɪ / khuôn kéo sợi
 directly (adv) /dɪ 'rektli/ trực tiếp
 indirectly (adv) /,ɪ ndɪ 'rektli/ gián tiếp
 edge (n) /edʒ / cạnh, lề
 escalator (n) /ˈ eskəleɪ tə(r)/ thang cuốn
 essential (adj) /ɪ ˈ senʃ l/ cần thiết, thiết yếu
 force (n) /fɔ ː s/ lực
 function (n) /ˈ fʌ ŋkʃ n/ chức năng
 hindrance (n) /ˈ hɪ ndrəns/ sự cản trở
 line (n) /laɪ n/ dòng, đường thẳng
linear (adj) /ˈ lɪ niə(r)/ thẳng, tịnh tiến, tuyến tính
 lever (n) /'li:və/ cái đòn bẩy, cần gạt
 mechanism (n) /ˈ mekənɪ zəm/ máy móc, cơ cấu

36
 motion (n) /ˈ məʊ ʃ n/ sự vận động, sự chuyển động
 move (v) /mu:v/ chuyển động, di chuyển
movement (n) /'mu:vmənt/ sự vận động; sự cử động
 nuisance (n) /'nju:sns/ nguy hại
 to oscillate (v) /ˈ ɒ sɪ leɪ t/ dao động
oscillation (n) /,ɒ sɪ 'leɪ ∫n/ sự dao động
 panel (n) /ˈ pænl/ pa-nô; bảng
 car body panel (n) thân xe
 pendulum (n) /ˈ pendjələm/ con lắc, quả lắc
 pipe (n) /paɪ p/ ống
 piston (n) /ˈ pɪ stən/ pít-tông
 pump (n) /pʌ mp/ bơm
 puncher (n) /ˈ pʌ nt∫ə(r)/ dụng cụ bấm lỗ, đột lỗ
 to reciprocate(v) /rɪ ˈ sɪ prəkeɪ t/ chuyển động qua lại
reciprocation (n) /rɪ ,sɪ prə'keɪ ∫n/ sự chuyển động qua lại
 rod (n) /rɒ d/ thanh, cần, thanh kéo, tay đòn
 role (n) /rəʊ l/ vai trò
 to play a vital role đóng vai trò quan trọng
 roller (n) /ˈ rəʊ lə(r)/ trục lăn, con lăn
 rotate (v) /rou'teɪ t/ làm quay, làm xoay quanh
rotation (n) /rou'teɪ ∫n/ sự quay, sự xoay vòng
rotary (adj) /ˈ rəʊ təri/ quay
rotor (n) /'routə/ rô-to, cánh quạt
 scissors (n) /'sɪ zəz/ cái kéo
a pair of scissors một cái kéo
 sheet (n) /ʃ iː t/ lá, tấm, phiến, tờ
 switch on = turn on mở
 switch off = turn off tắt

37
 tap (n) /tæp/ vòi, khoá (nước)
 tension (n) /ˈ tenʃ n/ sức ép, áp lực; ứng suất
tensile (adj) /ˈ ten.saɪ l/ bị kéo, chịu kéo
tensile strength (n) độ bền kéo
 to trim (v) /trɪ m/ cắt
trimmer (n) /ˈ trɪ mə(r)/ máy xén
 wheel (n) /wiː l/ bánh xe
 wrench (n) /rent∫/ chìa vặn đai ốc; cờ lê

REVIEW
Choose the best answer for the following sentences.
1. Mechanisms are an important __________ of everyday life. They
allow us to do simple things like switch on lights, turn taps, and open
doors.
A. system B. partly C. part D. role
2. Mechanisms also make it possible to use __________ and lifts, travel
in cars, and fly from continent to continent.
A. escalators B. motors C. insulators D. contacts
3. Mechanisms provide the __________ to press steel sheets into car
body panels, to lift large component from place to place, to force
plastic through die to make pipes.
A. processes B. things C. forces D. systems
4. All mechanisms ___________ some kind of motion. The four basic
kinds of motion are rotary, oscillating, linear and reciprocating.
A. revolve B. preserve C. involve D. conserve
5. A __________ converts the reciprocating motion of piston into the
rotary motion.
A. cam B. crankshaft C. driveshaft D. piston
6. Choosing the right lubricant is essential to reduce __________.
A. friction B. mass C. cost D. weight

38
7. Mechanisms deliver the __________ to do work so they play a vital
role industry.
A. electricity B. power C. system D. method
8. Friction is sometimes a help but it is often a ___________.
A. force B. gravity C. buoyancy D. hindrance
9. Oscillating means __________.
A. swing backwards and forwards B. moving up and down
C. going around and around D. going in a line
10. The foot pump is a class 2 lever since the load is between the effort
and the __________.
A. fulcrum B. cam C. crankshaft D. lever

Translate into Vietnamese

MECHANISMS
The word mechanism came into the English language in the 17th
century by way of the Latin word mechanismus, which traces back to the
Greek word mekhane, meaning “device” or “means” together with their
relation during working process. Mechanism still carries with it the
meaning of “device” and can be used to describe a machine. Nowadays,
it also is used to describe a way or process for getting something done in
the social areas, such as “a mechanism for generating revenue” or “a
crisis-resolution mechanism.”

Translate into English

Cơ cấu là một hoặc một số bộ phận của máy nhằm thực hiện các
nhiệm vụ cơ khí như nâng và vận chuyển các đồ vật và đối tượng. Chúng
hiện diện trong hầu hết các thiết bị trong nhà máy, bệnh viện, trường học,
nhà ở, văn phòng… Các chuyển động của cơ cấu bao gồm chuyển động
quay, chuyển động thẳng, hoặc/và chuyển động đã được lập trình. Các cơ
cấu ngày càng được phát triển và được mô-đun hóa nhằm thực hiện
những nhiệm vụ phức tạp, nặng nhọc, nguy hiểm cho con người và giảm
chi phí sản xuất.

39
 Unit 4
FORCES IN ENGINEERING

Task 1. Warm-up
Work in groups
1. Define what a force is.
2. Identify forces acting on the car and the airplane below.

Driving force / Weight / Air resistance / Friction / Reaction force

Lift / Weight / Drag / Thrust

Task 2. Working in your group, try to explain these problems.

1. Why doesn't the ship sink?
2. What makes the spring stretch and what keeps the weight up?

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 3. Why doesn't the box slide down the slope?

Reading 1 Predicting
As you have learnt in Unit 1, it is important to think about what
you are going to read in advance. Do not start to read a text immediately.
One way that supports your reading is to think about the words which
might appear in the text. The title might help to focus your thoughts.
Which words might appear in a text with the title Forces in engineering?

Task 3. You are going to read “Forces in engineering”. Here are some
of the words in the reading. Can you explain the link between
each word and the title?

weight buoyancy equilibrium

elasticity magnitude resultant
newton gravity

Task 4. Now read the text to check your explanations are appropriate
in Task 2.
Forces in engineering
To solve the ship problem, we must look at the forces on the ship
(Fig. 4.1). The weight, W, acts downwards. That is the gravity force. The
buoyancy force, B, acts upwards. Since the ship is in equilibrium, the
resultant force is zero, so the magnitudes of B and W must be the same.
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 Figure 4.1
5 Another very important force in engineering is the one caused by
elasticity. A good example of this is a spring. Springs exert more force
the more they are stretched. This property provides a way of measuring
force. A spring balance can be calibrated in newtons, the unit of force.
The block in Fig. 4.2 has a weight of 10 newtons. The weight on the
balance pulls the spring down. To give equilibrium, the spring pulls up to
oppose that weight. This upward force, F1, equals the weight of the
block, W.

Figure 4.2
10 It is important to get the distinction between mass and weight
absolutely clear. Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. Weight is the
force on that object due to gravity. Mass is measured in kilograms,
whereas weight, being a force, is measured in newtons.
15 We have looked at buoyancy, elasticity, and gravity. There is the
fourth force important in engineering, That is friction. Friction is a help
in some circumstances but a hindrance in others. Let us examine the
forces on the box (Fig. 4.3). Firstly, there is its weight, W, the gravity
force, then there is the reaction, R, normal to the plane. R and W have a
43
resultant force trying to pull the box down the slope. It is the friction
force, F, acting up the slope that stops it sliding down.

Figure 4.3
Reading 2: Grammar links in texts
One of the ways in which sentences in a text are held together is by
grammar links. In this extract, note how each expression in italics links
with an earlier expression.
Another very important force in engineering is the one caused by
elasticity. A spring is an example. Springs exert more force the more they
are stretched. This property provides a way of measuring force.
Sometimes these links cause problems for readers because they cannot
put the right words in different parts of a text.
Study these common grammar links:
1. A repeated noun becomes a pronoun.
Springs  they
2. A word replaces an earlier expression.
Force in engineering  one
3. A word replaces a whole sentence or clause.
Springs exert more force the more they are stretched  This property

Language study: The Present Passive

To be + V3/ Past participle
Study these instructions for a simple experiment on friction.
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 Figure 4.4
1. Place a block of wood on a flat surface.
2. Attach a spring balance to one end of the block.
3. Apply a gradually increasing force to the balance.
4. Note the force at which the block just begins to move.
5. Pull the block along so that it moves at a steady speed.
6. Note the force required to maintain movement.
7. Compare the two forces.

Task 5. Complete this description of the experiment by using the

present passive.
A block of wood 1_________ on a flat surface. A spring balance
2
_________ to one end of the block. A gradually increasing force
3
__________ to the balance. The force at which the block just
begins to move 4__________. The block 5__________ along at a
steady speed. The force required to maintain movement
6
__________. The two force 7_________. It is found that the first
force is greater than the second.

Task 6. What are the words in italics replaced? Point them out.
Friction in machines is destructive and wasteful. It causes the moving
parts to wear and it produces heat where it is not wanted. Engineers reduce
friction by using very highly polished materials and by lubricating their
surfaces with oil and grease. They also use ball bearings and roller bearings
because rolling objects cause less friction than sliding ones.

Language study.
Usage of “It is…”
1. It is used to give opinions in an impersonal way.
It is + Adj …
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 It is difficult to operate this machine.
It is vital to follow safety regulations.
Translate into English
Thật là tiện lợi khi sử dụng remote.
…………………………….............
Thật là dễ chịu/mát mẻ khi có máy điều hòa.
……………………………………..
Sẽ nhanh hơn khi sử dụng ô tô thay vì xe máy.
………………………………………………..

2. It is used to emphasize any part of a sentence.

It is + Noun that/who
It is friction force that stops the box sliding down.
It is the mechanism that delivers the power to do the work.
Translate into English

Chính là Jack, người đã sửa máy in, máy scan và máy photocopy
trong văn phòng.
………………………………………………………………
Chính là bạn Nam, người đã đoạt giải “Sinh viên của năm”.
…………………………………………………………………..

3. It is used in passive when the speaker wants to maintain

objective view.
It is + V-ed/ V3 that …
It is found that the accident was due to the driver’s carelessness.
It is known that the Earth rotates around the Sun.
Translate into English
Người ta nói rằng Việt Nam có một lịch sử lâu đời.
………………………………………….……………………..
Người ta tin rằng bức tranh ấy được vẽ bởi Leonard De Vinci.
…………………………………………………………………

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 Người ta đồn rằng trong ngôi nhà ấy có ma.
………………………………………………..………………..
Người ta chứng minh được là nước sôi ở 100oC.
………………………………………………………..………..

Task 7. Vocabulary Enlargement

Forces in Engineering:
bending shear compression contraction expansion
Friction centrifugal force pressure tension torsion/torque

REVIEW
1. Match the diagrams with (a) the names of the forces and (b) their
descriptions.
(a) bending, compression, shear, tension, torsion
(b) squeezing or pressing together; sliding in opposite directions;
stretching or pulling apart; twisting; squeezing on side + stretching the
other side.

A group of verbs contain the meaning of “cause something to

happen” . They have the suffix ‘-en’.
For example strengthen (= to cause something to be stronger).
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 Here is a list: harden - soften; lengthen - shorten; lighten - darken;
strengthen - weaken; tighten - loosen; widen - flatten; sharpen - straighten.
2. Replace the phrases in italics with phrases by using verbs from the
above list.
Example: The torsion forces in the storm must have made the
bridge weaker/ weakened the bridge.
1) The purpose of adding carbon to steel is to make it stronger.
2) Long ago, humans used stones to make their knife blades sharper
and straighter.
3) In forging, metal is heated to make it softer. Then it is put in water
to make it hard again.
4) Hot weather makes railway lines longer and cold weather makes
them shorter.
5) If the race has made the bike saddle looser, you should make it
tight with a spanner.

3. Fill in the gaps.

The aim of the rigidity test is (1)…..…… (discover/to discover) if a

material (2)……………… (deform/deforms) or (3)………………
(breaking/breaks) when it (4)………...…. (is bending/is bent) by a force.
One end of the material (5)……..…. (secures/is secured) in the clamp, so
that the material (6)………..….. (hold/is held) horizontally with one end
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free. A weight (7)…………….. (attaches/is attached) to the free end, and
then the load (8)…………… (is increasing/is increased) by adding more
weights. The breaking point (9)………..…….. (measures/is measured).
This (10)………………… (show/shows) us the rigidity of the material.

4. Work in groups: Discuss these questions about the three car tests
below.
 What is the purpose of each tested?
 Which parts of the car are tested?
 What properties are tested?
 What is the procedure for each test? How is each test done?
 How does a car pass the test? What is a good result for the car?
 If a car fails a test, what will you recommend?

VOCABULARY
 absolute (adj) /'æbsəlu:t/ tuyệt đối, hoàn toàn
absolutely (adv) /'æbsəlu:tli/ tuyệt đối, hoàn toàn
 balance (n) /ˈ bæləns/ sự cân bằng
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 to bend (v) /bend/ uốn cong, làm cong
bend (n) /bend/ lực uốn
 to buoy (v) /bɔ ɪ / đặt phao
buoyancy (n) /ˈ bɔ ɪ ənsi/ sự nổi; sức nổi
 block (n) /blɔ k/ khối, tảng
 to calibrate (v) /'kælɪ breɪ t/ kiểm tra
 centrifugal (adj) /ˌ sentrɪ ˈ fjuː ɡ l/ ly tâm
 circumstance (n) /'sɜ ː kəmstəns/ hoàn cảnh, trường hợp
 to contract (v) /kənˈ trækt/ co lại
contraction (n) /kənˈ trækʃ n/ sự co rút
 distinction (n) /dɪ ˈ stɪ ŋkʃ n/ sự khác biệt hoặc tương phản
 to drag (v) /dræɡ / kéo
drag (n) /dræɡ / lực cản
 to destroy (v) /dɪ 'strɔ ɪ / phá hoại, phá hủy
destruction (n) /dɪ s'trʌ k∫n/ sự phá hoại, sự phá hủy
destructive (adj) /dɪ 'strʌ ktɪ v/ phá hoại, phá hủy
 elastic (adj) /ɪ 'læstɪ k/ co giãn, đàn hồi
elasticity (n) /iː læˈ stɪ səti/ đàn hồi
 to equal (v) /'i:kwəl/ bằng nhau
equality (n) /ɪ 'kwɔ lɪ ti/ trạng thái bằng nhau
equally (adv) /'i:kwəli/ bằng nhau, đều nhau
 equilibrium (n) /ˌ iː kwɪ ˈ lɪ briəm/ trạng thái cân bằng
 to examine (v) /ɪ g'zæmɪ n/ khảo sát; nghiên cứu
 to exert (v) / ɪ ɡ ˈ zɜ ː t / tác dụng
 to act (v) /ækt/ tác dụng
 to apply (v) /ə'plaɪ / tác dụng
 to expand (v) /ɪ ksˈ pænd/ giãn nở
expansion (n) /ɪ ksˈ pænʃ n/ sự giãn, sự nở

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 force (n) /fɔ ː s/ lực
 friction (n) /ˈ frɪ kʃ n/ lực ma sát
 gradually (adv) /ˈ ɡ rædʒ uəli/ dần dần, từ từ
 gravity (n) /ˈ ɡ rævəti/ trọng lực
 magnitude (n) /'mægnɪ tju:d/ độ lớn, lượng
 matter (n) /ˈ mætə(r)/ vật chất
 to measure (v) /ˈ meʒ ə(r)/ ước lượng, đo lường
 to oppose (v) /əˈ pəʊ z/ chống đối, chống lại
 pressure (n) /ˈ preʃ ə(r)/ sức ép, áp suất, áp lực
 property (n) /ˈ prɒ pəti/ thuộc tính; đặc tính
 to pull (v) /pʊ l/ lôi, kéo
 quantity (n) /ˈ kwɒ ntəti/ lượng, số lượng
 reaction (n) /riˈ ækʃ n/ sự phản ứng lại, phản lực
 resultant (a) /rɪ ˈ zʌ ltənt/ hợp (lực)
result (n) /ri'zʌ lt/ kết quả
 relative (adj) /'relətiv/ tương đối
 shear (n) /ʃ ɪ ə(r)/ sự trượt, sự dịch chuyển
 to sink (v) /sɪ ŋk/ chìm
 to slide (v) /slaɪ d/ trượt
 spring (n) /sprɪ ŋ/ lò xo
 to solve (v) /sɔ lv/ giải quyết
solution (n) /sə'lu:∫n/ sự giải quyết; giải pháp
 steady (adj) /ˈ stedi/ đều đều; không thay đổi
 to stretch (v) /stretʃ / giãn ra, rộng ra; co giãn
 to thrust (v) /θrʌ st/ đẩy, ấn mạnh
thrust (n) /θrʌ st/ lực đẩy
 torque (n) /tɔ ː k/ mô-men xoắn, mô-men quay

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Translate into Vietnamese

FORCES
Forces are any physical influence or power trying to change the
movement of moving parts or the shape of objects. The change may be
an either acceleration or deceleration of speeds and even from stationary
state, change the direction. It may also be deforming machine parts or
cutting materials. They can be applied loads or reaction forces. In
engineering, they are described as vectors, so they have origins,
directions and magnitudes.

Translate into English

Lực tác dụng từ bên ngoài vật thể có thể được chia làm bốn loại
thông dụng theo phương tác dụng, bao gồm lực kéo, lực nén, lực uốn và
lực cắt xoắn. Chúng gây ra phản lực hoắc ứng suất kéo, ứng suất nén, ứng
suất uốn và ứng suất cắt (còn gọi là ứng suất tiếp tuyến) trong vật liệu.
Ngoài ra, lực tác dụng theo chu kỳ sẽ gây ra ứng suất mỏi, hư hỏng
mỏi và hiện tượng dão trong vật liệu. Hư hỏng này xảy ra ngay cả khi
ứng suất mỏi là nhỏ so với ứng suất đàn hồi.

52
 Unit 5
WASHING MACHINE

Task 1. Warm-up
What devices in your home operate automatically? List them all.
In your opinion, why can they operate like that?

Task 2. List some of the factors the control system of a washing

machine must handle. This diagram may help you.

Figure 5.1. Washing machine

Reading: Reading diagrams

In engineering, diagrams carry a great deal of information. They can
also help you to understand the accompanying text. For this reason, it is
helpful to try to understand the diagram provided before reading the text.
53
Task 3. Study the diagram again. Match the items with their proper
functions.

Items Functions
1 Pump a. Measures the water temperature and reports
2 Motor it to the control unit
3 Shock absorber b. Cools the pump motor
4 Solenoid valves c. Controls the flow of water into the machine
5 Heater d. Senses when the drum is full of water and
reports it to the control unit
6 Pressure sensor
e. Pumps water out of the drum
7 Door lock and
sensor f. Rotates the drum
8 Temperature sensor g. Absorbs the shock of the spinning drum
when loaded
9 Fan
h. Senses whether the door is open or shut
and reports it to the control unit
i. Raises the temperature of the water

Task 4. Read this text to check your answers to Task 2.

Control systems in the home
Most devices in the home have some sort of control. For example,
you can control the volume of a TV by using a remote control. The
building blocks of a control system are:

Input Control Output

Press button on Signal is sent to TV Volume is adjusted
remote control
5
The input can be any movement or any change in the environment.
For example, a drop in temperature may cause a heating system to come on.
The control may change the size of the output (for example,
adjusting the sound of a TV). Often this involves changing one kind of
input into different kind of output. For example, opening a window may
set off a burglar alarm.
10 The outputs can be of many kinds. An alarm system may ring a
bell, flash lights, and send a telephone message to the police.
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 Most control systems are closed loops. That means they incorporate
a way of checking that the output is correct. In other words, they have
feedback. The thermostat in a central heating system (Fig. 5.2) provides
constant feedback to the control unit.

Temperature Control Boiler Boiler/Pump

sensor unit switch Radiators

Feedback

Figure 5.2. Closed loop

15 The control system of a modern washing machine has to take into
account several different factors. These are door position, water level,
water temperature, wash and spin time, and drum speeds. Most of them
are decided when you select which washing program to use.
20 Fig. 5.3 shows a block diagram of a washing machine control system.
You can see that this is quite a complex closed loop system using feedback
to keep a check on water level, water temperature, and drum speeds.

Program
Clock selector
sector

Water level Pump

sensor

Door Water
position Control valves
sensor unit
Water Heater
temp.
sensor
Drum speed Motor
sensor
Feedback
Feedback

Feedback

Figure 5.3. Modern control system

55
 The control unit is the heart of the system. It receives and sends out
signals which control all the activities of the machine. It is also capable
of diagnosing faults which may occur, stopping the program, and
informing the service engineer what is wrong. It is a small, dedicated
computer which, like other computers, uses the language of logic.

Task 5. Answer these questions.

1. What are elements of the building blocks of a control system?
2. What are inputs and outputs?
3. What is a closed loop? Find out closed loops in Fig 6.3, then
redraw them.
4. Explain how a control system operates.

Task 6. Read the following text to find the answers to these questions.
1. What devices are used to lock the door?
2. What provides feedback to the control unit about the door position?
Text 1: Door position
The machine will not start any program unless the door is fully
closed and locked. When the door is closed, it completes an electrical
circuit which heats up a heat-sensitive pellet. This expands as it gets hot,
pushing a mechanical lock into place and closing a switch. The switch
signals the control unit that the door is closed and locked. Only when it
has received this signal will the control unit start the wash program.
Complete your section of the table below. Then exchange
information with your partner to complete the whole table.

Control factor Operating device Feedback by

1 Door position heat-sensitive pellet Switch

2 Water level ……………..……

……………..…………………… ………………
3 Water temperature ……………..……
……………..…………………… ………………
4 Wash and spin time ……………..……
……………..…………………… ………………

5 Drum speed ……………..……

……………..…………………… ………………

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 Text 2: Water level
When a wash program first starts, it has to open the valves which
5
allow the water in. There are usually two of these valves, one for hot
water and one for cold. Each must be controlled separately depending on
the water temperature needed for that program. The valves are solenoid
operated, i.e. they are opened and closed electrically.
The rising water level is checked by the water level sensor. This is
a pressure sensor. The pressure of the air in the plastic tube rises as it is
compressed by the rising water. The pressure sensor keeps the control
unit informed of the pressure reached and the control unit uses the
information to decide when to close the water inlet valves.
Text 3: Water temperature
5 The temperature sensor, a type of thermometer which fits inside the
washer drum, measures the water temperature and signals it to the control
unit. The control unit compares it with the temperature needed for the
program being used. If the water temperature is too low, the control unit
will switch on the heater. The temperature sensor continues to check the
temperature and keeps the control unit informed. Once the correct
temperature is reached, the control unit switches off the heater and moves
on to the next stage of the program.
Text 4: Clock
The control unit includes a memory which tells it how long each
stage of a program should last. The time may be different for each
program. The electronic clock built into the control unit keeps the
memory of the control unit informed so that each stage of each program
is timed correctly.
Text 5: Drum speed
5 During the washing and spinning cycles of the program, the drum
has to spin at various speeds. Most machines use three different speeds:
53 rpm for washing; 83 rpm for distributing the load before spinning; 100
rpm for spinning.
The control unit signals the motor to produce these speeds. The
motor starts up slowly, then gradually increases speed. The speed sensor,
a tachogenerator, keeps the control unit informed of the speed that has
been reached. The control unit uses the information to control the power
of the motor and so controls the speed of the drum at all times.

57
 Language study: If/ Unless

Task 7. Fill in the blanks in this table using the information in Fig 5.3
and the texts in Task 6.

Sensor Condition Control unit action

level low open inlet valves
Water
level high enough
switch on heater
Water temperature
high enough

Drum speed
decrease motor speed

The conditions which the sensors report determine the actions of

the control unit. We can link each condition and action like this:
If the water level is low, the inlet valves are opened.

Task 8. Write similar sentences for the other five conditions given
above.
Now study this example:

Sensor Condition Control unit action

Door open Machine cannot start
Door
Door closed Machine can start
We can link these conditions and actions as follow:
1. If the door is open, the machine cannot start.
2. If the door is closed, the machine can start.
3. Unless the door is closed, the machine cannot start.
We use unless when an action cannot or will not happen if a prior
condition is not true. In example 3, Unless means If … not. We can
rewrite 3 as:
If the door is not closed, the machine cannot start.
58
Task 9. Complete these sentences using Unless and your knowledge of
engineering.
1. Unless the ignition is switched on, a car cannot _________.
2. Unless the pilot light is on, gas central heating will not
__________.
3. Unless the diverter valves are switched to central heating, the
radiators will not __________.
4. Unless there is current flowing in the primary coil of a
transformer, there will be no current in the _________ coil.
5. Unless there is __________ in the cylinders, the petrol engine
will not start.
6. Unless the doors are _____________, the lift will not operate.
7. Unless mild steel is painted, it will _____________.
8. Unless electrical equipment is earthed, it may be ___________.

Task 10. Connect the sentences using the word/words given. Then join
all sentences you have made to build a paragraph.
1. Which
The temperature sensor measures the water temperature.
The temperature sensor is a type of thermometer.
2. And
The temperature sensor fits inside the washer drum.
The temperature sensor signals the water temperature to the
control unit.
3. Which
The control unit compares the water temperature with the temperature.
The temperature is needed for the program being used.
4. If
The water temperature is too low.
The control unit will switch on the heater.
5. And
The temperature sensor continues to check the temperature.
The temperature sensor keeps the control unit informed.
59
 6. When … and
The correct temperature is reached.
The control unit switches off the heater.
The control unit moves on to the next stage of the program.
Language study: Ability and Inability
1. Making someone able or something possible
(make…able, enable, allow, permit)
e.g. That database allows you to search for client names and
addresses.
2. Being able or unable
(be able/unable to, be capable/incapable of, can/cannot)
e.g. This new monitor can display more than two million
colours.
Synthetic fibre is unable to replace natural fibre.
3. Making someone unable or something impossible
(make…unable, stop, prevent, prohibit)
e.g. Friction force stops the box sliding down.

Notes:
* be able/unable to do sth
* be capable/incapable of doing sth/N
* prohibit/stop/prevent sth/sb from doing sth/N
* allow/permit/enable sth/sb to do/not to do sth
* make sth/sb adj/do sth
Complete the sentences

a. ______________ is not permitted in the class.

b. The parents protect the children from ______________.
c. The machine is equipped with a control unit, thus makes it able to
__________.
d. The manager prohibits _____________ in the factory.
60
 e. The machine has touch panel to make it ___________ in operation.
f. Normal airplanes are incapable of ______________ at velocity of
light.
g. Modern technology is _______________ without computers.
h. Door lock enables_____________ when the car moves at
_____________.
i. A faster processor in the computer ___________ solving
complicated computations.

Language study: have sth done/Adj

keep sth done/Adj
I have my house cleaned.
I have my hair cut.
I have my computer …………………….
The pressure sensor keeps the control unit informed of the pressure
reached.
The temperature sensor keeps the control unit informed.
The machine has damaged. Please have it ………………………….
The wall is dirty. I will have it ………………………….

Translate into English

a. Cảm biến tốc độ luôn kiểm soát vận tốc của động cơ.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. GPS luôn thông báo vị trí xe hơi.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Cảnh sát luôn kiểm tra nồng độ cồn của người lái xe.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

d. Hệ thống cảnh báo động đất luôn đo rung động của mặt đất.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

e. Mục đích của bảo trì là bảo đảm hệ thống luôn vận hành tốt.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

61
Task 11. Match column A with column B to build sentences of ability
and inability.

A B

1. Improving quality control will a. the storage of chemicals in

enable us plastic containers.
2. Shortage of space prevents us b. carrying the volume of data
from required today.
3. Regulations prohibit c. see the person you are talking to.
4. A machine breakdown means that
d. producing more product lines.
we can't

5. Old copper cables are incapable of e. now be used to send emails.

6. Using a videophone allows you to f. to become more profitable.
g. unauthorized users
7. Mobile phones can
accessing a network.
8. A firewall is used to stop h. finish the order this week.

Task 12. There is a mistake in each of the following sentences.

Underline the mistake then correct it.

1. All unauthorized personnel are prohibited from entering this area.

2. Building regulations do not allow of the use of asbestos in public
buildings.
3. Only fully qualified electricians should be permitted to repair these
appliances.
4. Deep pile foundations are able to support a high building.
5. Water is unable to pass through the vapour barrier.
6. Designers can design complex structures using computer-aided
design tools.
7. Scientists are not yet able to cure cancer.
8. Aspirin is known to prevent people from having a heart attack.

62
REVIEW
Task 1. Matching the items inside the washing machine (picture shown)
with their proper meanings.

a. Mô tơ chính: Là mô tơ giúp quay lồng máy giặt

b. Núm chọn chế độ giặt
c. Núm kiểm soát mực nước
d. Nút điểu khiển thời gian giặt
e. Trục khấy: Dùng để đảo quần áo và đồ dơ trong nước, ngoài ra
còn có tác dụng đẩy nước đi qua sợi vải từ trong ra ngoài
f. Gối đỡ tròn

g. Đường nước cấp

h. Pu-li có tác dụng truyền lực cho lồng giặt
i. Bộ lọc cặn
j. Công tắc mất thăng bằng: Khi tải trọng máy giặt bị lệch hoặc do
máy giặt lệch chân dễ gây hiện tượng mất thăng bằng. Công tắc
này thiết kế để tắt máy khi xảy ra sự mất cân bằng
63
 k. Van cấp nước vào
l. Đường nước xả
m. Thùng chứa nước: Dùng để chứa nước trong quá trình giặt
n. Công tắc mức tràn
o. Mức kiểm soát mực nước
p. Pu-li truyền động của mô tơ
q. Gối đỡ
r. Đường ống nước xả
s. Bơm nước xả

Task 2. Match the pictures with the verbs in the box.

Task 3. The photos illustrate the main stages in assembling a car, but
they are in wrong order. Write the figure numbers in the
correct boxes in the chart below.

64
 Reading
Now read this website of the car company and check your answers to
Tasks 2.

ASSEMBLING A CAR

the body of the car. This is done

First, the parts are delivered by
by more than 400 robots.
truck or rail to the delivery area of
the car assembly plant. From here, Then the body is taken to the
some parts are taken to the body paint shop. Here it is cleaned and
shop, and other parts are painted by robots. Special clothing
transported to the chassis line. The is worn by the robots to project the
parts are carried around the plant paint. After this, the body is
by forklift trucks or conveyor checked by human workers to look
belts. for faults.
In the body shop, the panels Next, the painted body moves
are welded to the frame to form along a conveyor belt to the trim
65
line and many parts are added to it. Now, the chassis and the body
For example, the instrument panel, move simultaneously to the final
the air conditioning system, the assembly line. Here the body is
heating system and the electrical attached to the chassis, and all the
wiring are all installed here. The final parts are added. The tyres and
windscreen is inserted by robots the radiator are added here. The
using laser guides. hoses are connected, and the
Meanwhile, in the chassis, in radiator and air conditioner are
the line, components are added to filled with fluid. The central
the chassis. First, the chasis is computer of the car is also
turned upside down to make the installed here.
work easier. Then the fuel system, Lastly, the finished car and all
the axles and the drive shaft are all electrical systems are tested. The
installed. Next the chassis is car is filled with fuel and the
turned over (rightside up). The engine is started for the first time.
engine is lowered into the chassis The car is put on special rollers to
and connected to it. test the engine and the wheels. If it
passes the test, the car is finally
driven out of the assembly plant.

Task 4. Form Adjectives from the proper suffixes below.

-ful -ic -ous -y -ant -al -able -ial -ive -ible -ent
danger dirt magnet rely origin experiment
wash flex expense excel resist use industry

Task 5. Complete the following sentences with the adjectives and

adverbs in brackets. Use each word only once.

1. The system will shut down______________. There is an

___________temperature control. (automatic/automatically)
2. New testing methods have made the process much more
_______________. Quality control runs more____________.
(efficient/efficiently)
3. Our aim is to ensure ____________operation at the plant. The
manufacturing process should run _________. (smooth/smoothly)
4. Demand for electricity is ___________ lower in the evening.
Statistics show that there is a ___________ fall in demand after 10
p.m. (general/generally)
66
 5. People are becoming more interested in _____________ friendly
products. There is a growing interest in _____________ issues.
(environmental/environmentally)
6. Safety procedures must be __________observed to avoid accidents.
The manager in coal mine must be __________ about activities
underground. (strict/strictly)

Task 6. Here is a part of a presentation on the textile industry in

the UK. Tick the correct words.

The number of people who work in the textile (a)

manufactured/manufacturing industry in the UK has fallen (b)
considerable/considerably over the last 50 years. Today, it employs (c)
approximate/approximately 130,000 people. Textiles for clothing and
carpets have always been (d) important/importantly but today there is
(e) increasing/increasingly trade in fabrics for (f) industrial/
industrially applications. Fabrics are used (g) increasing/increasingly
in the healthcare and automotive industries. The export of wool and (h)
woolen/ wool products has remained fairly (i) constant/constantly over
the last 15 years. The UK also has a (j) significant/significantly silk
industry, which produces over 170 million worth of goods (k)
annual/annually. The UK linen trade has an (l) excellent/excellently
reputation for quality and service and British exports remain very (m)
healthy/healthily. The UK’s expertise in chemistry is (n) extensive/
extensively and this is (o) important/importantly to the (p) dyed/dying
industry.
The manufacturing of dyestuffs is (q) relative/relatively strong.
The sale of carpets contributes to the sale of the textile (r)
significant/significantly. The carpet industry has (s) particular/
particularly strengths in the (t) high/highly quality end of the market.

a_manufacturing_ b ____________ c ____________ d ____________

e ______________ f ______________ g ____________ h ____________

g ______________ h ______________i _____________ k ___________
l ______________ m _____________ n ____________ o ____________
p ______________ r ______________ s ____________ t ____________

67
Translate into Vietnamese
A washing machine, sometimes called laundry machine, clothes
washer or washer, is a machine used to wash laundry, such as clothing,
carpet and sheets. In most cases, the machines use water and detergent.
Modern washing machines may use dry cleaning techniques (which uses
alternative cleaning fluids, and is performed by specialist businesses) or
ultrasonic cleaners. (Source: Mintz, Steven, “Housework in Late 19th Century
America”, Digital History.)

Translate into English

Ngày nay, máy giặt là thiết bị không thể thiếu trong các ứng dụng
trong gia đình cũng như trong công nghiệp. Nó giúp chúng ta giặt giũ
quần áo, ra trải giường và thảm trong nhà hàng ngày, đồng phục trong
nhà máy, văn phòng, bệnh viện… Tại các quốc gia lạnh, nước nóng được
sử dụng một cách hiệu quả cho máy giặt thay vì nước lạnh như ở các
quốc gia nhiệt đới.

VOCABULARY
- to absorb (v) /əbˈsɔ:b/ hấp thu

absorption coefficient /əbˈsɔ:bʃn kouiˈfiʃnt/ hệ số hấp thu

- to sense (v) /sens/ cảm nhận, hiểu, cảm biến

sensor (n) /ˈsensə/ cảm biến

- to adjust (v) /əˈdʒʌst/ điều chỉnh

- to flash (v) /flæʃ/ chớp

- loop (n) /lu:p/ vòng lặp, chu trình

- detergent (n) /diˈtə:dʒənt/ chất tẩy, xà bông

- to incorporate (v) /inˈkɔ:pərit/ liên kết, liên hợp

- to take into account đưa vào tính toán, tính tới

- to diagnose(v) /ˈdaiəgnouz/ chẩn đoán

- pellet (n) /ˈpelit/ viên, thanh, hạt

- solenoid valve (n) /ˈsoulənɔid/ van điện từ

68
- tachogenerator (n) /ˈtækədʒenəreitə(r)/ bộ phát xung

- agitator (n) /ˈædʒiteitə/ trục khuấy, bộ phận khuấy

to agitate (v) /ˈædʒiteit/ khuấy

- pulley (n) /ˈpuli/ pu-li

- to transmit (v) /trænzˈmit/ truyền, truyền động

- lid (n) /lid/ nắp, vung, mũ

- chassis (n) /ˈtʃæsi/ khung gầm (xe)

- to convey (v) /kənˈvei/ vận chuyển, tải

- hose (n) /houz/ ống dẫn (mềm)

- plant (n) /plænt/ xưởng, dự án, công trình

69
 Unit 6
ROBOTICS

Figure 6.1. Robots

Task 1. Warm-up
Try to write a definition of robots. Compare with your classmates.
Reading 1 Revising skills
In the tasks below, we will revise some reading skills you have
studied.

Task 2. The diagram below shows the 3 components of an industrial

robot. What are their functions?

Figure 6.2. The components of an industrial robot

71
Task 3. Now read this text to check your answers to Task 2.
The manipulator
This is the bit which actually does the mechanical work, and in this
case it is anthropomorphic (i.e. of human-like form), resembling an arm.
The power supply
For heavy-duty hydraulic or pneumatic machines this will be a
compressor. In smaller, lightweight versions which use electrical stepper
motors rather than hydraulics or pneumatics, this would be omitted.
The computer
The controlling computer is fitted with appropriate interfaces. These
may include digital inputs, digital outputs, ADCs (analogue-to-digital
converters), DACs (digital-to-analogue converters), or stepper motor
control ports. These control the various compressors, stepper motors, and
solenoids, and receive the signals from the manipulator’s sensors.

Task 4. In your opinion, can robots replace human completely?

Students make pairs or groups of three or four, and then discuss it.

Task 5. Read the following text to find the answers to these questions.
1. What is the work volume of a manipulator?
2. Why is the work volume of a human greater than that of an
industrial robot?
3. What are ‘degrees of freedom’?

Work volume
Robots are multifunctional so an important design issue for the
manipulator is its ‘work volume’: the volume of space into which it can
be positioned. The greater the work volume, the more extensive the range
of tasks it can be programmed to carry out.
5 As a human being, your work volume consists of all the places
your hands can reach. Most industrial robots have a much more limited
work volume because they are bolted to the floor. Even with the same
limitation applied, however, the human body is a very flexible machine
with a work volume described – very approximately – by a cylinder
about 2.2 m high with a radius about 1.8 m and a domed top.
72
 Degrees of freedom
10 In order to achieve flexibility of motion within a three-dimensional
space, a robot manipulator needs to be able to move in at least three
dimensions. The technical jargon is that it requires at least three ‘degrees
of freedom’. Figs. 6.3 a-d show a number of the more common types of
robot manipulator mechanisms. Each has the requisite three degrees of
freedom, allowing either linear or rotational movement.
Reading 2 Transferring information

Task 6. Study the text and the diagram (Fig. 6.3a) below and note how
the information has been transferred to Table 1.

Degrees of freedom
Fig. Types Work volume
Linear Rotational
6.3a Cartesian or rectilinear 3 0 Cube

Common types of manipulator

Fig. 6.3a is the simplest. Its three degrees of freedom are all linear
and at right angles to each other, so they correspond to the three
Cartesian co-ordinates. Driving it presents no mathematical difficulties,
since each degree of freedom controls a single Cartesian co-ordinate
without affecting the others. Fairly obviously, the work volume of the
Cartesian manipulator is a cube.

Figure 6.3a. Cartesian or rectilinear manipulator

73
Task 7. Work in groups of three. Your teacher will select a text for you.
Read the text and the diagram to complete your section of Table 1.
Text 1
The second type of manipulator, shown in Fig. 6.3b, is called a
cylindrical manipulator because of the shape of its work volume. It has
one rotational and two linear degrees of freedom. Because of the
rotational aspect, however, the maths needed to position it becomes more
involved, which means that for a given response speed a faster processor
is necessary.

Figure 6.3b. Cylindrical or post-type manipulator

Degrees of freedom
Fig. Types Work volume
Linear Rotational
6.3b
Text 2
Fig. 6.3c shows the spherical manipulator which has two rotational
and one linear degrees of freedom. The work volume is indeed a sphere,
and once again the complexity of positioning the device increases.

Figure 6.3c. Spherical or polar manipulator

Degrees of freedom
Fig. Types Work volume
Linear Rotational
6.3c
74
 Text 3
5 The final type of manipulator has three rotational degrees of
freedom. This is the most complex type to control, but it has increased
flexibility. Fig. 6.3d shows this type of manipulator – the
anthropomorphic arm. The work volume of a practical manipulator of
this form is shown in Fig. 6.4. You will notice that it is basically
spherical but has missing portions due to the presence of the arm itself
and because the rotations cannot achieve a full 360 degrees. The scallops
on the inner surface are caused by constraints imposed by the joints.

Figure 6.3d. Anthropomorphic or joint manipulator

Figure 6.4. Working volume of anthropomorphic manipulator

Degrees of freedom
Fig. Types Work volume
Linear Rotational
6.3d

75
Structure: “In order to…”

In order to achieve flexibility of motion within a three-dimensional space,

a robot manipulator needs to be able to move in at least three dimensions.

to / in order to + V.inf
for + Gerund (V.ing)/ N

To pass the examination, students must study hard.

For higher examination scores, students must study hard.

Complete the sentences

1. …………………….…………………………, the youth must have good health.

2. To become a famous physician, you ………............................experiments.
3. …………………….……………………………………….., the teachers work hard.
4. …………………………a good swimmer, you ………………………every day.
5. To produce an advanced material, ……………………………………………….
6. ……………………………………………………………….. for a good job.
7. …………………………………… a good singer, ………………………………………

Task 8. Complete the blanks in this text.

Mechanical wrist
It is worth pointing 1__________ that a human arm has far more
freedom 2_________ the minimum three degrees of freedom,
giving very great flexibility in terms 3___________ positioning,
path taken, and angle of approach. Even without a wrist, the
redundant degrees of freedom of the 4__________ body would
allow you to carry out most normal operations. Any of the basic
manipulators shown 5_________ Figs. 6.3 a-d, on the other
6
__________, would be virtually useless as they stand. Although
they could get to any position, they 7__________ only approach
objects from a single angle.
To take an 8__________, removing a screw would be impossible
9
__________ the manipulator could not align a screwdriver to fit the
screw properly. Even if it was able to, it still would 10___________
be possible to carry out the necessary rotating action.
76
 A wrist is therefore added to most basic manipulators to
11
___________ the required mechanical flexibility to 12__________
real jobs. In general, for total flexibility the wrist itself requires
three degrees of freedom, thereby bringing the grand total up to six.
The 13____________ common type of wrist has two bending and
one rotational degrees of freedom. Fig. 6.5 shows this type of
mechanical wrist.

Figure 6.5. Wrist mechanism

Task 9. Technical reading: Stepper motors

Read the following text to find the answers to these questions, and
then complete the table.
1. Why do you use a stepper motor to position the head of a disk
drive unit?
2. Name two components that are present in other electric motor
types but absent from stepper motors.
3. For accuracy in positioning, do you select a stepper motor with a
large or a small step angle?
Stepper motors are useful wherever accurate control of movement
is required. They are used extensively in robotics and in printers, plotters
and computer disk drives, all of which require precise positioning or
speed. In a plotter, for example, by using two motors running at 90
degrees to each other, they can be used to drive a pen with an exact
distance in all directions. In robotics, they are used to position
manipulators exactly where required.
A stepper motor does not run in the same way as a normal DC
motor, i.e. continuously rotating. Instead, it runs in a series of measured
steps. These steps are triggered by pulses from a computer, and each
pulse makes the motor turn either in a forward or a reverse direction by

77
an exact interval, typically 1.8, 2.5, 3.75, 7.5, 15, or 30 degrees.
Accuracy is within 3% to 5% of the last step.

Figure 6.5a Figure 6.5b

The rotor in a stepper motor is constructed from several permanent
magnets with north and south poles. The stator is wound in a series of
electromagnets, usually four, which can be switched on and off. Figs.6.5a
and b illustrate the operation of a permanent magnet-type stepper motor.
When current is applied to the stator coils, it creates the pole arrangement
shown in Fig.6.5a. Poles 1 and 2 are north. Hence, the south pole of the
rotor is attracted to both of them and settles in the mid position as shown.
When the stator currents are changed to produce the pole arrangement
shown in Fig.6.5b, pole 1 has south polarity. This repels the rotor which
moves to the new position as shown. Each polarity change on the stator
causes the rotor to move (in this case) 45 degrees.
Stepper motors can be divided into two groups. The first one works
without a permanent magnet. The second one has a permanent magnet,
usually located on the rotor.
Variable reluctance motors form the first group. As there is no
permanent magnet, the variable reluctance motor has practically no
detent torque. The rotor spins freely and gives good acceleration and high
speed if lightly loaded. Applications include micro positioning tables.
The second group comprises the permanent magnet motor, the
hybrid motor, and the disc magnet motor. The permanent magnet type
offers high dynamic torque at low speed and large step angles. This is a
low cost motor used extensively in low inertia applications such as
computer peripherals and printers.
The hybrid type combines features of both types mentioned above.
It has good speed/torque characteristics and micro-stepping capability.
Steps of 1.8 degrees are possible. Disc magnet motors can be made very
small and are very efficient. One of their first applications was in quartz-
controlled watches.
78
Task 10. Mind mapping

Mind mapping is a useful means to make sure you understand main

ideas of the reading. Complete the following diagram.

79
VOCABULARY
 to achieve (v) /əˈ tʃ iː v/ đạt được, giành được
 accurate (adj) /ˈ ækjʊ rət/ chính xác
accuracy (n) /ˈ ækjʊ rəsi/ độ chính xác
 to affect (v) /ə'fekt/ ảnh hưởng
effect (n) /i'fekt/ sự ảnh hưởng
 analogue (adj) /ˈ ænəlɒ ɡ / tín hiệu tương tự
 anthropomorphic (adj) /ˌ ænθrəpəˈ mɔ ː fɪ k/ giống hình người
 appropriate (adj) /əˈ prəʊ priət/ thích hợp
 approximately (adv)/əˈ prɒ ksɪ mətli/ khoảng chừng, xấp xỉ
 Cartesian (adj) /kɑ ː ˈ tiː ziən/ (thuộc) thuyết Đề-các
 to command (v) /kəˈ mɑ ː nd/ ra lệnh
command (n) /kəˈ mɑ ː nd/ lệnh
 compressor (n) /kəmˈ presə(r)/ máy nén
 constraint (n) /kən'streint/ sự ràng buộc
 to construct (v) /kənˈ strʌ kt/ chế tạo
 to correspond (v) /ˌ kɒ rəˈ spɒ nd/ phù hợp; tương ứng
 cube (n) /kjuː b/ hình lập phương
 current (n) /ˈ kʌ rənt/ dòng điện
 cylindrical (adj) /səˈ lɪ ndrɪ kl/ hình trụ
 definition (n) /ˌ defɪ ˈ nɪ ʃ n/ định nghĩa
 digital (adj) /ˈ dɪ dʒ ɪ tl/ kỹ thuật số
digital input (n) ngõ vào số
digital output (n) ngõ ra số
 analogue to digital converter (n) bộ chuyển đổi tương tự - số
 flexible (adj) /ˈ fleksəbl/ linh động, linh hoạt
flexibility (n) /,fleksə'biliti/ tính linh hoạt, tính linh động
 hydraulic (adj) /haɪ ˈ drɔ ː lɪ k/ thủy lực
 hybrid (n) /ˈ haɪ .brɪ d/ lai
80
 to impose (v) /im'pouz/ áp đặt
 inner (n) /'inə/ bên trong
 interface (n) /ˈ ɪ ntəfeɪ s/ giao diện, cổng giao tiếp
 inertia (n) /ɪ ˈ nɜ ː ʃ ə/ mô-ment quán tính tĩnh
 jargon (n) /ˈ dʒ ɑ ː ɡ ən/ từ chuyên môn, thuật ngữ
 joint (n) /dʒ ɔ ɪ nt/ khớp
 manipulator (n) /məˈ nɪ pjuleɪ tə(r)/ tay máy
 magnet (n) /ˈ mægnət/ nam châm
permanent magnet (n) /ˈ pɜ ː mənənt/ nam châm vĩnh cửu
 to limit (v) /'limit/ giới hạn, hạn chế
limitation (n) /,limi'tei∫n/ sự hạn định, sự giới hạn
 obviously (adv) /ˈ ɒ bviəsli/ rõ ràng; hiển nhiên
 to omit (v) /əˈ mɪ t/ quên; bỏ qua
 pneumatic (adj) /njuː ˈ mætɪ k/ làm việc nhờ khí nén
 pulse (n) /pʌ ls/ xung
 pole (n) /pəʊ l/ cực
polarity (n) /pəʊ ˈ lærəti/ sự phân cực
 to position (v) /pə'zi∫n/ xác định vị trí
 rectilinear (adj) /ˌ rektɪ ˈ lɪ niə(r)/ thẳng
 requisite (adj) /ˈ rekwɪ zɪ t/ cần thiết
 to resemble (v) /rɪ ˈ zembl/ giống với, tương tự với
 reluctance (n) /rɪ ˈ lʌ ktəns/ từ trở
 robot (n) /ˈ rəʊ bɒ t/ người máy
 sphere (n) /sfɪ ə(r)/ hình cầu, khối cầu, mặt cầu
spherical (adj) /ˈ sferɪ kl/ có hình cầu
 to trigger (v) /ˈ trɪ gər/ kích xung
 torque (n) /tɔ ː k/ mô-ment xoắn
detent torque (n) mô-ment hãm
 volume (n) /ˈ vɒ ljuː m/ thể tích; khối lượng
81
REVIEW
I. Choose the best answer.
1. The ___________does the mechanical work. It can be anthropomorphic.
A. manipulator B. power supply
C. degrees of freedom D. controller
2. For lightweight duty, the power supply can use ______________than
hydraulics or pneumatics.
A. DC motor B. stepper motor
C. hydraulic motor D. all are incorrect
3. The heart of robot is the controlling computer which is fitted with
_______________interfaces.
A. different B. differently
C. appropriate D. appropriately
4. The ____________is an important design issue for the manipulator.
The greater the___________, the more tasks it can be programmed to
carry out.
A. work volume/manipulator B. work volume/work volume
C. degrees of freedom/work volume D. degrees of freedom/manipulator
5. In order to achieve ____________ of motion within a three-
dimensional space, a robot manipulator needs to be able to move in at
least three dimensions.
A. flexible B. flexibility C. accurate D. accuracy
6. ______________is the simplest. Its three degrees of freedom are all
linear and at right angles to each other.
A. Cylindrical manipulator B. Spherical manipulator
C. Cartesian manipulator D. Joint manipulator
7. ______________is the most complex type of manipulator.
A. Cylindrical manipulator B. Spherical manipulator
C. Cartesian manipulator D. Joint manipulator
8. _____________has one rotational and two linear degrees of freedom.
A. Cylindrical manipulator B. Spherical manipulator
C. Cartesian manipulator D. Joint manipulator
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9. The work volume of Cartesian manipulator is ____________.
A. a cube B. a sphere C. cylinder D. all are incorrect
10. A manipulator have many joints is flexible but control is
__________.
A. simple B. complex
C. appropriate D.implemental

II/ Translate the following text into Vietnamese

Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering and computer science that deals with the design,
construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer
systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.
These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the
place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes,
or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, and/or cognition.
The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously
dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and
potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century.
Throughout history, robotics has been often seen to mimic human
behavior, and often manage tasks in a similar fashion. Today, robotics is
a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching,
designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes,
whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots do jobs
that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, mines and
exploring shipwrecks. (Source: “Robotics”. Oxford Dictionaries, Retrieved 4,
February 2011.)

III/ Translate into English

Robot là một dạng thiết bị tự động nhằm thực hiện các công việc
giống nhau một cách tự động và lặp đi lặp lại. Điều này giúp làm giảm
ảnh hưởng của sai sót từ con người, tăng sản lượng và độ tin cậy của sản
phẩm. Robot có thể được lập trình lại nhằm tăng mức độ linh hoạt của nó
trong việc sản xuất nhiều loại sản phẩm khác nhau. Kỹ thuật robot kết
hợp nhiều lãnh vực khác nhau bao gồm cơ khí, điện-điện tử, kỹ thuật
thủy lực-khí nén và công nghệ thông tin.

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 Unit 7
LASERS

Task 1. Warm-up
What does LASER stand for?
Figure out different applications of lasers.

1........................................ 2........................................

3........................................ 4........................................

5........................................ 6........................................

7........................................ 8........................................
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Task 2. Work in groups.
What are lasers?
List any applications or devices you know about lasers.

Task 3. Read this text to check your answers to Task 1.

Lasers (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

are the devices which amplify light and produce beams of light
which are very intense, directional, and pure in colour. They can be
in solid state, gas, semiconductor, or liquid.
5 When lasers were invented in 1960, some people thought they
could be used as “death rays”. In the 1980s, the United States
experimented with lasers as a defence against nuclear missiles.
Nowadays, they are used to identify targets. But apart from military
uses, they have many applications in engineering, communications,
10 medicine, and the arts.
In engineering, powerful laser beams can be focused on a small area.
These beams can heat, melt, or vaporize material in a very precise
way. They can be used for drilling diamonds, cutting complex shapes
in materials from plastics to steel, for spot welding and for surfacing
15 techniques, such as hardening aircraft engine or turbine blades. Laser
beams can also be used to measure and align structures.
Lasers are ideal for communications in space. Laser light can carry
many more information channels than microwaves because of its
20 high frequency. In addition, it can travel long distances without
losing signal strength. Lasers can also be used for information
recording and reading. Compact discs are read by lasers.
In medicine, laser beams can treat damaged tissue in a fraction of a
second without harming healthy tissue. They can be used in very
25 precise eye operations.
In the arts, lasers can provide fantastic displays of light. Pop
concerts are often accompanied by laser displays.

1. Matching each paragraph with the heading.

i. use of laser in communications
ii. a brief view of laser
iii. lasers in the arts
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 iv. the role of lasers in medicine
v. applications of lasers in engineering

2. Complete the following table with ONE word only.

Applications How lasers work

Military uses ● __________ targets

● _________, melt or ________ materials

● drill __________, _________ complex shapes in
materials
Engineering
● spot ________
● _________ techniques
● ________ and _______ structures

● carry more information ______ than microwaves

Communications ● _______ long distances without losing signal strength
● _________ and read information

_____________ ● treat damaged tissue such as eye _________.

Arts ● provide fantastic ________ of light such as pop concerts

Task 4. Study the diagram and the words given. Point out the main
differences between an ordinary light beam and a laser beam.

laser ordinary light organized disorganized directional

indirectional in one didrection in many directions concentrate
photon monochrome polychrome single wavelength
various wavelength
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 Ordinary light beam Laser beam
………………………………
disorganized
………………………………
concentrated
………………………………
focused
………………………………
in all directions
………………………………
……………………………… pure in color
monochrome
………………………………
single wavelength
………………………………
travel short distance
………………………………
lose wave strength

Task 5.
A. Label different parts of laser.

Ruby Atom Light Mirror Power Photon Laser Partial

crystal tube source beam mirror
………… ……….. ………….. ………. ……… …….. ….... ………

B. Put these notes in the best order:

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 Writing Describing a Process and a Sequence
When we write about a process, we have to:
1. Sequence the stages
2. Locate the stages
3. Describe what happens at each stage
4. Explain what happens at each stage

Consider these stages in the operation of a washing machine:

1. The drum is filled with water.
2. The water is heated to the right temperature.
3. Soap is added and the drum is rotated slowly.
4. The dirty water is pumped out and clean water is added.
5. The drum is rotated much faster and the water is pumped out.
6. The clean clothes are removed.

Instead of marking the numbers, we can show the order by using

sequence words.
First, the drum is filled with water.
Second, the water is heated to the right temperature.
Then, soap is added and the drum is rotated slowly.
Next, the dirty water is pumped out and clean water is added.
After that, the drum is rotated much faster and the water is pumped out.
Finally, the clean clothes are removed.

Task 6. Adding ‘-y’ to Nouns to have Adjectives.

N Adj
health healthy tissue
fun funny story
noise noisy area
tide tidy room
taste tasty dish
spice ………… ……….
salt ……….. ………

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 dirt dirty clothes
ease ………… ……….
sun sunny day
cloud ……….. ………
rain ………… ………..

Task 7. Study this diagram which shows an extruder for forming

plastic pipes. Describe the extruder.

Task 8. Now put these stages in the process in the correct sequence.

a. The hot plastic is forced through the die to form a continuous

length of pipe.
b. The rotating screw forces the plastic past heaters.
c. The plastic granules are mixed and placed in the hopper.
d. The pipe is cooled and cut to suitable lengths.
e. The plastic melts.

Task 9. Fill in the gaps with the words given to describe how a laser
works.

absorb atom photon ruby crystal

concentrated partial back and forth emit

The power source is located below the (1) .......................... and makes
the tube flash on and off. Every time the tube flashes, the flashes inject
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energy into the crystal in the form of (2) ..............................., which are
particles of light.
In the first stage, (3) ............................... in the ruby crystal (4)
............................... the energy from the light tube. When the atom absorbs a
photon, it becomes more excited for a few milliseconds, and then returns
to its original state and (5) ............................... new photons.
Next, the photons travel at the speed of light (6) ...............................
inside the ruby crystal. At the far end of the tube, a (7) .............................
mirror reflects most of the photons, about 99% of them, back into the
crystal, but lets a small number, about 1%, escape from the machine.
Finally, these escaping photons form a very (8) ............................... beam
of powerful laser light.

REVIEW
Choose the best form of the words given in blankets or the best
answer for the following sentences.
1. When lasers (invent) ______ in 1960, some people (think)
_______they (be) _______ “death ray”.
2. If the seat (occupy) ________, the ignition on and the belt (close)
_______, the light (be) ____ off.
3. Laser light can carry ____ information channels than microwaves
because of its high frequency.

A. less B. more C. little D. small

4. Laser beams can be focused on a small area and it can ______,
________, or ___________ materials.
A. heat B. melt C. vaporize D. All are correct
5. Why does a laser beam can treat damaged tissue in a fraction of a
second without harming healthy tissue?
A. Because it can be focused B. Because it can vaporize materials
C. Because it produces heat D. All are correct

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Translate into Vietnamese
When invented in 1960, lasers were called "a solution looking for a
problem". Since then, they have found utilities in thousands of
applications in every section of modern society, including consumer
electronics, information technology, science, medicine, industry, law
enforcement, entertainment, and the military. Fiber-optic communication
using lasers is a key technology in modern communications, allowing
services such as the Internet.
Since the early period of laser history, laser research has produced
a variety of improved and specialized laser types, optimized for different
performance goals, including:
 new wavelength bands
 maximum average output power
 maximum peak pulse energy
 maximum peak pulse power
 minimum output pulse duration
 maximum power efficiency
 minimum cost
And these researches have been conducted to this day.

Translate into English

Các chất rắn dùng cho laser hồng ngoại dạng rắn bao gồm:
 Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (YAG) cộng thêm 2-5% Neodym có
bước sóng 1060nm.
 Hồng ngọc (Rubi): Tinh thể Alluminium có gắn những ion Chrom
và có bước sóng 694,3nm.
 Bán dẫn: Loại thông dụng nhất là diot Gallium Arsen và có bước
sóng 890nm.
Laser sử dụng chất khí bao gồm:
 He-Ne: hoạt chất là khí Heli và Neon, có bước sóng 632,8nm và
công suất nhỏ hơn 100mW. Trong y học được sử dụng làm laser
nội mạch, kích thích mạch máu.
 Argon: hoạt chất là khí argon, có bước sóng 488 và 514,5nm.
 CO2: hoạt chất là CO2, có bước sóng 10.6m, và công suất có thể
lên tới MW. Trong y học được dùng trong phẫu thuật.
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VOCABULARY
 active (a) /'æktiv/ năng động, có hoạt tính
 to amplify (v) /'æmplifai/ mở rộng, khuếch đại
amplification (n) /,æmplifi'kei∫n/ sự mở rộng, sự khuếch đại
 to stimulate (v) /'stimjuleit/ kích thích, khích động
 emission (n) /i'mi∫n/ sự phát ra
 to radiate (v) /'reidieit/ bức xạ
radiation (n) /,reidi'ei∫n/ sự bức xạ, sự phát xạ
 beam of light /bi:m əv lait/ chùm sáng
 intense (adj) /in'tens/ mạnh, lớn
intensity (n) /in'tensiti/ độ mạnh, cường độ
 state (n) /steit/ trạng thái, tình trạng
 solid (adj, n)/'sɔ lid/ rắn; chất rắn
 gas (n) /gæs/ khí
 liquid (adj, n)/'likwid/ lỏng, chất lỏng
 to invent (v) /in'vent/ phát minh, sáng chế
 to die (v) /dai/ chết
death (n) /deθ/ sự chết, cái chết
dead (adj) /ded/ chết
deadly (adv) /dedli/ một cách chết chóc, khủng
khiếp
 experiment (n) /iks'periment/ cuộc thí nghiệm
 to defend (v) /di'fend/ bảo vệ
defense (n) /di'fens/ sự bảo vệ
 nuclear (adj) /'nju:kliə/ hạt nhân
 missile (n) /'misail/ tên lửa
 to identify (v) /ai'dentifai/ nhận biết, nhận dạng
 target (n) /'tɑ :git/ mục tiêu, đích
 apart from (adv) ngoài ra, trừ ra
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 to melt (v) /melt/ tan ra, chảy ra
 precise (adj) /pri'sais/ rõ ràng, chính xác
 accurate (adj) /'ækjərət/ chính xác
 spot welding (n) hàn điểm
 turbine (n) /'tə:bain/ tua-bin
 to align (v) /ə'lain/ sắp xếp, ngắm, định hướng
 ideal (adj/n) /ai'diəl/ lý tưởng
 health (n) /helθ/ sức khoẻ
healthy (adj) /'helθi/ khoẻ mạnh, lành mạnh
 fantastic (adj) /fæn'tæstik/ tuyệt vời
 to treat (v) /tri:t/ điều trị
treatment (n) /'tri:tmənt/ sự điều trị, phép trị bệnh
 granule (n) /'grænju:l/ hột nhỏ
 atom (n) /ˈ ætəm/ nguyên tử
 photon (n) /ˈ fəʊ tɒ n/ quang tử
 ruby crystal (n) /ˈ ruː bi/ /ˈ krɪ stəl/ tinh thể hồng ngọc
 to concentrate (v) /ˈ kɒ nsntreɪ t/ tập trung
 back and forth (adv) (di chuyển) qua lại
 to inject (v) /ɪ nˈ dʒ ekt/ phóng ra
 particle (n) /ˈ pɑ ː tɪ kl ̩/ hạt

94