of transportation and energy

7: WOMEN intensive production systems.

DEVELOPMENT, AND THE Women and the

WORLD Dominant Economic
System
Growth and Development
● Environmental destruction
● Development is assessed in terms of exposes most of the world’s
the gross national product (GNP) people to flooding and severe
and the gross domestic product weather conditions, causing
(GDP) loss of homes, food and water
GNP - includes earnings from foreign shortages, and diseases
investments

GDP - estimates the wealth produced

from local investments and ● Development continuously
activities draws cheap labor to the cities
whether economic activity is
Global Warming high. However, women
participating in cheap labor
● One of the causes of these destructions have to take on the additional
and depletions burden of child-rearing

Human Construction and

Consumption ● The existing development
● Causing the great warming and pollution models are clearly very
that is threatening the world’s water western
supply
Gender and
The Intergovernmental Panel
Development
for Climate Change ● One has to be involved in some
form of livelihood where the
● a study group of the most
accumulation of personal wealth is
influential scientists who study
the primary value and continuous
the world’s climate
growth and improvements are a
● reiterated in 2014 that global matter of well-being
warming is caused by carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse
gasses emitted by human modes ● These values have the implications
 for the way a person lives his or transformed into instruments of
her life wealth accumulation in the market

● Western societies undermine these

economies because they wish to
How Women Feed the promote and press their own
World version of a good human life

● Women are known keepers of 8: GENDER

biodiversity throughout the world.
In small farms in Africa and many INTERESTS AND
parts of Asia. Women cultivate
NEEDS
small backyard farms, thus
preserving hundreds of species
Gender Empowerment
and Needs in
Women in Relation to Development
Development
● Empowerment of women,
● The Women, Culture, and especially the poor and
Development (WCD) approach to marginalized, is crucial to
development is a new model for sustainable human development
empowering women

Gender Interests
Feminist Futures ● Are presumed to be one and the same
● Highlights the importance of because they share similar biological
women-initiated projects rooted characteristics
in their real situation and the
actions women undertake for Maxine Molyneux
emancipation
● Defines gender interests as
interests that are developed by
men or women by “virtue of their
Pro-Women Perspectives social positioning through gender
on Development attributes.”

● From the perspective of Western Gender Needs

development, raw nature is a
wasted resource that ought to be ● Are “means by which their concerns may
transformed into a tradable be satisfied
commodity or things that can be
Practical Gender Needs The Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of
● are concerned with women’s
immediate needs for survival - nutrition,
Discrimination Against Women
living conditions, health care, and ● The CEDAW (also known as the
employment International Bill of Rights of Women) is
“the only human rights treaty which
Strategic Gender Needs affirms the reproductive rights of women
and targets culture and tradition as
● These are needs rooted in gender influential forces shaping gender roles
inequality – lack of political and family relations
representation, unfair gender division of
labor, violence against women, and pay Any state or country that adopts the
gap CEDAW must commit to ending
discrimination against women.
Universal Declaration of Specifically, a state must work:

Human Rights of 1948 1. To incorporate the principle of

equality of men and women in their
● Common standard of achievements
legal system, abolish all
for all people and all nations. discriminatory laws and adopt
appropriate ones prohibiting
Gender discrimination against women.
2. To establish tribunals and other
● a socially learned behavior - based on public institutions to ensure the
how people see themselves effective protection of women
against discrimination.
3. To ensure elimination of all acts of
International Treaties for discrimination against women by
Women’s Protection persons, organizations, or
enterprises
● The Beijing Platform for Action, the MDGs,
and the CEDAW all advocate gender equality
in the national and international spheres

● These instruments were identified by the

Philippine Commission on Women, the
government agency that promotes
gender equality and women’s
empowerment.
 2. Inequalities and inadequacies in and unequal
access to education and training
Magna Carta of Women (MCW) 3. Inequalities and inadequacies in and unequal
● Establishes the Philippine government’s pledge access to health care and related
of commitment to the CEDAW services
4. Violence against women

Beijing Platform for Action 5. The effects of armed or other kinds of conflict
on women, including those living
● Emphasizes that women share under foreign occupation
common concerns that can be 6. Inequality in economic structures and policies,
addressed only by working together in all forms of productive activities
and in partnership with men and in access to resources.
towards the common goal of
7. Inequality between men and women in sharing
equality around the world of power and decision-making at
● It aims for the complete all levels
participation of women in all 8. Insufficient mechanisms at all levels to
spheres of life through the shared promote the advancement of women
responsibility of men and women at 9. Lack of respect for and inadequate promotion
home, in the workplace, and in the and protection of the human rights
public sector of the women
● Aims to promote and protect their 10. Stereotyping of women and inequality in
full rights while diagnosing problems women’s access to and participation in
related to women’s issues all communication systems, especially in the
● Has special considerations for the media
girl-child, indigenous women,
11. Gender inequalities in the management of
women workers, and women who natural resources and in the
were victims of violence in armed
safeguarding of the environment
conflicts.
12. Persistent discrimination against and
violation of the rights of the girl-child

Feminization of poverty Millennium Development

● The phenomenon in which the majority of the Goals
world’s poor are women ● Are a collection of eight goals that focus
on major issues of the underprivileged
To ensure gender equality, the BPFA formulated people around the globe
the 12 critical areas of concern that need ● 3 of the eight MDGs focus on education
and/or gender.
urgent action:
o Goal 2: to achieve universal primary
education
1. The persistent and increasing burden of
o Goal 3: to promote gender equality and
poverty on women
empower women
 o Goal 5: to improve material health • Ensure universal access to sexual and
reproductive health and
Sustainable Development reproductive rights as agreed in
accordance with the Programme of
Goals Action of the International
● The SDGs are built from the MDGs Conference on Population and
and aimed at continuing the latter’s Development and the Beijing
goals and completing the targets by Platform for Action and the
2030. outcome documents of their review
conferences.
SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and
empower all women and girls. Goal • Undertake reforms to give women
5 has the following targets: equal rights to economic resources,
as well as access to ownership and
• End all forms of discrimination against control over land and other forms of
all women and girls everywhere. property financial services,
inheritance, and natural resources,
• Eliminate all forms of violence against
all women and girls in the public and in accordance with national laws.
private spheres, including trafficking • Enhance the use of enabling
and sexual and other types of technology, particularly information
exploitation. and communications technology,
promotes the empowerment of
• Eliminate all harmful practices, such as
child, early, and forced marriage and women.
female genital mutilation. • Adopt and strengthen sound policies
and enforceable legislation for the
• Recognize and value unpaid care and
domestic work through the promotion of gender equality and
provision of public services, empowerment of all women and
infrastructure and social protection girls at all levels.
policies and the promotion of Laws and Policies for
shared responsibility within the
household and the family as Women in the
nationally appropriate.
Philippines
• Ensure women's full and effective
participation and equal ● Women's rights are mandated by
opportunities for leadership at all the Philippine Constitution. Women
levels of decision making in political, play a vital role in nation-building.
economic, and public life. Republic Act 7192, or the Women in
Development and Nation-Building
Act, stems from this portion of the
Constitution.
 ● Executive Order No. 348 created regardless of his or her gender. Aside from
the Philippine Development Plan for the basic rights one merits due to humanity, one
Women (PDPW) for the period must also give value to the traditional
19891992 It was the first role of women.
development plan to integrate
women's interests. The Philippine Goddess Worship to God
Plan for Gender-Responsive Worship
Development (PPGD) was later
drafted to supplement the PDPW. ● One prominent theory on the
This 30-year perspective plan from oppression of women concerns the
19 to 2025 covers the following shift of paradigms: from ancient
domains: the individual, the family civilizations that worshiped the
as well as socio-cultural, economies, goddess to the male suppression of
political, and legal issues. this goddess.
● Last November 22. 2010. Senator
Risa Hontiveros filed three bills to Goddess-based social
combat sex harassment and violence organization
against women. These are called the
Tres Marias bills. ● Stipulates that the worship of
the mother goddess lasted for as
These include strengthening the following long as people experienced the
laws: development of life as a mystery
and a gift.
• the Anti-Rape Act (Senate Bill No.
1252).

• the Anti-Sexual Harassment Bill Phallus Cults

(Senate Bill No. 1250) and
● Began to prosper and the
• the Gender-based Electronic pre-eminence of the male and his
Violence (Senate Bill No.1251) organ began to assert itself.

9: THEORIES ON Eve and the Other

THE ORIGIN OF ● Western religion also influenced the
negative perception of women as
WOMEN’S evidenced in the Judeo-Christian
story of Eve being the first woman,
OPPRESSION and its many mythic variations.

Women's Oppression Pandora

● Every person deserves the same rights, ● In the Greek myth, Pandora was
 the first woman created by Zeus as a
The First Wave of
form of petty revenge on mankind
Feminism: Women and
A Shift of Production Civil Rights
● In this theory, suppression of the
value of women and their ● The first wave of feminism
awareness of their own value are involves the call for women's
evident so that they would equal rights, focusing on the
continue to accept their role as woman's right to vote. It is largely
rooted in the liberal political
receptive grounds for the seed of
thought which prioritized the
men on which the next
power of reason and the mind.
generation of workers is to be ● The first wave of women's
grown. movement is characterized by the
struggle for equality.
● This phase, which occurred from
the 18th century until the first
10: THE WESTERN half of the 20th century. The
period when women articulated
WOMEN’S their equality with men.

MOVEMENT
Monogamy
What is Feminism? ● was a creation necessary to pass
on wealth to one's offspring.
● Feminism is a way of looking at the
world through a woman's perspective. Women and the
Anti-Slavery
● Feminism is a concept
popularized by Western Movement
societies, with many feminist ● The idea that a woman is a property of
issues articulated by her husband may explain the strong
Western educated women connection between women's liberation
and even men. movement and the anti-slavery
movement in the Western world.
"Waves" of feminism
● There are three distinct waves of Women and the Right to
feminism in the Western world, each
associated with a different school of
Vote
thought.
● Participants in the first wave of
the women's emancipation
movement fought for the right
 to vote, equal opportunity for
various modes of being. To be truly free
employment and commerce,
from patriarchy, the recognition of
and the right to education.
intersectionality considers women's
struggle from different parts of the as
The Second Wave of Feminism that of the Black or Latin be distinct
struggles that are different from
and Women's Liberation women's struggles in the Western
●The next wave is known as radical world.
feminism, a post-World War II era of
● Third-wave feminists were
feminism when women were already
"motivated by the need to develop a
recognized as having distinct
feminist theory and politics that
biological needs from men, such as
honor contradictory experiences
for reproductive health, and needs
and deconstruct categorical
that arose from their being socialized
thinking."
as women.

● The second wave of feminism was Judith Butler

rooted in the movements of
● A notable woman during the third
liberation in the 1960s and 1970s
wave of feminism
and the heightened feminist
consciousness. ● She is an American philosopher
● It was influenced by Marxist and and academic whose book Gender
postmodernist critiques of society Trouble: Feminism and the
and social structures. Subversion of Identity, brought to
● The second wave of feminism also light the fluid nature of gender.
founded on such works as Simone
de Beauvoir's The Second Sex,
Kate Millett's Sexual Politics, and
Shulamith Firestone's The 11: WOMEN IN THE
Dialectic of Sex. PHILIPPINES
Socialist feminism Women in Pre-Colonial
● Was developed after Marxist Philippines
feminism to address gaps found in
● Prior to Hispanic colonization, it can
Marxist theories.
be said that there was no discrimination
between sons and daughters.
The Third Wave of Feminism ● Marriages were arranged and a
● The last wave of feminism is rooted in dowry was paid by the groom to the
the recognition of various theories and wife’s family. The woman kept her
name and, if she was particularly
 meritorious, the husband took her
This town is to be utterly destroyed.
name.
● Women were free to exercise their The province with the rest of the
decisions concerning reproduction, islands
with abortion as an option. Divorce
was available to both husband and Are to be subjugated (controlled)
wife, and both had equal rights to
property and children under ancient Women in the Hispanic
laws. Period
● Women played an important role in
the economic life of the people. They ● In claiming the Philippine islands,
were involved in actual planting and the Spaniards also colonized the
harvesting, weaving, making pottery, settlers of the land. These settlers,
and trading. now called Filipinos, had to follow a
● Historian Luis Dery noted that foreign moral and cultural code to be
women also fought alongside men in morally acceptable in their own
battle, and many communities were communities.
led by them either as direct rulers,
● To remold women into the alien
caretakers for the young datu, or
notion of an ideal woman, they
just as influential people who could
were taught to avoid sin by
build alliances or negotiate the
keeping chaste, not being vain,
outcomes of battles.
dressing modestly, keeping busy
● Babaylan commonly refers to
at home, and being
individuals who have special
self-sacrificing.
knowledge or can converse with
● The Propaganda Movement,
spirits. During precolonial times, the
however, began to recognize the
babaylan was a woman, or a man
crucial roles women could
who took on the persona of a
assume especially in campaigns
woman, said to be chosen by the
against Spain, although still
spirits and given special powers to
limited.
engage the unseen beings of nature.
● The babaylan was depended on to Women in the American Era
maintain the community’s
well-being. The following is an ● After the struggles for independence from
Spain, women continued their dynamic roles
excerpt of the chant by the babaylan
in the Philippine Society.
Cariapa which foretold the coming
of the Spaniards. ● Aida Maranan documented the
development of various women
This land will be changed, associations and leagues during the
American Period in the Philippines.
Other people will possess it,

With another culture, other practices;

 women and the campaign for clean elections.
Three insights about women's movements
from the American period until Martial Law 4. Alliance of Women for Action towards
activism are relevant. Reconciliation (AWARE) and Women for the
Ouster of Marcos and Boycott (WOMB)
1. Firstly, the movements were begun and
dominated by men. - Called for conscientization and honest
governance
2. Secondly "that women’s involvement
in these movements gave them liberties and 5. Association of Women in Theology (AWIT)
roles that were traditionally denied them.” - brought together pastors, Catholic nuns, and
3. Thirdly "that goals and objectives of deacons
these movements were valid for and 6. Kapisanan ng mga Madre sa Maynila
important to a smaller or greater section of
Filipino women. 7. Church Women United
8. University of the Philippines Samahang
Makabayan ng Kabataang Kababaihan
The Birth of Militant Groups (SAMAKA Kababaihan)
with a Feminist Agenda 9. Ateneo de Manila’s Atenista Women and the
1. Malayang Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan then Maryknoll College Katipuneros
(MAKIBAKA) 10. General Assembly Binding Women for
- Believed that the root of women’s problems Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and
lay in feudalism, capitalism, and Action (GABRIELA)

colonialism - Consistently protested against the policies and

projects of the Marcos Regime that were
- Women should not be confined in making inimical to the people’s interest
sandwiches, raising funds, and writing
minutes of the meeting for male leaders
10 Women Who Advanced
- Became inactive when its leaders were
Modern Feminism in the
imprisoned or driven into hiding during the Philippines
Martial Law Era
2. Kilusan ng Kababaihang Pilipina (PILIPINA)
1. Leticia Ramos-Shahani - She is the
and the Katipunan ng Kababaihan Para sa
Kalayaan (KALAYAAN) one of the women who spearheaded
and solely
- promoted the welfare of women through social
drafted Convention on the Elimination of
development work, particularly
All Forms of Discrimination against
establishing cooperatives and providing training Women (CEDAW) during the height of
in women’s concerns the international recognition of Women’s
- challenged the potentially anti women’s ways Human Rights in 1967
of the Communist Party’s leadership 2. Patricia Benitez-Licuanan - As
3. National Organization of Women (NOW) graduate student of psychology, she
focused her
- oriented toward the socio-political formation of
work on the problems of women, initially poor despite coming from a very wealthy
on the problems caused by migration. family.
She was struck by the gender 6. Joi Barrios - She was among the one
dimensions on how different issues hundred women chosen as Weavers of
affect women more than History for the Philippines Centennial
men. Celebration. An awardee of the Ten
3. Teresita Quitos-Deles - represented a Outstanding Women in the Nation’s
civil society in key governance Service (TOWNS) in 2004
partnerships, including the Social 7. Lorena Barros – was the founder of
Reform Council of the Ramos MAKIBAKA. In 1971, Barros was one of
Administration that laid the the 63 student leaders charged with
groundwork for landmark reform policies subversion. She went underground but
such as the Social Reform and Poverty was arrested in 1973, jailed at Camp
Alleviation Act, Indigenous Peoples’s Vicente Lim in Laguna, and then
Rights Act, and anti-rape law among transferred to Fort Bonifacio’s Ipil
others. Rehabilitation Center where she
4. Sister Mary John Mananzan, OSB - escaped a year later. She re-joined
Named as one of the top 100 Inspiring the underground movement and
People in the World during her time as continued writing poems, songs, and
director of the Institute of Women’s essays there. In 1974, the Marcos
Studies of St. Scholastica in 2011, she government offered PHP35,000 for her
was cited for being instrumental in capture. In 1976, Barros
developing a feminist Third World was seriously wounded and captured in
theology within the Catholic Church and an armed encounter in Mauban,
introducing feminist activism. Quezon. When asked for cooperation by
As a feminist activist, Sr. Mary John led her captors in exchange for medical
many women-centered programs and treatment, she chose not to cooperate.
organizations such as the Women Crisis She died at the age of 28.
Center and the Women’s Ecology and 8. Raissa Jajurie - Atty. Jajurie is the
Wholeness Farm. She was also active in Moro program coordinator of the
the street parliament against the Alternative Legal Assistance Center. An
dictatorship during the Marcos regime. advocate of Muslim women’s rights, she
5. Sister Cristine Tan - She was a believes in justice for Muslim women in
member of the 1986 Constitutional accordance with Islamic teachings and
Convention by human rights standards. In her ten years
an invitation from then President of work with Muslim women, she
Corazon Aquino to give the urban poor a founded Nisa Ul-Haga fi
voice in Bangsamoro (Women for Justice in the
the revision of the Constitution of the Bangsamoro), an organization for
Philippines. She chose to live among the Muslim
urban women, that conducts training,
community dialogues, researches, and
policy advocacy. Recently, Atty. Jajurie
was appointed to join the MILF Peace
Panel in 2014.
9. Roselle Ambubuyog - She is the first
visually-impaired Filipina to be awarded
summa cum laude. Blind at the age of
six, Ambubuyog did not let her disability
hinder her from finishing her studies.
Ambubuyog also started a project in
partnership with the Rotary Club of
Makati-Ayala, which donated computers,
scanners, and Braille
technologies to different schools, giving
opportunities to blind students.
10. Rosa Henson - Lola Rosa was a
comfort woman. In 1992, she broke the
silence about Filipina comfort women
through her autobiography, Comfort
Women: Slave of Destiny. During World
War II, she joined the Hukbalahap and
served as a messenger. She was
forcibly taken by the Japanese forces
and brought to a hospital in Angeles,
Pampanga, where her ordeal as comfort
woman began at 14 years of age. She
was raped by scores of Japanese
soldiers. After coming out with her story,
she fought for justice for comfort women
by joining demonstrations and even
tiling a suit in Tokyo. She died in 1997 at
the age of 69.