M.E.S.
College of Engineering, Pune-411001
NAME OF STUDENT: CLASS:
SEMESTER/YEAR: ROLL NO:
DATE OF PERFORMANCE: DATE Of SUBMISSION:
EXAMINED BY: EXPERIMENT NO:
TITLE :- Experimental verification of flexural formula in bending for
Cantilever and Simple Supported Beam.
AIM :- To verify flexural formula in bending of cantilever and simply
supported beam.
OBJECTIVES :-
• To find bending stress in a beam for different support conditions using
strain gauges.
• To measure strain due to different loading condition.
• To verify experimental and theoretical bending stress on a beam.
THEORY :-
• Stress :-
We can define a stress as force applied divided by cross sectional area.
It is denoted by, σ
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜎=
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
• Tensile Stress :- Tensile stress will elongate the beam. Tensile stress
always acts in perpendicular direction.
• Compressive Stress :- Compressive stress will reduce the beam.
Compressive stress always acts in perpendicular direction.
• Shearing Stress :- Stress which leads to shear beam is known as shearing
stress. Shearing stress always acts in same plane.
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M.E.S. College of Engineering, Pune-411001
Figure 1
• Strain :-
Change in length of given beam divided by original length of that beam is
called strain. Basically, strain is a deformation experienced by beam due to
applied force.
Figure 2:Figure
Types 2of strains
There are two types of strains tensile and compressive. Tensile strain comes
due to elongation and because of a contraction, compressive strain comes.
Most common type strains are axial and bending. Axial strain comes
because of an axial force while bending strain caused by vertical force.
Figure 3
∆𝑳
Strain=
𝑳
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M.E.S. College of Engineering, Pune-411001
• NEED TO MEASURE STRESS AND STRAIN.
Strain measurement is important in materials testing. Stress-strain curve represent
physical properties of materials and it allows us to compare different materials,
and predict the results of tested material like toughness and failure strength etc.
Strain measurement is also used in Fatigue testing of materials which is used to
understand durability of materials.
• FLEXURAL FORMULA :-
𝑴 𝝈 𝑬
= =
𝑰 𝒚 𝑹
M = Moment at strain Gauge point (N-mm).
I = Moment of inertia (mm4).
𝜎 = Bending Stress (N/mm2).
y = Extreme fiber distance (mm).
E = Elastic modulus of material (N/mm2).
R = Radius of curvature(mm).
• DERIVATION OF FLEXURAL FORMULA: -
Assumptions: -
• The beam used is straight with uniform cross sectional area.
• The beam has homogeneous and isotropic material.
• The primary cause of failure is buckling.
• For tension as well as compression, value of E remains same.
• Cross sectional area is same before and after bending.
• Beam material is linearly elastic
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Let us assume beam have two cross sectional area i.e. HE and GF as shown in
figure 4. When the beam tends to bend it is considered that cross sections are till
parallel i.e. H'E' and G'F'. The end positions, are still straight, they then makes
some angle 𝜃.
Figure 4
Consider fiber AB, which is present at a distance of y from the neutral axis,
when the beam starts to bend AB will elongate to A'B'.
Therefore,
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝐵 =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐴′ 𝐵′ − 𝐴𝐵
=
𝐴𝐵
But AB = CD and CD=C'D'
𝐴′ 𝐵′ − 𝐶′𝐷′
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝐵 =
𝐶′𝐷′
We know that CD and C'D' are on N.A. and value of stress at N.A. is zero.
Therefore, stress at N.A. = 0.
(𝑅 + 𝑦)𝜃 − 𝑅𝜃
=
𝑅𝜃
𝑅𝜃 + 𝑦𝜃 − 𝑅𝜃 𝑦
= =
𝑅𝜃 𝑅
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M.E.S. College of Engineering, Pune-411001
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
We know that, 𝐸=
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Where E = Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝐸
𝜎 𝑦
=
𝐸 𝑅
𝜎 𝐸 Equation 1
=
𝑦 𝑅
Figure 5
Consider any cross-section of beam, The strain on a fiber at ‘y' distance from
neutral axis is,
𝐸𝑦
𝜎=
𝑅
Let dA = area of shaded strip
Then force on the strip is given by,
𝐹 = 𝜎 × 𝑑𝐴
𝐸𝑦
𝐹= 𝑑𝐴
𝑅
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M.E.S. College of Engineering, Pune-411001
𝐸 2
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑁. 𝐴. = (𝑦 )𝑑𝐴
𝑅
𝐸
Total 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦(𝑀) = ∑(𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴
𝑅
BUT ∑(𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎(𝐼)
𝐸
𝑀= ×𝐼
𝑅
𝑀 𝐸
= Equation 2
𝐼 𝑅
Therefore from 1 and 2
𝑀 𝐸 𝜎
= =
𝐼 𝑅 𝑦
In this experiment we are going to calculate values of theoretical stress by using
flexural formula i.e.
𝑀 𝜎
=
𝐼 𝑦
And above theoretical stress is verified with experimental stress value.
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SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR THEORICAL STRESSES 𝛔𝐓𝐡 :-
1. For Cantilever Beam
Let
L1 = Distance between strain and applied
force = 52mm.
b = Breadth = 30mm.
h = Height = 22mm.
FB = Applied load = 9.81N.
Figure 6
We know,
𝑀 𝜎
=
𝐼 𝑦
1
Moment at strain Gauge point Moment of Inertia I = × 𝑏 × ℎ3
12
M = L1×FB 1
I= × 30 × 223
12
𝑀 = 52 × 9.81
I = 26.62 × 103 mm4
∴ 𝑀 = 512.12 𝑁𝑚𝑚
ℎ 𝑀×𝑦
Max. Fiber distance y = Stress 𝜎𝑇ℎ =
2 𝐼
22 512.12×11
y= 𝜎=
2 26.62×103
∴ 𝑦 = 11 𝑚𝑚 𝜎 = 211.62 × 10−3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
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2. For simply supported
Figure 7
Let,
F = Applied Force = 9.81N
L = Total Length = 400mm
L1= Distance between Strain Gauge and Force Applied = 180mm
L2= Distance from Point A to Stain Gauge = 80mm
L3= Distance between Point B to Applied Force = 140mm
RA, RB = Support Reaction at point A and B
b = Breadth = 30mm.
h = Height = 22mm.
1. Calculation for support reactions
Taking moment about point A
∑MA= 0
F×(L1+L2) - RB×L = 0
9.81× (180+80) - RB×400 = 0
RB = 6.3765 N
∑Fy = 0
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RA - F + RB = 0
RA = 3.4335 N
2. Moment about Strain Gauge (M)
M = RA × L2 = 3.4235 × 80 = 274.68 N-mm
1
3. Moment of Inertia (I) = × 𝑏 × ℎ3
12
1
I= × 30 × 223
12
I = 26.62 × 103 mm4
ℎ
Max. Fiber distance (y) =
2
22
y=
2
∴ 𝑦 = 11 𝑚𝑚
𝑀×𝑦
Stress (𝜎) =
𝐼
274.68×11
𝜎=
26.62×103
𝜎 = 113.504 × 10−3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
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CALCULATION of 𝛔𝐓𝐡 :-
A. For cantilever Beam :-
Specification for experimental setup :-
L1 = Distance between strain and applied force = 54mm.
b = Breadth = 26mm.
h = Height = 21mm.
FB = Applied Load = N.
1. Moment at strain Gauge point (N-mm). M =
2. Moment of Inertia (mm4). I =
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3. Max. Fiber distance (mm). y =
4. Stress (N/mm2). 𝜎𝑇ℎ =
B. For Simply Supported Beam :-
Specification for experimental setup :
L = Total Length = mm
L1= Distance between Strain Gauge and Force Applied = mm
L2= Distance from Point A to Stain Gauge = mm
L3= Distance between Point B to Applied Force = mm
b = Breadth = mm.
h = Height = mm.
RA, RB = Support Reaction at point A and B
F = Applied force = N
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1. Calculations for support reactions :-
2. Moment about Strain Gauge (N-mm) M =
3. Moment of Inertia (mm4) I =
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4. Max. Fiber distance(mm) y =
5. Stress (N/mm2) 𝜎𝑇ℎ =
OBSERVATION TABLE : -
A. For cantilever beam
Sr. Applied Verification of Flexural Formula of Stresses, MPa
No. Load By By By
Kg Theoretical Simulation Experimental
B. For simply supported beam
Sr. Applied Verification of Flexural Formula of Stresses, MPa
No. Load By By By
Kg Theoretical Simulation Experimental
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Result :-
% Error between Theoretical and Experimental value
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 − 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞
Conclusion :-
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