By Prof M C Deshmukh

A C Patil College Of Engineering Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

System of coplanar forces

 Classification of force systems
 composition and resolution of forces
 Principle of transmissibility
 Resultant of
 Concurrent forces,
 parallel forces and
 non-concurrent Non-parallel system of
forces).
 Moment of force about a point
 Couples,
 Varignon’s Theorem Prof M.C.DESHMUKH
Mob:-9820472160
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Chapter1
System of coplanar forces (10-15 marks)
Force (F) :-The external agency which tends to change the
state of the body is known as force
Unit of force:- N or KN 1KN = 1000 N

Charasteristics of force :- Y axis F

• Magnitude
•Point of application X axis
•Line of action
•Direction
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Types of force system F1

1 Coplanar forces :- Forces lies in

F2
the same plane called coplanar forces F3

Line of action
2 Collinear forces :- Line of action of
all forces lies in the same straight line F1 F2 F3
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

F3 F1
3 Concurrent forces :- Line of
action of all forces meet at a point o

called concurrent forces

F4 F2
4 Parallel forces :- Line of action
of all forces are parallel to each
other called parallel forces
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Resolution of force:-
Splitting the force into components
F
without changing its effect on the
Fy
body called resolution 
Fx

Where,
Fx = horizontal component of
Force F along x axis
Fy = vertical component of
Force F along y axis
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Resultant (R) :-A single force which replaces the

system of forces acting on a body called resultant

10N
20N R=70N BOX
40N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
Resultant of concurrent forces
+y
F3Sin3 F1Sin1
F3 F1

F3Cos3 3 1 F1Cos1
+x
-x 2 F2Cos2

F2
F2Sin2
-y
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

(A) Resultant of Non concurrent force system

 Fx  F cosθ F cosθ  F cosθ

1 1 2 2 3 3

 Fy  F sin θ F sin θ  F sin θ

1 1 2 2 3 3

R   Fx    Fy 
2 2

∑Fx=Sum of x
Tan 
 Fy components of all
 Fx forces along x axis
  Fy  ∑Fy=Sum of y
  tan 
1 
 Fx  components of all
 forces along y axis
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

SN Components R lies in quadrant position

∑Fx = +
1
∑Fy = +
I

∑Fx = -
2
∑Fy = +
II

∑Fx = -
3
∑Fy = -
III

∑Fx = +
4
∑Fy = -
IV
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
Examples
F1SIN1 50SIN30 =25N
1
F1
50 N

1 F1COS1
300
50COS30=43.3N

2
40COS60=20N
F1COS1 60
1

40SIN60=34.64N 40N
F1
F1SIN1
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

3
100cos 30=86.6N
F1cos1 •D
•A
30
1
100N
F1 100sin 30 =50 N
F1sin1

F2sin2 4
F2 500N 500sin25=211.3N

2 250
•A
•A 500cos25=453.15N
F2cos2
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
75sin45
75N 600cos60 7
5 •B
45 60
•A
75cos45

600N
400sin30
400N 600sin60
6

30
400cos30 •A
•C
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

55N 50N

3
3 
4
4

3
50sin36.86 tan  
4
50N 3
  tan 1

4
3   36.86 0
4
36.860
50cos36.86
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 1 Find the resultant and its position

15N
22.5N

45

30

30N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

22.5sin 45

15N
22.5N

45
22.5cos 45
30cos30
30

30N

30sin30
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

∑Fx =22.5cos45 -30cos30 = -10.07 N

∑Fy =22.5sin45+15-30sin30 =15.91 N

R  Fx    Fy
2 2
R

R  10.07   15.91
2 2

R  18.83N
  Fy   15.91 
θ  tan 
1  
 tan 
1
  57.67 0
  Fx    10 .07 
 
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 2 Find the resultant and its position

3000N
2000N
4
3
3
4
1000N
O
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

3000N
2000N
4
3
3 3
4
1000N θ
O 4

4
α
3
3 tanθ 
4 4
tanθ 
3 3
  tan    36.87
1

4 4
  tan    53.130
1

3
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

3000N
2000N

53.13 36.87
1000N
O
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

∑Fx = 2000cos36086+1000-3000cos53.13 = 800 N

∑Fy = 2000sin36.86+3000sin53.13 = 3600N

R  Fx    Fy
2 2

R  (800)  3600
2 2

R  3687.82 N
  Fy   3600 
θ  tan 
1  
 tan 
1
  77.47 0
  Fx   800 
 
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 3 Find the resultant and its position

200N

300N
30 45

250N 400N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

200N

300N
30 45 400cos45
250cos30
250N 400N

250sin30 400sin45
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

∑Fx =300 - 400cos45 - 250cos30 = -199.34 N

∑Fy =200 + 400sin45 – 250sin30 = 357.84 N

R  Fx    Fy
2 2

R (-199.34  357.84
2 2

R  409.60 N
  Fy  1  357.84 
θ  tan 
1   tan    - 60.87 0
  Fx   - 199.34 
 
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

1 Home work
2
50 N
500 N

70 N
150
300 N

450 450 300

600
800 N 1000 N

25 N
20 N

ANS ∑Fx=86.99 N, ∑Fy=51.14 N, ANS ∑Fx=600.34 N, ∑Fy=-565.69 N,

R = 100.92 N =30.450 R = 824.87 N = - 43.30
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Missing force RY

(a) When R is inclined R

∑Fx =RX 
RX

∑Fy =Ry

R  Fx   Fy
2 2

R  R X   R Y 
2 2
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 1 R is the resultant of four forces of which

three have been shown determine the fourth force.
300 N 400 N
F4

300 450

600 500

500 N
R=800 N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
F4sin
300sin 30
F4
400sin 45

300 N 400 N


F4cos
300 450
300cos 30 400cos 45

500cos 60 600 500 Rx=800cos 50

500 N R=800 N

500sin 60 Ry=800sin 50
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
( ∑Fx = RX ) F4cos  + 400cos45-300cos30-500cos60 = 800cos50
F4cos  =741.19 --------(1)

∑Fy =Ry F4sin  + 400sin45+300sin30-500sin60 = - 800sin50

F4sin  = - 612.66 --------(2)
Divide eq 2 by eq 1 we get

F4sin θ - 612.66

F4 cos θ 741.19
tanθ  0.826
θ  tan 1 0.826  - 39.580


Put the value of  in eq 1 we get

F4 cos 39.58 =741.19
F4

F4=(741.19/cos 39.58 )
F4= = 961.62 N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
Missing force

(b) When R is horizontal or along X axis

∑Fx =R

∑Fy =0

R
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 2 Two forces P and Q are acting at O such that their

Resultant act along x-axis . Determine Q and hence
the resultant

P=480 N

300

O R
 
3 
4 Q
 =36.86
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Let R be the resultant force acting along X axis

480 sin30
P=480 N

300 480 cos30

O R
36.860 Qcos36.86
3

4 Q
Q sin36.86
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

( ∑Fx = R )
480 cos30 + Q cos 36.86 = R -----------(1)
( ∑Fy = 0 )
480 sin30 - Q sin 36.86 = 0
480 sin30 = Q sin 36.86
Q = 480 sin30 / sin 36.86
Q =400.09 N
Put the value of Q in EQ 1 we get,
480 cos30 + 400.09 cos36.86 = R
R = 735.8N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
Missing force

(c) When R is vertical or along Y axis

∑Fx = 0

∑Fy = R R
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 3 Find the force F and the angle  if resultant of

these forces is 100 N acting vertical upward direction.

F R=100N


250 N
300

120 N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

R= 100N
Fsin 
F

Fcos  
120 cos 30 250 N
300

120 N

120 sin 30
∑Fx = 0 Divide (2) by (1) we get

250 – Fcos  - 120 cos 30 = 0 Tan  =160/146.07

Fcos  = 250 – 120 cos 30  = tan-1 1.095

Fcos  = 146.07 ---------(1)  = 47.59

∑Fy = R Put the value of  in Eq 1 we get

Fsin  - 120 sin 30 = 100 Fcos 47.59 = 146.07

Fsin  = 160 --------(2) F = 146.07/ cos 47.59

F = 216.65 N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Missing force

(d) When R is zero

∑Fx = 0

∑Fy = 0
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 4 Five forces acting on a body Find P & Q such that

the resultant of five forces is zero
50N
40 N

600
30 N
200

Q
P
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

40 sin 60
50 N
40 N

600 40 cos60
30 N
200 Q cos20

Q
P
Q sin20
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

( ∑Fx = 0 )
40 cos60 + Q cos 20 - 30 = 0
Q cos 20 = 30 - 40 cos60
Q cos 20 = 10
Q= 10/cos 20
Q= 10.64 N
( ∑Fy = 0 )
50+40 sin60 - Q sin 20 - P = 0
50+40 sin60 – 10.64 sin 20 - P = 0
P = 50+40 sin60 – 10.64 sin 20
P = 81N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 1 Determine F1 and F2 if Resultant is zero Home work

Ans F1=253.58 N
F1 F2 = 119.6 N
F2 300 N

60 30
200N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Moment of force(M) = A turning effect produced by a

force about a point called moment of force
It is given by M F
MA= F X d A B
d
Where M= moment of force about A
F = applied force
d= perpendicular distance from moment centre A

Unit of moment Nm, KNm etc

Types of moment
1) Clockwise moment -ve

1) Anticlockwise moment +ve

 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Couple C : Two equal unlike parallel forces

forming a couple
F
It is given by C
C=FXd d
Unit if couple Nm or KNm
F

Types of couple

1 Clockwise couple -ve

2 Anticlockwise couple +ve
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex Find the moment of force about a point A

50 N

4m
A B

MA= F X d

MA= - 50 X 4
= - 200 Nm
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
Ex Find the moment of force about a point A

25 N 30 N 10

A B
3m 4m 2m

∑MA = 25X3 +30X7-10X9

= 75+210-90
= 195Nm
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex Find moment of force about A

100 N
50sin30 50 N

300
A 50cos30
B

3m 4m 6m

40 N
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

100 N 50sin30 50 N

300
A 50cos30
B

3m 4m 6m

40 N

∑MA = -100X3 + 40X7 - 50sin30X13

= - 345Nm
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
Ex Find moment of force 40 N
about A
C
B b
50 N 
a
4sin30
75 Nm a
300 cos  
A c
4cos30
a  c cos 
b
∑MA = -40x4cos30+50x4sin30-75 sin  
= -113.56Nm c
b  c sin 
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
40 N
C
B b
50 N 
a
4sin30
75 Nm a
300 cos  
A 4cos30 c
a  c cos 
b
sin  
∑MA = - 40X4cos30+50X4sin 30 -75 c
= - 113.56 Nm
b  c sin 
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Varignon’s Theorem :- The algebraic sum of the moment

of the forces about any point in the plane is equal to the
moment of the resultant force about the same point

M  R d
A

d
 MA
R
This theorem is used to find the location of resultant d
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
R=65N
25 N 30 N 10

A B
3m 4m 2m

M A  R d

MA=Rxd
-25x3-30x7-10x9=-65xd
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Resultant of Non concurrent force system

F1 F2
Step 1 Find ∑FX =
Step 2 Find ∑FX = 
B
Step 3 R   Fx    Fy 
2 2
C C
  Fy 
Step 4   tan 
1 
  Fx 

3m

Step 5 ∑MA =

Step 6 x
 M A
A 2m 2m D
 Fy F3

Step 7 y
 M A
F4
 Fx
d
M A
Step 8 R
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 1 Find the resultant of the force system acting on a

body as shown. Also find the points where the resultant
cuts the x axis and y axis 600sin50

600 N
800 N

B 500

A
600cos50
750sin40 900 Nm

1.2 m
750 N

400 1200 N
X
750cos40 O 1.5 m C
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

600 sin 50

800 N 600 N

B 500
A 600 cos 50

750 sin 40 900 Nm

1.2 m
750 N

400
750 cos 40 1200 N
O 1.5 m C
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

∑Fx = 1200 + 600 cos 50 − 750 cos 40

= 1011.14 N
∑Fy = 600 sin 50 + 800 − 750 sin 40
= 1741.72 N

R 1011.14  1741.72
2 2
 2013.95 N
 1741.72 
1
θ  tan    59 .86 0

 1011.14 
∑MA = − 600 cos 50 x 1.2 +600 sin 50 x 1.5 − 900
= − 673.37 Nm
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

x  M A

 673.37
 0.386m
 Fy 1741.72
∑MA = -
y  M A

 673.37
 0.666m ∑Fx = +
 Fx 1011.14
∑Fy = +

d  M A

 673.37
 0.334m
R 2013.95

Location of R
R
y

x O
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

R
Y
∑Fy
d

∑Fx
X A

∑MA = -
∑Fx = +
∑Fy = +
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex 2 Replace the system of forces by a single force

(Resultant) And couple and locate the point on the x axis
through which the line of action of resultant passes

Y Axis 12 N
3m 2m 15Nm

2m 35Nm
20 N 6N 4

2m
X Axis
o 5 20Nm
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

12 N
A
3m 2m
15Nm 4
A
2m 35Nm 
6sin38.66 o 5 B
20 N 6N
2m  = 38.66 B 4
X Axis tan  
o 6cos38.66 5
∑Fx = 6cos38.66-20 = -15.31N 20Nm
4
∑Fy = 6sin38.66+12= 15.74N   tan 1

5
R= 21.95N ꝋ = - 45.79   38.66 0

∑Mo = -20+15+35 +20x2+12x3 = 106Nm

 By Prof M C Deshmukh

∑Fx = − 20 + 6 cos38.66 = − 15.31 N

∑Fy = 12 + 6 sin38.66 = 15.75 N

R  15.31 2
 15.75  21.96N
2

 15.75 
1
θ  tan    45.8 0

  15.31  3m 2m

∑MO = 12 x 3 +20x 2− 20+15+35

= 106 Nm
R
x
 M o

106
 6.73m
 Fy 15.75
o
B X Axis

x
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Ex3 Find the Resultant of the forces acting on a bell crank

lever as shown Also find the position w.r.t. hinge B (Dec 17)

C 120 N
50sin60
50 N
0.4sin60

60 60
50cos 60 A 0.2m 0.2m B

100 N
∑MB = - 120x0.4sin60 + 100x0.2 + 50 sin60 x 0.4 = - 4.24 Nm
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
C 120 N
50sin60
50N
0.4sin60

60 60
50cos60 A 0.2m 0.2m B

100 N
∑Fx = 120 + 50cos60 = 145N
∑Fy = –50sin60 – 100 = - 143.3 N
R 145  - 143.3
2 2
 203.8 N
 - 143.3 
1
θ  tan    44.6
0

 145 
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

R 145  - 143.3
2 2
 203.8 N
 - 143.3 
1
θ  tan    44.6 0

 145 
 M B  120  0.4 sin 60  100  0.2  50 sin 60  0.4
 M  4.248Nm
B

x
 M

 4.248
B
 0.03m
F - 143.3
y
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Location of R C
R

60 

A B
x

∑MB = +
∑Fx = +
∑Fy = +
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
Q4 Figure 3 shows an angle bracket applied with three forces and
couple of magnitude 40 N-m at point P.
(i) Find resultant of the system of forces.
(ii) Locate the position of the line of action of the resultant force with
reference to the lines PQ and QR. DEC 2021(5marks)
 By Prof M C Deshmukh
150sin45

150cos45

∑FX = 300 + 150cos45 = 406.06 N

∑Fy = 150sin45 – 60 = 46.06 N

𝑹= ∑FX𝟐 + ∑Fy𝟐 = 406.06 𝟐 + 46.06 𝟐 = 408.66N

∑Fy 46.06
𝜃= tan−1 = tan−1 = 83.52 0
∑FX 406.06
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

∑MQ = – 60 x 0.4 + 300 x 0.3 – 40 = 26 Nm

x  M Q

60
 0.564m
 Fy 46.06
R
X
Location of R Q 
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Resultant of parallel force system

Step 1 Find ∑FX =
Step 2 Find ∑Fy = R
50 N 25 N 30 N 10
Step 3 R   Fx   Fy
2 2

Step 4 ∑MA =
A B
Step 5
x
 M A
3m 4m 2m
 Fy
Step 6 y
 M A

 Fx x
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Q 1 Determine the Resultant of parallel force system and locate w.t.t point A
R
200 N 500 N 200N
350 N 150

A B
3m 4.5m 2.5m 2m

Find ∑FX = 0
Find ∑Fy = -200+500-350+150+200= 300N R

R= 300 N ( ∑MA= +
∑MA = 500x3 –350x7.5+150x10+200x12 = 2775Nm

x
M A

 Fy = 9.25 m
 By Prof M C Deshmukh

Position of resultant
R

A B