1. Option ( a ) is correct. The sex chromosomes in human beings found in pairs.

Women have a
perfect pair of sex chromosomes, both called X. But men have a mismatched pair in which one is
a normal-sized X while the other is a short one called Y. So women are XX, while men are XY.half
the children will be boys and half will be girls. All children will inherit an X chromosome from their
mother regardless of whether they are boys or girls. Thus, the sex of the children will be
determined by what they inherit from their father. A child who inherits an X chromosome from
her father will be a girl, and one who inherits a Y chromosome from him will be a boy.

2. Option ( a ) is correct. The rules for inheritance of such traits in human beings are related to the
fact that both the father and the mother contribute practically equal amounts of genetic material
to the child. This means that each trait can be influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA.
Genes are present in DNA which mainly contribute to evolution.
3. Option ( d ) is correct.
Homologous Structure
Basic structure is similar,but performs different functions.The basic structure of the limbs is similar
though it has been modified to perform different functions in various vertebrates. This is called a
homologous characteristic.
Example - Arm of human and leg of dog
Analogous structure

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 Look different and perform common functions.
the wings of birds and bats more closely. When we do that, we find that the wings of bats are skin
folds stretched mainly between elongated fingers. But the wings of birds are a feathery covering
all along the arm. The designs of the two wings,
their structure and components, are thus very
different.
They look similar because they have a common
use for flying, but their origins are not common.
This makes them analogous characteristics
Example - Wings in birds and wings in bats ( have
different structure but use in flying )

4. Option ( d ) is correct

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 5. Option ( a ) is correct.

6. Option ( c ) is incorrect.
The pollen transfers from the stamen to the stigma.
Additional Information
The flower may be unisexual (papaya, watermelon) when it contains either stamens or pistil or bisexual
(Hibiscus, mustard) when it contains both stamens and pistil. Stamen is the male reproductive part and
it produces pollen grains that are yellowish in colour. You must have seen this yellowish powder that
often sticks to our hands if we touch the stamen of a flower. Pistil is present in the centre of a flower
and is the female reproductive part. It is made of three parts

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The swollen bottom part is the ovary, middle elongated part is the style and the terminal part which
may be sticky is the stigma. The ovary contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell. The male germ-
cell produced by pollen grain fuses with the female gamete present in the ovule. This fusion of the
germ-cells or fertilisation gives us the zygote which is capable of growing into a new plant.

After fertilisation, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule. The ovule
develops a tough coat and is gradually converted into a seed. The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to
form a fruit. Meanwhile, the petals, sepals, stamens, style and stigma may shrivel and fall off
7. Option ( a ) is correct.

The formation of germ-cells or sperms takes place in the testes.

NOTE: sperm formation requires a lower temperature than the normal body temperature.
The sperms formed are delivered through the vas deferens which unites with a tube coming from the
urinary bladder.
Glands like the prostate and the seminal vesicles add their secretions so that the sperms are now in a
fluid which makes their transport easier and this fluid also provides nutrition.
The sperms are tiny bodies that consist of mainly genetic material and a long tail that helps them to
move towards the female germ-cell.
8. Option ( a ) is correct.

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Fallopian Tube
The egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through a thin oviduct or fallopian tube.
Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube
Ovary
The female germ-cells or eggs are made in the ovaries
Uterus
The two oviducts unite into an elastic bag-like structure known as the uterus
zygote
Fusion of male gametes (sperm) with female gametes (egg) leads to formation of fertilised egg or zygote
Embryo
The fertilised egg (zygote) starts dividing and form a ball of cells or embryo

9. Option ( a ) is correct. Reflex action ;- Sudden involuntary reaction of the body in response to
external stimuli like hot water,fire etc.

The parts of a neuron works in the following manner

(i) where information is acquired → at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell
(ii) through which information travels as an electrical impulse → along the axon
(iii) where this impulse must be converted into a chemical signal for onward transmission → at the end
of axon.
10. Option ( d ) is correct.
Fore brain is the main thinking part of the brain; it receives sensory impulse from various
receptors. Involuntary actions are controlled by hindbrain and midbrain.
Like B.P,Salivation,vomiting are controlled by medulla.
Voluntary actions like maintaining the posture and balance of the body are taken by the
cerebellum part of the hindbrain.

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 11. Option ( d ) is correct.
Vaseline will cut the supply of CO2 that will not let photosynthesis take place, also stomata pores
will be closed so there will not be any transpiration and respiration.

12. Option ( d) is correct. Hypothalamus is not part of the HindBrain. It is part of MidBrain.

13. Option ( a ) is correct. When plants detect light ,a hormone called Auxin,synthesised at the
shoot tip that helps the cells to grow longer.
● Gibberellins helps in growth of stem
● Cytokinins promote cell division,they are present in fruits and seeds.
● Abscisic acid inhibits growth in plants.

14. Option ( a ) is correct. During diabetes insulin is injected.This is hormone which produced by
PANCREAS and helps in regulating blood sugar levels. If not secreted in proper manner the sugar
level in blood rises.

15. Option ( c ) is correct.

Left heart contains pure blood and pumps it into body. Heart is considered the pumping station
of the human body as it pumps blood throughout the body.

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 16. Option ( a ) is correct. The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is useful to
keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. Such separation allows a highly efficient
supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds
and mammals, which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. In animals that
do not use energy for this purpose, the body temperature depends on the temperature in the
environment. Such animals, like amphibians or many reptiles have three-chambered hearts, and
tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood streams. Fishes, on the other
hand, have only two chambers to their hearts, and the blood is pumped to the gills, is oxygenated
there, and passes directly to the rest of the body. Thus, blood goes only once through the heart in
the fish during one cycle of passage through the body. On the other hand, it goes through the
heart twice during each cycle in other vertebrates. This is known as double circulation.

17. Option ( d ) is correct.

There is no role of oxygen in photosynthesis but it is a product of photosynthesis in plants. This oxygen
is inhaled by other living organism for their energy production.
Processes during photosynthesis

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 18. Option ( d ) is correct. The digestion in the stomach is taken care of by the gastric glands present
in the wall of the stomach. These release hydrochloric acid, a protein digesting enzyme called
pepsin, and mucus. The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action
of the enzyme pepsin.The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of the
acid under normal conditions.

19. Option ( a ) is correct. The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats. It receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas for this purpose. The food
coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to
act. Bile juice from the liver accomplishes this in addition to acting on fats. Fats are present in
the intestine in the form of large globules which makes it difficult for enzymes to act on them.
Bile salts break them down into smaller globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme action.. The
pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins
and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats. The walls of the small intestine contain glands
which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins to amino
acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

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 20. Option ( b ) is correct.

21. Option ( a ) and ( d ) correct. Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller
tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveoli (singular–
alveolus). The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of
the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood-vessels. As we have seen in earlier years,
when we breathe in, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm, and the chest cavity becomes
larger as a result. Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The
blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the
oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to
all the cells in the body. During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs
always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed
and for the carbon dioxide to be released. Also when we breathe out, we lower our ribs and
expand our diaphragm, and the chest cavity becomes smaller as a result.

22. Option ( c ) is correct. Blood being a fluid connective tissue. Blood consists of a fluid medium
called plasma in which the cells are suspended. Plasma transports food, carbon dioxide and
nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form. Oxygen is carried by the red blood corpuscles. Many
other substances like salts, are also transported by the blood. We thus need a pumping organ to
push blood around the body, a network of tubes to reach all the tissues and a system in place to

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 ensure that this network can be repaired if damaged. The blood has platelet cells which circulate
around the body and plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at these points of injury. NOTE
;- lymph also helps in transportation. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from the intestine
and drains excess fluid from extracellular space back into the blood.
23. Option (d) is correct. Thus, transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of
water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves. It also helps in temperature
regulation. The effect of root pressure in transport of water is more important at night. During
the day when the stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes the major driving force in
the movement of water in the xylem. This transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is
called translocation and it occurs in the part of the vascular tissue known as phloem. m. Besides
the products of photosynthesis, the phloem transports amino acids and other substances
24. Option ( a ) is correct. Robert Hooke discovered cell in cork slice
Leeuwenhoek discovered a free living cell in pond water.
Robert Brown discovered Nucleus of a cell.
Purkinje coined the term for protoplasm for the fluid substance of a cell.
Schneider and Schwann presented cell theory.
Virchow expanded cell theory.
25.
Unicellular Organism Multicellular organism

● Made up of one type of ● Made up of more than

cells or of one cell one type of cells
● Example - ● Example -
Amoeba,Chlamydomon Fungi,Plants,Animals
as,Paramoecium,Bacteri
a etc.

26. Option (c) is correct. Viruses lack any membranes and hence do not show characteristics of life
until they enter a living body and use its cell machinery to multiply
Virus is a kind of organism that is non-living outside the host body, but after entering it becomes
a living organism that multiplies itself rapidly. \
For example - CORONAVIRUS works in same fashion
27. Option ( a ) is correct. It is a concept of osmosis through which there is an exchange of water
from its high concentration level to low concentration level. Absorption of water by plant roots
is an example of osmosis. Raisins/eggs/Apricots exchange water through a semipermeable
membrane.
● In Pure water → egg will swells
● In Salt solution→ egg will shrink
28. Option (a) is correct. Amoeba acquires its food through endocytosis.Amoeba is a unicellular
organism. Diffusion is a process through which a cell exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen
because of differences in concentration of gases.

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 29. Option (a) is correct. Cell wall is absent in animals and only present in plants. Cell wall lies
outside the plasma membrane. It is made up of cellulose and provides structural strength to
plants. Because of
the cell wall (plant,fungi,Bacteria cell) can withstand much greater changes in the surrounding
medium than animal cells. That means plants can withstand longer than humans in water.
30. Option (c) is correct.
Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

● Have nucleus, ● No Nucleus present only

membrane enclosed contains nucleic acid
organelles are called Nucleoid,absence
present,more than one of membrane enclosed
chromosome. organelles,only a single
● Capable of both mitosis chromosome is found.
and meiosis. ● Only capable of mitosis
● Example - Onion ● EXample - Bacteria,
cell,human cell etc. archaea,blue green
(algae) etc.

31. Option (a) is correct.

Cell Organelles and its function
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
● Manufacture protein,helps in building cell membrane that is called Membrane Biogenesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
● Manufacture fat molecules and lipids that help in building the cell membrane.
Golgi Apparatus
● Storage ,modification and packaging of products.
● Involved in the formation of lysosomes.
Lysosomes
● Waste disposal system of the call,sucide bags of a cell
Mitochondria
● Called Power house of the cell,it forms ATP(Adenosine triphosphate) molecules also called Energy
Currency of cells.
Plastids
● Present only in plants,it have their own DNA and Ribosomes
● Two types of plastids are Chromoplasts and Leucoplasts
● In leucoplast starch,oils and protein granules are stored.
Vacuoles

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 ● In plants it stores AMino acids,sugars, various organic acids and some proteins.
32. Option (a ) is correct.
Mitochondria
● Called Power house of the cell,it forms ATP(Adenosine triphosphate) molecules also called
Energy Currency of cells.
33. Option (d) is correct. Proteins are synthesised in all these cell organelles.

34. Option ( b ) is correct. A tissue can be defined as a group of cells of common origin and
performing common function.
Formulation of organisms
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ System → Organisms
Ex- Stomach Ex- Digestive system
35. Option ( c ) is correct.
SImple Permanent Tissue
● Parenchyma
It is found almost everywhere in plants. It has large intercellular spaces as the cells are loosely
packed. It is of two types
1. Chlorenchyma
2. Aerenchyma
● Collenchyma tissue :- it is made up of living cells, no intercellular space. It provides support and
strength to plants ,and also provides flexibility to stalk of leaves,found in tendrils and stems of
climbers. Sclerenchyma tissue is made up of dead cells , It is found in stems around vascular
bundles , in veins of leaves,hard covering of seeds and walnuts,husk of coconut , cover of
walnut,provide strength and rigidity to plants,provide protection make hard and tough.
36. Option (a) is correct.
SClerenchyma occurs in sems around vascular bundles , in veins of leaves. It forms Hard covering
of seeds and nuts. Also Rops,mats, small Jute Linen and hemp are examples of this tissue
formation.
37. Option (a) and (b) are correct.
Epidermis It is protective tissue that forms skin of plant.Plants of dry habitats have thicker
epidermis and release waxy substances called CUTICLE. Cuticles prevent water loss,injury,fungi
infection , and create hair-like structure. Example - Cactus
Cork
This is made up of dead cells that are compactly arranged cells,this helps in protecting mature
roots and shoots .
38. Option ( a ) is correct.
In animals tissues are of four types
1. Epithelial tissue
It helps in covering or protecting different internal and external organs of the body.
2. Muscular tissue helps in movement and locomotion , made up of muscle cells or muscle fibres .
3. Connective tissue acts like binding, supporting and packing material,cells are loosely spaced,its
matrix may be jelly-like fluid,dense or rigid.
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 Nervous Tissue helps connect different parts of the body,maintaining a continuity in the body.
39. Option ( a ) is correct. Contractile proteins (actin & myosin ) are present in muscle fibre or
muscle cells. These proteins help in Contraction and relaxation and in movement of the body.
40. Option ( c ) is correct. a species includes all organisms that are similar enough to breed and
perpetuate.

41. Option ( c ) is correct. Plantae and Animalia are divided into subdivisions on the basis of
increasing complexity of body organisation.
• Plants are divided into five groups: Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms
and Angiosperms.
• Animals are divided into ten groups: Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,
Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Protochordates and Vertebrata.
42. Option ( a ) is correct.
Depending on shape and function, epithelial tissue is classified as squamous, cuboidal,
columnar, ciliated and glandular.
● Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Function: - forms delicate lining , single layer of cells, protect from injury,damage and infection.

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Found In :- Mouth and oesophagus
● Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Function :- many layers of cell,prevent wear and tear

Found In :- Skin
● Cuboidal epithelial tissue
Function :- In absorption , secretion and Protection
Found In :- Salivary glands(absorption) , thyroid glands (secretion ),Lining of Kidney , tubules,vagina.
● Columnar epithelial tissue
Function :- In absorption , secretion and Protection
Found In :- Lining of small and large intestine,stomach and gallbladder
● Ciliated epithelial tissue
Function :- movement of mucus,urine,egg
Found In :- Respiratory tract,urinary tubules of kidney and fallopian tubes.
Do it at your own.
Name the following.
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants
. (d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain
43. Option ( d ) is correct.
● Parenchyma tissue is a type of simple permanent tissue. It is found almost everywhere in
plants. It has large intercellular spaces as the cells are loosely packed. It is of two types
3. Chlorenchyma
4. Aerenchyma
● Collenchyma tissue :- it is made up of living cells, no intercellular space. It provides support and
strength to plants ,and also provides flexibility to stalk of leaves,found in tendrils and stems of
climbers.
● Sclerenchyma tissue is made up of dead cells , It is found in stems around vascular bundles , in
veins of leaves,hard covering of seeds and walnuts,husk of coconut , cover of walnut,provide
strength and rigidity to plants,provide protection make hard and tough

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 44. Option ( d ) is correct.
Connective tissue are of three types
1) Areolar Connective Tissue It is further of two types
a) Loose connective tissue Between skin and muscles,around blood vessels and nerves,in
bone marrow
b) Dense Connective tissue
Tendons → connects muscles to bones
Ligaments → connects bone to bone
2) Adipose Connective tissue below skin,between internal organs,prevents mechanical shocks
,helps in fat reservation ,acts as insulation and regulate body temperature
3) Skeleton Connective Tissue Cartilage → flexible made up of protein and sugar ,founds in Ear
pinnae , nose tip,trachea,larynx etc Bones → strong, not flexible,made up of protein, calcium
and phosphorus compounds.
45. Option a is correct.
46. Option a is correct.

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 47. Option ( b ) is correct. These are the plant hormones that help in plant maintenance and
regulation
48. Option ( a ) is correct.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules of a substance from the region of their higher
concentration to the region of their lower concentration . Both solute and solvent moves.
Osmosis is a process in which the water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane
from the region of their higher concentration to the region of their lower concentration . Only
solvent moves.
49. Option ( a ) is correct. Vitamin D helps in absorption of calcium in the body. White blood cells
help in the repairing of damaged tissue.
50. Option ( a ) is correct. Tendons consist of collagen and elastin embedded in matrix.Tendons is
a type of dense connective tissue.Its cell type is Fibroblast. It gives rigidity and strength to the
body organs. It connects muscles to bones.
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