ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

A Course under Centre of Excellence as Initiative of Department of Science and

Technology, Government of Bihar

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SAHARSA

Presenter:
Prof. Shubham
HoD(Computer Science and Engineering)
Todays Class
➢Techniques used in AI
➢Perception in AI
➢Technological driver of modern AI
➢Knowledge Representation,Objective
➢Requirements of knowledge
➢Components of Knowledge
➢Intelligent Agents and Characteristics
➢Properties of Environment
➢Classification of Agents
Techniques used in AI
 Techniques used in AI
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science
which focuses on the use of data and algorithms to imitate the way that humans
learn, gradually improving its accuracy.
Machine learning is an important component of the growing field of data science.
Through the use of statistical methods, algorithms are trained to make
classifications or predictions, and to uncover key insights in data mining projects.

•NLP( Natural Language Processing)

Natural Language Processing, the method of extracting meaning from human languages, is
trustworthy technology. The machine in NLP records the speech of a person speaking.
Following the audio-to-textual dialogue, the writing is converted to turn the data into
audio.
•Machine Vision:
Machines are capable of collecting and analyzing visual data.
In this case, cameras are utilized to record sensory information, which is then processed
using digital signal processing once the picture is converted from analog to digital.
The data that is produced is then input into a computer.

The extent to which it can discriminate between objects—are two essential components
of machine vision.

•Automation and Robotics

The goal of automation is to enable machines to perform boring, repetitive jobs,
increasing productivity and delivering more effective, efficient, and affordable
results.

In order to automate processes, many businesses employ machine learning,

artificial neural, and graphs.

By leveraging the CAPTCHA technique, this automation can avoid fraud problems
during online payments.
Perception in AI
Perception is the process by which sensory information captured in the real
world is interpreted, acquired, selected, and then organized.
Perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organizing
sensory information.
•Human beings, for example, have sensory receptors for touch, taste, smell,
sight, and hearing. As a result, the information received from these receptors is
transmitted to the human brain, which organizes the data.
•Response to information is taken by interacting with the environment in
order to manipulate and navigate the objects that are in it.
•Perception and action are critical concepts in robotics
Technological drivers of modern AI
Rise in computing powers of machines
Rise of data-based AI
Advances in deep learning
Cloud Computing
Knowledge Representation in AI
Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or familiarity gained by experiences of facts,
data, and situations.
Knowledge Representation in AI describes the representation of knowledge.
Basically, it is a study of how the beliefs, intentions, and judgments of
an intelligent agent can be expressed suitably for automated reasoning. One of the
primary purposes of Knowledge Representation includes modeling intelligent
behavior for an agent.
•Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR, KRR) represents information from
the real world for a computer to understand and then utilize this knowledge to
solve complex real-life problems like communicating with human beings in natural
language.
•It is also a way which describes how we can represent knowledge in artificial
intelligence.
•Knowledge representation is not just storing data into some database, but it also
enables an intelligent machine to learn from that knowledge and experiences so that
it can behave intelligently like a human.
Knowledge Representation in AI

•Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars contains strings,
trumpets are brass instruments.
•Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.
•Performance: It describe behavior which involves knowledge about how to do things.
•Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.
•Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.
•Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents is the
knowledge base. It is represented as KB. The Knowledgebase is a group of the Sentences
(Here, sentences are used as a technical term and not identical with the English
language).
Types of Knowledge
Types of Knowledge

•Declarative Knowledge – It includes concepts, facts, and objects and

expressed in a declarative sentence.
•Structural Knowledge – It is a basic problem-solving knowledge that
describes the relationship between concepts and objects.
•Procedural Knowledge – This is responsible for knowing how to do
something and includes rules, strategies, procedures, etc.
•Meta Knowledge – Meta Knowledge defines knowledge about other types
of Knowledge.
•Heuristic Knowledge – This represents some expert knowledge in the field
or subject.
Knowledge Cycle in AI
Knowledge Cycle in AI
•The Perception component retrieves data or information from the environment.
with the help of this component, find out the source of noises and check if the AI was
damaged by anything. Also, it defines how to respond when any sense has been
detected.
•Learning Component learns from the captured data by the perception component.
The goal is to build computers that can be taught instead of programming them.
Learning focuses on the process of self-improvement. In order to learn new things,
the system requires knowledge acquisition, inference, acquisition of heuristics, faster
searches, etc.
•Knowledge Representation and Reasoning which shows the human-like
intelligence in the machines. Knowledge representation is all about understanding
intelligence. Instead of trying to understand or build brains from the bottom up, its
goal is to understand and build intelligent behavior from the top-down and focus on
what an agent needs to know in order to behave intelligently.
•Planning and Execution components depend on the analysis of knowledge
representation and reasoning. Here, planning includes giving an initial state, finding
their preconditions and effects, and a sequence of actions to achieve a state in which
a particular goal holds. Now once the planning is completed, the final stage is the
execution of the entire process.
Techniques of Knowledge Representation in AI
Intelligent Agents and Characteristics

Intelligent agents in AI are autonomous entities that act upon an environment using sensors
and actuators to achieve their goals. In addition, intelligent agents may learn from the
environment to achieve those goals. Driverless cars and the Siri virtual assistant are examples
of intelligent agents in AI.

•The interaction of the Agent with the Environment is through Sensors and Effectors.
•Consider the example of a chatbot which is a virtual assistant. When it reads and understands the meaning of a
user’s messages, it is called perception. And when it replies to the user after analyzing the user’s message, it is
called the action.
Intelligent Agents and Characteristics
These are the main four rules all AI agents must adhere to:
•Rule 1: An AI agent must be able to perceive the environment.
•Rule 2: The environmental observations must be used to make decisions.
•Rule 3: The decisions should result in action.
•Rule 4: The action taken by the AI agent must be a rational. Rational actions are
actions that maximize performance and yield the best positive outcome.
What Are Agents in Artificial Intelligence Composed Of?
Agents in Artificial Intelligence contain the following properties:
•Environment: The agent is situated in a given environment.
•Autonomous: The agent can operate without direct human intervention or other software
methods. It controls its activities and internal environment. The agent independently which
steps it will take in its current condition to achieve the best improvements. The agent
achieves autonomy if its performance is measured by its experiences in the context of
learning and adapting.
•Flexibility
•Reactive: Agents must recognize their surroundings and react to the changes within
them.
•Proactive: Agents shouldn’t only act in response to their surroundings but also be able to
take the initiative when appropriate and effect an opportunistic, goal-directed
performance.
•Social: Agents should work with humans or other non-human agents.
•Pro-Activeness: Taking the initiative to create goals and try to meet them.
Functions of Agents
The Functions of an Artificial Intelligence Agent:
Artificial Intelligence agents perform these functions continuously:
•Perceiving dynamic conditions in the environment
•Acting to affect conditions in the environment
•Using reasoning to interpret perceptions
•Problem-solving
•Drawing inferences
•Determining actions and their outcomes
Types of Agents in Artificial Intelligence
1. Reflex Agent
Reflex Agent works similar to our body’s reflex action (e.g. when we immediately lift our
finger when it touches the tip of the flame)
The reflex agent can work properly only if the decisions to be made are based on the
current percept. Ex: Water Heater Sensor
Types of Agents in Artificial Intelligence
•Model-based Agents: These agents uses percept history and its internal memory to make decision about an
internal model of the world around it.
•It stores the information about the previous state, the current state and performs the action accordingly.
• Just as while driving, if the driver wants to change the lane, he looks into the mirror to know the present
position of vehicles behind him. While looking in front, he can only see the vehicles in front, and as he
already has the information on the position of vehicles behind him (from the mirror a moment ago), he can
safely change the lane.
Types of Agents in Artificial Intelligence
•Goal-based agents: Unlike a simple reflex agent that makes decisions based solely on the
current environment, a goal-based agent is capable of thinking beyond the present moment to decide
the best actions to take in order to achieve its goal.
•In this regard, a goal-based agent operates as a search and planning function, meaning it targets the
goal ahead and finds the right action in order to reach it.
• If the goal is known, then the agent takes into account the goal information besides the current state
information to make the right decision.
• For, e.g., if the agent is a self-driving car and the goal is the destination, then the information of the route to
the destination helps the car in deciding when to turn left or right.
Types of Agents in Artificial Intelligence
•Utility-based agents: A utility-based agent is an agent that acts
based not only on what the goal is, but the best way to reach that
goal.