TASK-1
ELECTRIC VEHICLES BASICS AND MOTOR DESING FOR EVs
INTRODUCTION TO EVs:
• An EV is defined as a vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor that
draws electricity from a battery and is capable of being charged from an
external source.
• EVs can be either partially or fully powered on electric power.
BENEFITS OF EVs:
• Environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels.
• Low Operating and Maintenance Costs due to less moving Parts.
• Charge conveniently from the comfort of home.
• Higher Efficiency with Regenerative braking mechanism
• Easy to drive with Smooth and Instant Torque.
• Health Benefits
• Government incentives and Policies.
TYPES OF EVs:
• Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs).
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs).
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs).
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs).
HISTORY BEHIND EV AND HEV TECHNOLOGY:
HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES:
• In 1828, Hungrarian priest and physicst Anyos Jodlik invented an early type
of electric motor, and created a small model car powered by his new motor.
• In 1835, inventors likeRobert Anderson and Thomas Davenport created
some of the earliest electric vehicles,primarily small-scale models powered
by non-rechargeable batteries.
CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS IN EV:
• High Initial Cost
• Charging Infrastructure
• Range anxiety
• Battery technology constraints
• Charging speeds
• Grid capacity
• EV Design constraints
• EV development and validation challenges
• Supply chain challenges
CALCULATION OF TRACTION FORCE OF THE VEHICLES:
• The force required to drive the vehicle is known as tractive force
• Traction Force (Ft) = Fr = F, + Fad + Fg + Fi
• Fr. Rolling Force, Fad = Force due to Air-drag, F = Gravitation Force & F₁ = Inertial Force
CALCULATION OF TRACTION FORCE OF THE VEHICLES:
STEP 1: CALCULATION OF VEHICLE ACCELARATION AND WHEEL:
1. Vehicle Speed in m/s= (25 x 1000/3600)=6.945 m/s
2. Acceleration Vehicle Speed / Acceleration Time=6.945/120-0.058 m/s²
3. Vehicle Front Area =(Vehicle Height - Ground Clearance) x Vehicle Width=(1.226-0.2) x 0.78
0.8 m²
4. Total Wheel Diameter =Rim Dia 2 x (Tyre width x Aspect Ratio) 12x 0.02542 (0.120 x 0.7)
=0.473 m
INote: 0.0245 is for inch to meter conversion)
5. Circumference of the Wheel = 2πrn d 3.14 x 0.473=1.487 m
STEP 2: CALCULATION OF VEHICLE TRACTON FORCE:
1. Force due to acceleration (Fa) = vehicle weight x acceleration = 120 * 0.058 = 6.96N
2. Rolling Force (Fr) = m x g x Cr x cos a = 120 * 9.81 * 0.02cos(2pi / 180) = 23.53N
3. Force due to Air Drag (Fad) = 0.5 x Air density x Cd x Vehicle Area x velocity 2
4. Gravitational Force (Fg) = m x g x sin a = 120 * 9.81sin(2pi / 180) = 41.08N
5. Total Force on the Vehicle (Ft) = Fa + Fr + Fad + Fg = 6.96 + 23.53 + 11.817 + 41.08 =
83.41 N
STEP 3: CALCULATION OF TORQUE/SPEED ON WHEELS AND MOTOR:
1. Torque on Wheels Vehicle =Total force x Radius of wheel= 83.41 x 0.473/2=19.726 Nm
2. Speed of Wheel Vehicle =Speed in m/hr/ (Wheel Circum. In m x 60) =25 x
1000/(1.487x60)=280.206 RPM
3. Torque on Motor =Torque on Wheels/Gear Ratio =19.726/3.6=5.48 Nm
4. Speed of Motor Wheel =RPM x Gear Ratio =260.206 x 3.6 =1008.74 RPM
STEP 4: CALCULATION OF CURRENT CONSUMPTION AND MILEAGE:
5. Motor Power Requirement = 2π ΝΤ/60 = 2 x 3.14 x 1008.74 x 5.48/60=579.2 W=600 W
(approx...)
6. Current Consumption=Motor Power x 1.1/ Battery Voltage=579.2 x 1.1/48=13.274 A
7. Battery Capacity=Battery Voltage x Battery Ah= 48 x 120 =5.76kWh
8. Energy Consumption of the Vehicle =Motor power / Top Speed =579.2/25=23.168 Wh/km
7. Range or Mileage (km) =Battery Capacity in Wh Vehicle Energy Consumption in Wh/km=5.76
x 1000/23.168=250 km
