PRACTICAL FILE

ON
INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT-LAB

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Batch 2020 - 23

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

HARSH SETHI Dr. RAKHI
ENROLNMENT NO: 06315501720 Ms. KOMAL
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

NEW DELHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

61A, TUGHLAKABAD, NEW DELHI-62

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical titled “Information System Management-Lab” submitted by
HARSH SETHI to New Delhi Institute of Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the Bachelor of Business Administration degree
is an original piece of work carried out under my guidance and may be submitted for evaluation.
The assistance rendered during the study has been duly acknowledged.
No part of this work has been submitted for any other degree.

Place: New Delhi Faculty Guide:

Date: 10/04/2022 Dr. Rakhi & Ms. Komal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is not different.
Regardless of the source, I wish to express my gratitude to those who may have contributed to
this work, even though anonymously.

I would like to pay my sincere thanks to my Information System Management-Lab faculty

Dr. Rakhi and Ms. Komal under whose guidance I was able to complete my Practical
successfully. I have been fortunate enough to get all the support, encouragement and guidance
from him needed to explore, think new and initiate.

My final thank goes out to my parents, family members, teachers and friends who encouraged
me countless times to persevere through this entire process.

HARSH SETHI

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 INDEX Page
No.
1 Explain Information System Management.
a. DSS 5-11
b. EIS
c. TPS
2 Introduction of Database Management System.
11
3 Introduction to the following Concepts.
a. DDL 11-14
b. DML
c. TCL
d. Aggregate Function with example

4 Explain ER D with an Example.

14-17

5 Create Employee Table with EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, EMP_DEPT,

EMP_ADDRESS, MOBILE_NUMBER, EMP_SALARY and then 17-22
Use Aggregate function by Queries

6 Write the query for these command

• ALTER 22-28
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• LIKE

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Explain Information System Management.

Management Information System or 'MIS' is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating
data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management.

To the managers, Management Information System is an implementation of the organizational systems and
procedures. To a programmer it is nothing but file structures and file processing. However, it involves much
more complexity.
The three components of MIS provide a more complete and focused definition, where System suggests
integration and holistic view, Information stands for processed data, and Management is the ultimate user,
the decision makers.
Management information system can thus be analyzed as follows –

Management

Management covers the planning, control, and administration of the operations of a concern. The top
management handles planning; the middle management concentrates on controlling; and the lower
management is concerned with actual administration.

Information

Information, in MIS, means the processed data that helps the management in planning, controlling and
operations. Data means all the facts arising out of the operations of the concern. Data is processed i.e.
recorded, summarized, compared and finally presented to the management in the form of MIS report.

System
Data is processed into information with the help of a system. A system is made up of inputs, processing,
output and feedback or control.
Thus MIS means a system for processing data in order to give proper information to the management for
performing its functions.

A) DSS
Decision support systems (DSS) are interactive software-based systems intended to help managers in
decision-making by accessing large volumes of information generated from various related information
systems involved in organizational business processes, such as office automation system, transaction
processing system, etc.
DSS uses the summary information, exceptions, patterns, and trends using the analytical models. A decision
support system helps in decision-making but does not necessarily give a decision itself. The decision makers

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compile useful information from raw data, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to
identify and solve problems and make decisions.

Programmed and Non-programmed Decisions

There are two types of decisions - programmed and non-programmed decisions.

Programmed decisions are basically automated processes, general routine work, where −
 These decisions have been taken several times.
 These decisions follow some guidelines or rules.
For example, selecting a reorder level for inventories, is a programmed decision.
Non-programmed decisions occur in unusual and non-addressed situations, so −
 It would be a new decision.
 There will not be any rules to follow.
 These decisions are made based on the available information.
 These decisions are based on the manger's discretion, instinct, perception and judgment.
For example, investing in a new technology is a non-programmed decision.
Decision support systems generally involve non-programmed decisions. Therefore, there will be no exact
report, content, or format for these systems. Reports are generated on the fly.

Attributes of a DSS
 Adaptability and flexibility
 High level of Interactivity
 Ease of use
 Efficiency and effectiveness
 Complete control by decision-makers
 Ease of development
 Extendibility
 Support for modeling and analysis
 Support for data access
 Standalone, integrated, and Web-based

Characteristics of a DSS
 Support for decision-makers in semi-structured and unstructured problems.
 Support for managers at various managerial levels, ranging from top executive to line managers.

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  Support for individuals and groups. Less structured problems often requires the involvement of several
individuals from different departments and organization level.
 Support for interdependent or sequential decisions.
 Support for intelligence, design, choice, and implementation.
 Support for variety of decision processes and styles.
 DSSs are adaptive over time.

Benefits of DSS
 Improves efficiency and speed of decision-making activities.
 Increases the control, competitiveness and capability of futuristic decision-making of the organization.
 Facilitates interpersonal communication.
 Encourages learning or training.
 Since it is mostly used in non-programmed decisions, it reveals new approaches and sets up new
evidences for an unusual decision.
 Helps automate managerial processes.

Components of a DSS

Following are the components of the Decision Support System −

 Database Management System (DBMS) − To solve a problem the necessary data may come from
internal or external database. In an organization, internal data are generated by a system such as TPS
and MIS. External data come from a variety of sources such as newspapers, online data services,
databases (financial, marketing, human resources).
 Model Management System − It stores and accesses models that managers use to make decisions.
Such models are used for designing manufacturing facility, analyzing the financial health of an
organization, forecasting demand of a product or service, etc.
Support Tools − Support tools like online help; pulls down menus, user interfaces, graphical
analysis, error correction mechanism, facilitates the user interactions with the system.

Classification of DSS

There are several ways to classify DSS. Hoi Apple and Whinstone classifies DSS as follows −
 Text Oriented DSS − It contains textually represented information that could have a bearing on
decision. It allows documents to be electronically created, revised and viewed as needed.
 Database Oriented DSS − Database plays a major role here; it contains organized and highly
structured data.

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  Spreadsheet Oriented DSS − It contains information in spread sheets that allows create, view,
modify procedural knowledge and also instructs the system to execute self-contained instructions. The
most popular tool is Excel and Lotus 1-2-3.
 Solver Oriented DSS − It is based on a solver, which is an algorithm or procedure written for
performing certain calculations and particular program type.
 Rules Oriented DSS − It follows certain procedures adopted as rules.
 Rules Oriented DSS − Procedures are adopted in rules oriented DSS. Export system is the example.
 Compound DSS − It is built by using two or more of the five structures explained above.

Types of DSS
Following are some typical DSSs −
 Status Inquiry System − It helps in taking operational, management level, or middle level
management decisions, for example daily schedules of jobs to machines or machines to operators.
 Data Analysis System − It needs comparative analysis and makes use of formula or an algorithm, for
example cash flow analysis, inventory analysis etc.
 Information Analysis System − In this system data is analyzed and the information report is
generated. For example, sales analysis, accounts receivable systems, market analysis etc.
 Accounting System − It keeps track of accounting and finance related information, for example, final
account, accounts receivables, accounts payables, etc. that keep track of the major aspects of the
business.
 Model Based System − Simulation models or optimization models used for decision-making are used
infrequently and creates general guidelines for operation or management.

B) EIS

An Executive Information System (EIS) is a kind of decision support system (DSS) used in
organizations to help executives in decision making. It does so by providing easy access to important data
needed in an organization to achieve strategic goals. An EIS usually has graphical displays on a user-
friendly interface.
Executive information systems can be used for monitoring company performance in many different types
of organizations as well as for identifying opportunities and problems.

Executive support systems are intended to be used directly by senior managers to support unscheduled
strategic management decisions. Often such information is external, unstructured and even uncertain. Often,
the exact scope and context of such information are not known in advance.

This information is based on data,

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  Business intelligence
 Financial intelligence
 Data with technology support to analyze

Executive Information System-Key Characteristics

The below
mentioned figure
describes
about key
characterisitics of
EIS,

 Detailed
data – EIS
provides absolute
data from its existing database.
 Integrate external and internal data – EIS integrates integrate external and internal data. The
external data collected from various sources.
 Presenting information – EIS represents available data in graphical form which helps to analyze it
easily.
 Trend analysis – EIS helps executives of the organizations to data prediction based on trend data.
 Easy to use – It is a very simplest system to use.

Advantages of EIS

 Trend Analysis
 Improvement of corporate performance in the marketplace
 Development of managerial leadership skills
 Improves decision-making
 Simple to use by senior executives
 Better reporting method
 Improved office efficiency

Disadvantage of EIS

 Due to technical functions, not to easy to use by everyone

 Executives may encounter overload of information
 Difficult to manage database due to the large size of data
 Excessive costs for small business organizations

C) TPS

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 A transaction is a simple process that takes place during business operations. The transaction
processing system (TPS) manages the business transactions of the client and therefore helps a company's
operations. A TPS registers, as well as all of its consequences, a non-inquiry transaction itself in the
database and generates transaction-related documents.
TPS manages and records transactions. It is the automation of the simple, repetitive processing used to
support business operations.
Many real-time advantages for every company are offered by transaction processing systems. TPS uses
data and creates reports as shown in the diagram below. To find out the key insights for decision-making,
it offers graphical or condensed textual data.

TPS was previously referred to as the Management Information System. Data processing was conducted
manually or with simple machines before computers. TPS's domain is at the lowest level of an organization's
management hierarchy.

A transaction processing system is a form of computer processing that takes place in the presence of a
computer user and allows a user request or transaction to be answered immediately. Some examples of
processing systems for transactions include,

 ATM transactions
 Credit Card system
 Electronic Commerce
 Online Payments
 Online Trading Stocks
 Self-checking stations

TPS is needed to conduct business in nearly any organization today. TPSs bring data into the databases of the
organization; these systems are also a basis on which management-oriented information systems are based.

Transaction Processing Activities

The processing of individual transactions depends, of course, to some extent on their nature. The transaction
processing general elements include,

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 1. Capturing and validating data
2. Transaction-steps of processing
3. Maintenance of the database

Data Capture

Data capturing denotes to the storage of data through source data automation. Transaction processing systems
are increasingly relying on the interchange of electronic data. These systems provide for computer-to-
computer communication without repeated data entry by replacing paper documents with formatted
transaction data sent over telecommunications networks.

Data Validation

Validation includes checking for missing data items, valid codes and valid values. More extensive validation
may involve transaction authorization based on the record of the customer and the inventory available.

Transaction-steps of processing
Processing of data inputted by users into automated machinery system, it shows logical and mathematical
operations and stores processed results into the system.

Database Maintenance
System files or databases need to be updated after transactions other than inquiries. Thus, the data collected by
TPSs serves as a source of detail for management-oriented information system components.

2) Introduction of Database Management System

Database: Database is a collection of inter-related data which helps in efficient retrieval, insertion and
deletion of data from database and organizes the data in the form of tables, views, schemas, reports etc. For
Example, university database organizes the data about students, faculty, and admin staff etc. which helps in
efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion of data from it.

Database Management System: The software which is used to manage database is called Database
Management System (DBMS). For Example, MySQL, Oracle etc. are popular commercial DBMS used in
different applications. DBMS allows users the following tasks:
Data Definition: It helps in creation, modification and removal of definitions that define the organization of
data in database.
Data Updation: It helps in insertion, modification and deletion of the actual data in the database.
Data Retrieval: It helps in retrieval of data from the database which can be used by applications for various
purposes.
User Administration: It helps in registering and monitoring users, enforcing data security, monitoring
performance, maintaining data integrity, dealing with concurrency control and recovering information
corrupted by unexpected failure.

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3) Introduction to the following Concepts.

A) DDL

DDL is short name of Data Definition Language, which deals with database schemas and descriptions, of
how the data should reside in the database.
ocedure, function, and
triggers)

ents to the data dictionary

B) DML
 DML is short name of Data Manipulation Language which deals with data manipulation and includes most
common SQL statements such SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc., and it is used to store, modify,
retrieve, delete and update data in a database.

operation (insert or update)

C) TCL

Introduction to TCL

 TCL stands for Transaction Control Language.

 This command is used to manage the changes made by DML statements.
 TCL allows the statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
TCL commands are as follows:
1. COMMIT
2. SAVEPOINT
3. ROLLBACK
4. SET TRANSACTION

1. COMMIT COMMAND

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  COMMIT command saves all the work done.
 It ends the current transaction and makes permanent changes during the transaction.
Syntax:
commit;

2. SAVEPOINT COMMAND

 SAVEPOINT command is used for saving all the current point in the processing of a transaction.
 It marks and saves the current point in the processing of a transaction.

Syntax:
SAVEPOINT <savepoint_name>

Example:
SAVEPOINT no_update;

 It is used to temporarily save a transaction, so that you can rollback to that point whenever necessary.

3. ROLLBACK COMMAND

 ROLLBACK command restores database to original since the last COMMIT.

 It is used to restores the database to last committed state.
Syntax:
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT <savepoint_name>;

Example:
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT no_update;

4. SET TRANSACTION

 SET TRANSACTION is used for placing a name on a transaction.

Syntax:
SET TRANSACTION [Read Write | Read Only];

 You can specify a transaction to be read only or read write.

 This command is used to initiate a database transaction.

D) Aggregate Function with example

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In database management an aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped
together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning.
Various Aggregate Functions
1) Count()
2) Sum()
3) Avg()
4) Min()
5) Max()
Now let us understand each Aggregate function with an example:
Id Name Salary

1 A 80
2 B 40
3 C 60
4 D 70
5 E 60
6 F Null
Count():

Count(*): Returns total number of records. i.e., 6. Count(salary): Return number of Non-Null values over the
column salary. i.e., 5. Count(Distinct Salary): Return number of distinct Non Null values over the column
salary. i.e., 4
Sum():
sum(salary): Sum all Non-Null values of Column salary i.e., 310 sum(Distinct salary): Sum of all distinct
Non-Null values i.e., 250.
Avg():
Avg(salary) = Sum(salary) / count(salary) = 310/5 Avg(Distinct salary) = sum(Distinct salary) /
Count(Distinct Salary) = 250/4
Min():
Min(salary): Minimum value in the salary column except NULL i.e., 40. Max(salary): Maximum value in the
salary i.e., 80.
4) Explain ER D with an Example.
An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) is a visual representation of different entities within a system and
how they relate to each other. For example, the elements writer, novel, and a consumer may be described
using ER diagrams the following way

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What is the use of ER Diagrams?
ER Models in Database Design
They are widely used to design relational databases. The entities in the ER schema become tables, attributes
and converted the database schema. Since they can be used to visualize database tables and their relationships
it’s commonly used for database troubleshooting as well.
Entity relationship diagrams in software engineering
Entity relationship diagrams are used in software engineering during the planning stages of the software
project. They help to identify different system elements and their relationships with each other. It is often used
as the basis for data flow diagrams or DFD’s as they are commonly known.

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For example, an inventory software used in a retail shop will have a database that monitors elements such as
purchases, item, item type, item source and item price. Rendering this information through an ER diagram
would be something like this:

In the diagram, the information inside the oval shapes are attributes of a particular entity.

There are three basic elements in an ER Diagram: entity, attribute, relationship. There are more elements
which are based on the main elements. They are weak entity, multi valued attribute, derived attribute, weak
relationship, and recursive relationship. Cardinality and ordinality are two other notations used in ER diagrams
to further define relationships.

Entity
An entity can be a person, place, event, or object that is relevant to a given system. For example, a school
system may include students, teachers, major courses, subjects, fees, and other items. Entities are represented
in ER diagrams by a rectangle and named using singular nouns.
Weak Entity
A weak entity is an entity that depends on the existence of another entity. In more technical terms it can be
defined as an entity that cannot be identified by its own attributes. It uses a foreign key combined with its
attributed to form the primary key. An entity like order item is a good example for this. The order item will be
meaningless without an order so it depends on the existence of the order.

Attribute
An attribute is a property, trait, or characteristic of an entity, relationship, or another attribute. For example,
the attribute Inventory Item Name is an attribute of the entity Inventory Item. An entity can have as many
attributes as necessary. Meanwhile, attributes can also have their own specific attributes. For example, the
attribute “customer address” can have the attributes number, street, city, and state. These are called composite
attributes. Note that some top level ER diagrams do not show attributes for the sake of simplicity. In those that
do, however, attributes are represented by oval shapes

Multivalued Attribute

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If an attribute can have more than one value it is called a multi-valued attribute. It is important to note that this
is different from an attribute having its own attributes. For example, a teacher entity can have multiple subject
values.

Derived Attribute
An attribute based on another attribute. This is found rarely in ER diagrams. For example, for a circle, the area
can be derived from the radius.

Relationship
A relationship describes how entities interact. For example, the entity “Carpenter” may be related to the entity
“table” by the relationship “builds” or “makes”. Relationships are represented by diamond shapes and are
labeled using verbs.

Recursive Relationship

If the same entity participates more than once in a relationship it is known as a recursive relationship.

Cardinality and Ordinality

These two further defines relationships between entities by placing the relationship in the context of numbers.
In an email system, for example, one account can have multiple contacts. The relationship, in this case,
follows a “one to many” model. There are a number of notations used to present cardinality in ER diagrams.
Chen, UML, Crow’s foot, Bachman are some of the popular notations. Creately supports Chen, UML and
Crow’s foot notations. The following example uses UML to show cardinality.

5) Create Employee Table with EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, EMP_DEPT, EMP_ADDRESS,

MOBILE_NUMBER, EMP_SALARY and then Use Aggregate function by Queries

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OUTPUT:-

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Aggregate functions:-
1) MIN:-

2) MAX:-

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3) AVERAGE:-

4) SUM:-

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5) COUNT:-

6) Write the query for these command

➢ ALTER:-

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OUTPUT:-

➢ INSERT

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OUTPUT:-

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➢ LIKE

TABLE BEFORE UPDATE COMMAND:

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UPDATE COMMAND:-

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TABLE AFTER UPDATE COMMAND:-

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