TELECOM OSP INSTALLATION
(FIBER OPTIC CABLE)
FIBER OPTIC
CABLE
INTRODUCTION
TOOLS AND
MATERIALS
USED
FIBER OPTIC
INSTALLATION
SAFETY RILES
INSTALLATION
OF FIBER OPTIC
CABLE
TELECOM OSP INSTALLATION
(FIBER OPTIC CABLE)
Objectives:
1. Define Fiber Optic Cable
2. Identify tools and materials used
and steps for fiber optic
installation.
3. Determine the safety rules in fiber
optic installation.
Early Development in Light Communication
• Around 400 BC the Greeks armies used
THE IMPACT polished shields to send coded messages by
reflecting light in flashes to one another
OF FIBER • In the early 1900’s the British army
OPTICS developed a more accurate signaling device
TECHNOLOGY called the Mance Heliograph that used
mirrors and a sighting device which allowed
instantaneous light communication from as
much as 50km away.
Heliographs were used by the
British and Australian armies up
to the 1960’s and by the
Pakistani army as late as 1975.
Many modern navies still use
lantern signaling devices as a
means of ship-to-ship
communication.
• In 1880, Alexander Graham
Bell invented a more scientific
light communicating device
called a photophone.
• Using the photophone a person
would speak into a microphone,
causing a mirror to vibrate.
• Sunlight would be allowed to
strike this mirror. The vibrating
mirror would then reflect the
sunlight in a pattern over open
space.
• The target mirror would receive
the light and cause a special
crystal (made of selenium) to
vibrate.
• This vibration would be
converted back to sound. The
photophone was successful but
its users could not protect the
transmissions from outside
interference from such things as
clouds.
• These problems caused Bell to
give up on this invention.
• The use of light to communicate in this way was
not always practical, and the limit of distance
that could be used made getting a message
across continents difficult and time consuming.
• With the advent of the telegraph and telephone
in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, which used
wire to transmit signals, the heliograph started to
fall from wide-spread use. It was still popular
with militaries, but its use in the commercial world
declined.
THE IMPACT OF LASERS ON LIGHT COMMUNICATION
THE IMPACT OF LASERS ON LIGHT COMMUNICATION
• The next advancement in light communication
came in the late 1950's, when the laser was
invented. The laser is a device that transmits a
concentrated beam of light over long distances.
• As a communication device, this concentrated
beam could carry information, using the
vibrations of the light itself.
THE IMPACT OF LASERS ON LIGHT COMMUNICATION
• Scientists and inventors around the world were then
presented with a question:
“How do I communicate with a laser so that it won’t be
interfered with by fog or rain or line of sight problems?”
When scientists are asked questions, they work and
experiment to find solutions. By this time, lasers had
started to be used in other communication fields, such as
the barcode reader in supermarkets which were
introduced in 1974
THE IMPACT OF LASERS ON LIGHT COMMUNICATION
• Scientists and inventors around the world were then
presented with a question:
“How do I communicate with a laser so that it won’t be
interfered with by fog or rain or line of sight problems?”
When scientists are asked questions, they work and
experiment to find solutions. By this time, lasers had
started to be used in other communication fields, such as
the barcode reader in supermarkets which were
introduced in 1974
THE IMPACT OF LASERS ON LIGHT COMMUNICATION
However, trying to find a practical way to
allow lasers to be used in communication was
not so easy. The first issue was to find a
way to stop things from interrupting the
signal. The answer to this was to direct the
laser’s light into a shielded tube or cable so
light can travel without interference from the
outside.
THE IMPACT OF LASERS ON LIGHT COMMUNICATION
• However, this solution raised another question: “how
can you get the light to travel in the cable?”
• The answer to this question came from two things
that were already know about the properties of
light: while it can pass through glass it can also
reflect off glass if it hits it at the correct angle.
• The answer to the problem of how to get light to
travel through a long cable was to put glass inside
the shielded cable! The result was the invention of
the fibre optic cable.
FIBRE OPTIC CABLES
The first fibre optics cable was the
result of joint work between the
Corning and Siemens Corporations
in 1977. Corning provided the
fibre technology and Siemens the
cabling technology to produce a
cable that transmitted information
by using light.
FIBRE OPTIC CABLES
A Fibre optic is a long, thin strand
about the size of human hair,
made up of a very pure glass.
This strand, called the core, is the
material that the light travels
through. Surrounding the core is a
dark flexible material called the
cladding; it reflects back any
light that escapes the core.
FIBRE OPTIC CABLES
Finally, on the outside of each
cladding there is a plastic coating,
called a buffer, which protects the
fibre from damage and moisture.
Commonly, hundreds or thousands of
these optic fibers are placed together
in one optical cable which is protected
by an outside covering called a jacket.
THESE ADVANTAGES INCLUDE:
1. less expensive - saves the provider and the customer
money.
2. Higher carrying capacity - because they are thinner, more
fibers can be put into the same size cable as the traditional
copper cable. This results in more phone lines or TV channels
per cable.
THESE ADVANTAGES INCLUDE:
3. less signal breaks up- the fibre optic does not lose as much of its
signal as the copper wire and a light signal in one fibre will not
interfere with the signals of other fibers. These conditions give the
customer a clearer phone call, or TV picture and sound.
4. low power requirements - light signals lose less energy as it is
transmitted therefore low powered transmitters can be used instead
of the high-voltage transmitters needed for copper wires.
THESE ADVANTAGES INCLUDE:
5. digital signals - optical fibers are capable of transmitting
digital signals that are used by computers, such as those
connected to the internet.
6. non-flammable - the fibre uses no electricity and therefore
there is no danger of an electrical fire as with copper wires.
THESE ADVANTAGES INCLUDE:
7. Flexibility - the fibre optic cable is very flexible, and,
therefore can be used in places that require repeated
bending and shape changing, such as in the flexible
digital camera in your school science lab.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Medicine
The properties of the fibre optic have allowed
medical personnel to see places in the human body
with greater ease and comfort for the patient.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Medicine
BRONCHOSCOPES allow doctors to examine the inside of
the respiratory tract (your lungs and throat); so, doctors are
able to detect or rule out tumors of the lungs or airways
and to get tissue samples for analysis.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Medicine
ENDOSCOPES allow doctors to evaluate the interior
surfaces of an organ by inserting a small tube into
the body through a small cut. The procedures are
relatively painless with the patient being sedated.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Medicine
ENDOSCOPES allow doctors to evaluate the interior
surfaces of an organ by inserting a small tube into
the body through a small cut. The procedures are
relatively painless with the patient being sedated.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Medicine
LAPAROSCOPES allow doctors to perform surgery on growths within
the abdomen or pelvic areas, to examine the female organs, stomach,
liver, appendix, or gallbladder, and remove the appendix or
gallbladder if necessary. When compared to the traditional abdomen
surgery, laparoscopy usually involves less pain, less risk, less scarring
and faster recovery time.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Inspection of Manmade Materials
MECHANICS
The use of fibre optics as part of imaging systems allows engineers to
inspect mechanical welds in pipes and engines. Engines of planes,
rockets, space shuttles and cars can now be examined both externally
and internally after use. This increased safety feature has allowed for
the prevention of previously unpreventable accidents. Potential
problems can now be detected and thus corrected before they occur
APPLICATION OF FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Inspection of Manmade Materials
PLUMBING
Again, the use of fibre optics in imaging systems and as
well as its flexibility allow us to inspect water and sewer
lines without the high cost or interruption in their operation.
Inspection can now be done more quickly and with greater
accuracy. The whole system can be examined, not just the
section of pipe that was dug up.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Military and Commercial Aircraft Systems
Due to its low weight, high bandwidth capacity
and immunity to electromagnetic and RF
(radiofrequency) interference, fiber optic is used
extensively in avionics on both military and
commercial aircraft systems. Applications include
radar links, video systems, sensor networks and in-
flight entertainment systems.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Data Communications and Telecommunication systems
Fiber optics is also used in data communications and
telecommunications systems due to its ability to transmit high
bandwidths over longer distances than copper conductors.
In recent years, other fiber optic uses have arisen. Fiber optic
cables have become the backbone for MANs, WANs and LANs.
A. Eye Protection
a. Always wear safety glasses with side shields. Always ensure
that safety eyewear complies with relevant requirements
including OSHA.
b. After handling fiber, wash hands thoroughly before touching
eyes or contact lenses.
c. Never look directly into the end of any optical fiber unless you
are certain that no light is present in the fiber.
B. Protection from Fiber Scraps
a. Small scraps of bare fiber resulting from the termination and
splicing process must be disposed of in a container designed
for the purpose and marked according to local regulations, as
it may be considered hazardous waste.
b. Do not drop fiber scraps on the floor where they will stick in
carpets or shoes and be carries elsewhere.
A. Protection from Fiber Scraps
c. Thoroughly clean the work area when finished.
d. Do not eat, drink or smoke near the working area. Fiber
particles can be harmful if ingested.
e. Wash hands well after working with fibers.
f. Carefully inspect clothing for fiber scraps when finished
working with fiber.
C. Other Safety Issues
a. Work only in well-ventilated areas. Confined spaces, such
as equipment vaults, manholes can contain toxic or
explosive gases or insufficient air to sustain life.
b. Materials and chemicals used in installation processes may
be hazardous. Request Safety Data Sheets (SDS) on all
chemicals used.
c. Fusion splicers create an electric arc. Ensure that no
flammable vapors and/or liquids are present. Do not use in
confined spaces as defined by OSHA.
Installation Guidelines
a. Follow the cable manufacturer’s recommendations. Fiber
optic cable is often custom designed for the installation
and the manufacturer may have specific instructions on its
installation. \
b. Check the cable length to make sure the cable being
pulled is long enough for the run to prevent having to
splice fiber and provide special protection for the splices.
Installation Guidelines
c. Try to complete the installation in one pull. Prior to any
installation, assess the route carefully to determine the
methods of installations and obstacles likely to be
encountered.
d. Do not mix fiber optic cables and copper cables in one
cable tray. Copper cables can be much heavier and
damage the fiber cables by crushing. If needed, attach
fiber ducts to the side of copper cable trays and pull the
fiber into the duct.
Installation Guidelines
c. Do not twist the cable. Twisting the cable
can stress the fibers.
d. Roll the cable off the spool instead of
spinning it off the spool end to prevent
putting a twist in the cable for every turn
on the spool
