ENGINEERING
MECHANICS 2
𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑟: 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑟. 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑡ℎ
EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES
Equilibrium is the term used to designate the condition where
the resultant of a system is zero. Its physical meaning, as
applied to a body, is that the body is either at rest or is
moving in a straight line with a constant velocity.
= = =
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑀 = 0
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
An isolated view of a body which shows only the
external forces exerted on a body. These external
forces are either caused by direct bodily contact or by
gravitational or magnetic attraction.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: Determine the magnitude T of the tension in the
supporting cable and the magnitude of the force on the pin at
A for the jib crane shown. The beam AB is a standard 0.5m I-
beam with a mass of 95 kg per meter length.
𝑘𝑔 𝑁 𝑁 𝑘𝑁
95 (9.81 )= 931.95 = 0.932
𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚
𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛25
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠25
𝐴𝑥 𝑀𝐴 = 0; 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛25(4.88𝑚)+ 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠25(0.25𝑚) −4.66(2.38𝑚)
− 10(3.38) = 0
𝐴𝑦
4.66𝑘𝑁 𝑇 = 19.61𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0; −19.61𝑐𝑜𝑠25 + 𝐴𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝐴 = (𝐴𝑥)2 + (𝐴𝑦)2
𝐴𝑥 = 17.77𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐴 = (17.77)2 + (6.37)2
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐴𝑦 + 19.61𝑠𝑖𝑛25 −4.66 −10 = 0 𝑅𝐴 = 18.88𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑦 = 6.37𝑘𝑁
Problem 2: For the cable loaded as shown in the figure,
determine the angles 𝛽1 and 𝛽2 and the force in each segment.
Assumption: All joints are pin-connected
𝑀𝐵 = 0;
a. The moment at all joints are zero
1. Draw the free-body diagram. 𝐴𝑥(6) − 𝐴𝑦(24) + 1600(18) + 2000 7 = 0
2. Calculate for the support reactions. 6𝐴𝑥 − 24𝐴𝑦 = −42800 eq.1
𝐴𝑦
𝑀2 = 0;
𝑅𝐴
a 𝐴𝑥(6 + 7𝑡𝑎𝑛35) − 𝐴𝑦(17) + 1600 11 = 0
𝐵𝑦
𝐴𝑥 10.9𝐴𝑥 − 17𝐴𝑦 = −17600 eq.2
𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐴 = (𝐴𝑥)2 + (𝐴𝑦)2= 1912.282 + 2261.42
𝐴𝑥 = 1912.28𝑁
𝐵𝑥 𝐴𝑦 = 2261.40𝑁 𝑅𝐴 = 2961.5𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐵𝑥 − 1912.28𝑁 = 0 ; 𝐵𝑥 = 1912.28𝑁
a 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐵𝑦 + 2261.4𝑁 − 1600 − 2000 = 0 ; 𝐵𝑦 = 1338.6𝑁
𝑅𝐵 = (𝐵𝑥)2 + (𝐵𝑦)2= 1912.282 + 1338.62
𝑅𝐵 = 2334.24𝑁
Assumption: All joints are pin-connected Tension in segment A1
a. The moment at all joints are zero
Consider Joint A:
1. Draw the free-body diagram.
2. Calculate for the support reactions. 2261.4
2961.5
𝐴𝑦
𝑅𝐴 A1x
1912.28
𝐵𝑦 TA1
𝐴𝑥 A1y
𝑅𝐵
𝐵𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 0; −1912.28 + 𝐴1𝑥 = 0 ; 𝐴1𝑥 = 1912.28𝑁
𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝐴1𝑦 + 2261.4 = 0 ; 𝐴1𝑦 = 2261.4
𝑇𝐴1 = (𝐴𝑥)2 + (𝐴𝑦)2= 1912.282 + 2261.42
𝑇𝐴1 = 2961.5𝑁
2261.4
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝛽 = 49.79°
1912.28 1
Assumption: All joints are pin-connected Tension in segment 1-2
a. The moment at all joints are zero
Consider Joint 1:
1. Draw the free-body diagram. 2261.4
2. Calculate for the support reactions.
2961.5
𝐴𝑦 T12x
𝑅𝐴 T12
1912.28
T12y
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦
𝑅𝐵
𝐵𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 0; −1912.28 + 𝑇12𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑇12𝑥 = 1912.28𝑁
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 2261.4 − 𝑇12𝑦 − 1600 = 0 ; 𝑇12𝑦 = 661.4
𝑇12 = (𝑇12𝑥)2 + (𝑇12𝑦)2 = 1912.282 + 661.42
𝑇12 = 2023.43𝑁
661.4
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝛽2 = 19.08°
1912.28
Assumption: All joints are pin-connected Tension in segment 2-3
a. The moment at all joints are zero
Consider Joint 2:
1. Draw the free-body diagram.
2. Calculate for the support reactions. 661.4
T23sin35 T23
2023.43
𝐴𝑦
𝑅𝐴 T23cos35
1912.28
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦
𝑅𝐵
𝐵𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 0; −1912.28 + 𝑇23𝑐𝑜𝑠35 = 0 ; 𝑇23 = 2334.46𝑁
Problem 3: A uniform 80-m pipe that weighs 960kN is supported entirely
by a parabolic cable AB of negligible weight.
Determine the maximum tension in the cable
Determine the minimum tension in the cable
Determine the tension at point B.
Note:
Maximum tension occurs at the Maximum Slope.
Minimum Tension is located at Minimum Slope.
Use the squared
Solving for length of a cable:
property of parabola.
2 2 𝑥2
𝑋1 𝑋2 𝜔0 𝑥 2
= 𝑆=න 1+( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑇0
𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑥1
Where:
Wo = distributed load
To = Tension at origin
Using square property of parabola
x 80-x
𝑥 2 (80 − 𝑥)2
= 𝑥 = 50𝑚
20 7.2
Cut at the lowest point then isolate one side
𝑊 = 12 50 = 600𝑘𝑁
TA Ay
𝑀𝐴 = 0; 𝑇𝑜 20 − 600 25 = 0 𝑇𝑜 = 750𝑘𝑁 2
W
Ax
𝐹𝑥 = 0; 750 − 𝐴𝑥 = 0 𝐴𝑥 = 750𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑦 = 0; A𝑦 − 600 = 0 𝐴𝑦 = 600𝑘𝑁
To
𝑇𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2
12kN/m 𝑇𝐴 = 7502 + 6002
𝑇𝐴 = 960.47𝑘𝑁 1
960.47 600
By
750 TB
Bx
𝐹𝑥 = 0; −750 + 𝐵𝑥 = 0 𝐵𝑥 = 750𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 600 − 960 + 𝐵𝑦 = 0 𝐵𝑦 = 360𝑘𝑁
𝑇𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2
𝑇𝐵 = 7502 + 3602
𝑇𝐵 = 831.93𝑘𝑁
TRUSS
Is a structure that is made of straight, slender bars that
are joined together to form a pattern of triangles.
Trusses are usually designed to transmit forces over
relatively long spans such as roof and bridges.
The analysis of trusses is based on the following three assumptions:
The weights of the members are negligible
All joints are pins
The applied forces act at the joints
Methods of Truss Analysis
Method of Joints -the equilibrium equations are applied
to individual joints (or pins) of the truss
Method of Sections - analyzes the free-body diagram of a
part of a truss that contains two or more
joints
Problem 4: Considering the truss below:
Given: P1=10kN and P2=15kN
Determine the reaction support at A
Determine the force in member AB.
Determine the force in member CF.
Gx 𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐺𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 = 0 eq.1
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐺𝑦 − 10 − 15 = 0
Gy
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐺𝑦 = 25 eq.2
Ax 𝑀𝐴 = 0; 𝐺𝑥 4 + 10 2 + 15 6 = 0 ; 𝐺𝑥 = −27.5𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑥 = 27.5𝑘𝑁
Ay
𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐺𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 = 0 eq.1
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐺𝑦 − 10 − 15 = 0
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐺𝑦 = 25 eq.2
FAB
Ax 𝑀𝐴 = 0; 𝐺𝑥 4 + 10 2 + 15 6 = 0 ; 𝐺𝑥 = −27.5𝑘𝑁
FAF
𝐴𝑥 = 27.5𝑘𝑁
Ay
Method of joints:
@joint A:
4
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐹𝐴𝐵 =0 eq.3
2 5
2
𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐹 + 𝐹𝐴𝐹 = 0
𝐴𝐵 eq.4
2 5
𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐺𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 = 0 eq.1 𝐴𝑥 = 27.5𝑘𝑁
Gx
FGB
Gy 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐺𝑦 = 25 eq.2
4
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐹𝐴𝐵 =0 eq.3
2 5
2
𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐹 + 𝐹𝐴𝐹 = 0 eq.4
𝐴𝐵
2 5
Method of joints:
@joint G: Using eq. 2 𝐴𝑦 = 25𝑘N
Using eq. 3 4
𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐹𝐺𝐵 + 𝐺𝑥 = 0 ; 𝐹𝐺𝐵 −27.5 = 0 25 + 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 0 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 27.95𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
2 5
𝐹𝐺𝐵 = 27.5𝑘𝑁 (𝑇) 2
2
Using eq. 4 27.5 − 27.95 + 𝐹𝐴𝐹 = 0
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐺𝑦 = 0 2 5
; 𝐹𝐴𝐹 = 15𝑘𝑁(𝐶)
Solving for RA: 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 = 27.52 + 252
𝑅𝐴 = 37.17𝑘𝑁 1
@joint B:
FGB FBC
𝐹𝑥 = 0; 2
−𝐹𝐺𝐵 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 − 𝐹𝐴𝐵 ( )=0
FAB FBF 2 5
2
−27.5 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 + 27.95( )=0
2 5
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 15𝑘𝑁(𝑇)
4 4
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 𝐹𝐵𝐹 = 0 ; 27.95 − 𝐹𝐵𝐹 = 0
2 5 2 5
𝐹𝐵𝐹 = 25𝑘𝑁(𝑇)
@joint F:
𝐹𝑦 = 0; 4
−10 + 𝐹𝐵𝐹 + 𝐹𝐹𝐶 ( )=0
4 2
4
−10 + 25 + 𝐹𝐹𝐶 ( )=0
FBF 4 2
FAF FFC 𝐹𝐹𝐶 = 21.21𝑘𝑁(𝐶) 3
FEF
Problem 4: Using the figure below,
If P=3000N and Q=1000N, determine the force in member CD.
If P=3000N and Q=1000N, determine the force in member JK.
𝑀𝐶 = 0; 𝐹𝐽𝐾 2 + 1000 3 + 1000 1.5 = 0
𝐹𝐽𝐾 = 2250𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)
𝑀𝐽 = 0; 𝐹𝐶𝐷 2 − 1000 3 − 1000 1.5 − 3000(2) = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 5250𝑘𝑁(𝐶)
FCD FJK
