Mathematics II

:Question 1
 Trigonometric functions and
Hyperbolic functions and inverse
Trigonometric functions and inverse
Hyperbolic functions,

Name: Ahmed Ali

Mohamed

ID: 51910040

Sec: 1
Definition of trigonometric functions:
is a set of real functions that connect the angle of an existing triangle with
the ratio of two sides of the ribs of the famous and basic trigonometric
functions, function {sin} And a function {cos} And a function {tan} The
dumps of these functions are also triangular functions, and they are
{ cot,sec,csc }
These functions can also be defined as a ratio between the sides of an
existing triangle containing that angle or more generally, coordinates on the
unit circle when referring to triangles, the triangle is often referred to in the
flat surface. 180 always there are several other definitions of trigonometric
functions, including definition by power sequences, differential equations,
and integrations, each with its own application.
It can also be defined as trigonometric functions, which are related to the
angle, which are important in the study of triangles and the representation
of recurrent phenomena (such as waves). Trigonometric functions can be
defined as ratios between two sides in a triangle with the angle in question,
or more broadly. As a ratio between the coordinates of points on the unit
circle, it is always considered when referring to triangles that the
conversation revolves around a triangle in a flat surface so as to be the sum
of angles 180 Always a degree.
Trigonometric functions are functions of an engineering angle, which are
important when we want to study a triangle or display periodic phenomena.
These functions can be defined as the ratio of the sides of a right triangle
that contain that angle
There are three basic triangular functions:
Sin = the ratio between the opposite side of the angle divided by the chord.
Cos= the ratio between the side adjacent to the angle divided by the chord.
Tan = relativity between the opposite side of the angle and the side next to it
The trigonometric variable is generally an angle and may also be a real
number. Each function has its own characteristics, including marital,
individual, periodic, continuity and perpendicularity.
The main application of these functions is to calculate the lengths of the ribs,
the angles of the triangle and other related factors. This application is widely
used in various sciences such as space science Navigation and various fields
of physics. In space science, it is currently used in 3D optical measurement
and navigation, used in the calculation of ship coordinates and in optics,
mainly in the study of the phenomenon of light refraction. . Other uses of
trigonometric rule in the electric power and communications industry
include the application of alternating currents.

Settled Area of definition Icon

]1,1-[ All the real numbers

Sin
]1,1-[ All the real numbers
Cos
All the real numbers All the real numbers except
Tan
All the real numbers All the real numbers except
Cot
All the real numbers except
Sec
All the real numbers except
Csc
The table shows the definition of functions in terms of their field of

Relationship Icon
Sin
Cos
Tan
Cot
Sec
Csc

definition and their stability:

The table explains

this relationship:
These images show
trigonometric
relationships:

Definition using the angle-

based triangle:
Introducing the use of the
unit circuit:
The characteristics and laws of
trigonometric functions:
Derivation in trigonometric
functions:

Identical Pythagoras:
This matching text states that the sum of a square is a {sin}angle, so that,
with the square {cos}
for the same angle equals
one, it is

mathematically expressed in the following relationship:

Double-angle matches:
When the two angles are equal, the sum formulas are reduced to simpler
equations known as double-angle mirrors:

Semi-angle matches:
There are other matches:

Definition of inverse
trigonometric functions:
The inverse
trigonometric functions
are the inverse functions
of the
trigonometric functions defined on specific specific limited fields and
specifically, they are the inverse functions of the six functions {sin} {cos}
{tan}
{cot, sec, csc} ،The basic trigonometric functions are known as the
corresponding functions, but some conditions can be set for the function
field so that we can have periods when the functions are scalable and used
to obtain an angle from any of the triangular ratios of the angle. Reverse
trigonometric functions are widely used in mathematical engineering,
applied engineering, physics and navigation.
Reverse trigonometric functions can be coded withsin−1(x) cos−1(x) , and
the most commonly used coding is to name the reverse trigonometric
functions using Prefix "arc" as arcsine , arccos , arctan .... and so on.

The characteristics and laws of inverse trigonometric functions:

The shape of inverse trigonometric functions:

Definition Hyperbolic functions:

The hyperbolic functions in mathematics are those functions similar to
trigonometric or circular functions that form the following functions as the
basis of the hyperbolic functions:
It's marked by sinh or sh
It's marked by cosh or ch
It's marked by tanh or th
It is called hyperbole because it is derived from the hyperbolic function and
because it has properties very similar to trigonometric functions and
applications that are no less important than trigonometric functions, as they
can be used in some integration issues as appropriate compensation to find a
solution, as originated in some linear differential equations as a general
solution, as in the equation of Laplus in the advantages of the karting
coordinates, which has become an application
Many mechanics in physics also had the computation of the length of freely
suspended chains
being sequentially before these functions are reached

The

characteristics and laws Hyperbolic functions:

Definition of inverse Hyperbolic functions:
Reverse excess functions are the reverse functions of the excess functions.
For a specific value of the hyperbole function, the corresponding opposite
hyperbole function provides the corresponding extra angle.
The hyperbolic functions and their inverse in many linear differential
equations, for example, some cubist equations, the chain equation, in the
calculations of distances and angles in the hypergeometry and the laplus
equation in the decibel coordinates. LaPlace equations are important in
many fields of physics.
Reverse functions can be coded with sinh−1(x) cosh−1(x), .... And so themost
commonly used coding is to label the reverse functions using the prefix. ،
"ar" And this prefix is from an English word. "area" And I'm just like that.
arsineh , arcosh , artanh .... And so on.
And there's another code, which is using the prefix. "arg" and this prefix is
from an English word. "argumentum" And it's like argsineh, argcosh, argtanh
.... And so on.
characteristic and laws of inverse Hyperbolic functions:
Examples of trigonometric functions:
Examples of inverse trigonometric functions:

Examples of inverse hyperbolic functions:

Examples of Hyperbolic functions:
 Mathematics II
:Question 2
 Limits

Name: Ahmed Ali

Mohamed

ID: 51910040

Sec: 1
Definition limits:
The end in mathematics, one of the basic concepts in mathematics, is
the importance of the end in that it is used to define other basic
concepts in mathematics such as continuity, derivation and
integration. It is simply the value that a function is approaching when
the X-variable approaches a particular value (so that the difference
between this near and the real value is almost zero) (it may be equal
to, for example, the function) and the end concept arose under the
need to calculate the lengths, sizes and sizes of shapes such as the
circle and sphere,
We say that for a function F(x) The end is equal to L For what's going
on x to , a If we can make F(x) Values that are arbitrarily approaching L
values by taking x values to be close to a values are sufficiently close to
a values without being equal and we write this in the form:
At the end of the line (infinity), you write like this:
The value of the end of an association can be guessed, when the values
of the x independent variable approach a certain real number, using a
calculator or graph.
The concept of the end is that it is a way to find the value that a
dependent variable must take when an independent variable reaches
a certain value, even when the dependent variable cannot be
calculated directly from the rules of calculation and algebra.
To find {Limit} we compensate {x} is value in the function as a first step
and then solve any problem in finding value for {Limit} by
simplification or abbreviation.

:characteristics and laws of Limits

This theory uses
in matters where we want to
calculate sin and cos::
:Examples on limits
 Mathematics II
:Question 3
 Indeterminate Forms and
L’Hopital’s Rule

Name: Ahmed Ali

Mohamed

ID: 51910040

Sec: 1
Definition of Indeterminate Forms:
An unassigned formula is a algebraic formula that sometimes appears
in the context of the solution to the ends
The solution of algebraic endings is to compensate for the subformula
(or independent variable) at the value to which it is referred, which
may result in an insufficient formula or quantity to set the original end,
defined as an unspecified formula or quantity. The unassigned version
has several images:
In case 0/0 We usually think of a fraction that has a zero spread as
zero. However, we also tend to think of fractions where the
denominator will reach zero, in the limit, as infinite or may not exist at
all. Similarly, we tend to think of a part where the numerator and the
denominator are one and they will all be abolished and the limit will
reach another value.
In case∞ / −∞ We have a similar set of problems. If the extension of
the break is destined for infinity, we tend to think of the whole fraction
heading to infinity. Also, if the denominator reaches infinity, in the
limit, we tend to think of the fraction as zero. We also have a break
state where the numerator and the denominator are identical (ignore
the subtraction mark) so we might get -1. Again, with the second limit,
another problem is that infinity is not really a number, so we shouldn't
really treat it like a number. Often it won't behave simply as we
expected it if it was a number. This is the problem with unspecified
forms. It's not clear what's going on. There are other types of shapes
that are not specified as well. Some species the other
all have interests or rules.

Conditions Unassigned formula

 0/0
∞/∞
∞*0
∞
1
00
0
∞
∞−∞
The characteristics and laws of Indeterminate Forms:

Definition of L’Hopital’s Rule:

The Lobital base uses derivation to find the ends for unlimited
formulas
In mathematics, calculus provides more specifically, a technical lupital
rule to evaluate the boundaries of undefined shapes. An application
(or recurring application) of the rule often converts an unspecified
form into an expression that can be easily evaluated by replacement.
The principle of the Theory of the Lupital Base, let it be. a a real
number or even a where the real functions are f And g Defined
nearby a And g Violation of zero. If we try to determine the end of the
fracture, f/g In a ، Where both numerators and denominators, both
towards zero or both towards infinity, we can derive them and
determine the end of the break-up of derivatives. If it exists, al-Qaeda
asserts that this end will be equal to the end we are lookingfor.
Simplified text: In Opital' book, the existing rule is the one commonly
used in the case of two derivable functions in a And where the fraction
f'(a) / g'(a) ID : If it were. "f" And "g" Two derivable functions in "a"،
and equal to zero in a

And where the fraction I.D., the

The characteristics and laws of L’Hopital’s Rule:
:First case

The second case:

The
second case can be converted to the same case as the first one in this
way:
As for the shape of this it can be solved with 3 shape or
it's divided in to 3 Forms

Beatings in facilities Use of logarithm properties

Unifying both
denominators
log or In

Third case:

And this case expresses a function because you will find your ace in X
function
The function used for this current:
We can derive the fourth case from the third case:
:Examples of indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule:base

This is an example of the fourth case derived from the third case:
 Mathematics II
:Question 3
 Maximum and Minimum
Values

Name: Ahmed Ali

Mohamed

ID: 51910040

Sec: 1
Definition of Maximum and Minimum Values:
One of the most important applications of calculus and derivatives is the
calculation of so-called super values and micro values and sometimes called
the abbreviation {Extrema}
In fact, this topic is considered a very important topic where many physical and
other quantities in the sciences of advanced technologies need to know the
great values and micro values and how to bottom the functions that express
these quantities in order to reach the results and solutions like this, and
because we consider the function an active mathematical object you will try to
use the concepts of hardships to know the nature,
We agreed that the function is f (x). For example, it can be considered as an
mathematical being with its own natures, recipes and behavior. x ! It means
that if there are two great two vitamins (small) for example, then certainly one
lags behind the other in the amount, and therefore it is called local bone
values (micro), if there is a super value is the largest ever no matter how the
change of the x variable x is called an absolute scientific value, and if there is a
value of the function is yellow at all called a small value suspended that
explains the meanings of the great (micro) values.
The absolute (minimum) value of the f (x) function defines the outstanding
period [a, b] as the largest (smaller) value of the function in the period [a, b]
or at the top (lowest) point on the function curve, and this oil can be repeated
on the function curve but its values remain single.
The local (micro) supervalue defines the function expression f(x) Knowledge on
the period [ a , b ] that contains the number c and where [ a , b ] c ، So the
function f(x) There's a local super-vime at the number. c If you find the open
period, I That contains the number c Where [ ctica] , b And so that it is,
I [a,b] c
 The maximum and minimum points, generally known as critical points,
are those points where the value of the function is as high as possible
or as low as possible within a defined vicinity (critical curve) or on the
scale of the function in general, the maximum and minimum points of
group theory are defined as the highest and lowest values in the set.
Finding the maximum and minimum points (critical) is the nucleus of
mathematical optimization. The search for the maximum and
minimum points is the primary goal of optimization. If the function is
continuous over a closed period, then from the critical value theorem
there are both maximum and minimum points. In addition, the general
maximum (or minor) point must be either local (minor) super in the
lower field or it falls on the boundaries of the field. Consequently, one
of the ways to search for these points is to search for all local (or
minor) local points within the domain or at the borders and to choose
.the largest and smallest values
Critical points can also be found by the Vermat theorem, which states
that they must be found at critical points.. One can distinguish
whether the critical point is a local super or micro by using the first
derivative test or the second derivative test.

Characteristics and laws of Maximum and Minimum Values:

1. Function
x2 it has a
small
distinct
value
when x =
0
2. Function
x3 It has
no
general
super or junior points. Although this is the first derivative
3. 3X2 He's at. 0=x 0 This is called a coup d'etat.
4. Function have unique general supervalues when x = e See drawing:

5. Function x-x General micro-end atx = 1/e

6. Function x3/3 − x It's its first derivative. x2 − 1 And its second derivative. 2x
equals the first derivative by zero and solves the equation inx We get static
values when −1 at And+1. From the second derivative signal at the values we
find that−1 local super and that+1 Local junior. Note that this function does not
have general super points.
Examples of Maximum and Minimum Values:
 Mathematics II
 Applied

Research
Solve the 20
questions

Name: Ahmed Ali

Mohamed

ID: 51910040

Sec: 1