Tabulation: Ingement of Tabulation may be defined as systematic ar in columns and rows. It is designed to simplify presentation of data for purpose of analysis and statistical inference Objectives of Tabulation: Tabulation is meant to summarise lots of information in such a simple manner that it can be easily analysed and interpreted. The major objectives of Tabulation are . To Simplify Complex Data: In the process of data, unnecessary details are avoided and data are presented systematically in columns and rows in concise form. All tabular data are presented in such a manner that they become more meaningful and can be easily understood by common man, ate Comparison: Data presented in row and columns facilitate comparison. Since a divided into various parts and for each part separates sub-totals and total are relationships between various items of the table can be easily understood. C. To Economise Space: Economy of space is achieved by tabulation, as all unnecessary details and repetitions are avoided without sacrificing quality and utility of the data. D.To Depict Trend and Pattern of Data: Tabulation of data depicts the trend of the information under the study and reveals the patterns within the figures which cannot be understood in descriptive form of presentation. E. To Help Reference: When data are arranged in tables with titles and table numbers, they can be easily identified and made use of, as source reference for future studies. F. To Facilitate Statistical Analysis: After Classification and tabulation, statistical data becomes fit for analysis and interpretation. Various statistical measures like averages, dispersion, correlation etc. can be calculated easily from the data which are systematically tabulated. iven in Essential Parts of Table: i. Table Number: Each Table should be numbered for easy identification and future reference. Table number may be given on the top of the table or it may be given on the left hand side along with the title of the table. Sometimes table number is given in the centre, at the bottom of the table. ii. Title of the Table: Each table should have a title. It is generally given at the top of the table in the centre. Title should be clear, concise and adequate. iii.Captions (Column Headings) and Stubs (Row Headings): of the table should be clear and brief. iv.Body: The body of table contains statistical data which have to be presented. This the most vital part of the table and the data contained in the body are arranged according to captions and stubsch refers to the data contained in the le of the table. Generally it is put in as headnote like ‘in », Headnote: Statistical tables contain a headnote whi major parts of the table and it is placed below the tit i brackets. For example, the units of measurements are generally written jakhs’ or ‘in tonnes’, etc. i ie a Foie are given below the table and are meant to clarify anything whieh is not clear from the heading, title, stubs and captions. For example, if there are ‘exception to the data and if it is necessary to give any further explanation of certain terms, they are given in the footnote Rules of Tabulation: Following general rules should be taken into consideration while tabulating statistical data . Table should be precise and easy to understand. It should not be necessary to go through footnotes or explanation to properly understand a table. 2. If the data are very large they should not be crowded in a single table. Such a table can be presented in a number of tables. Each table should be complete in itself and should serve a particular purpose. 3. The table should suit the size of the paper and therefore the width of the columns should be decided beforehand. 1. The units of measurement under each heading or sub-heading must always be indicated. 5. Source or sources of data from where the data in the table have been taken must be indicated just below the table. . Usually the columns are separated from one another by lines which make the table more readable and attractive. Lines are always drawn at the top and bottom of the table and below the captions. 7. The columns may be numbered to facilitate reference. 8. Those columns whose data are to be compared should be kept side by side. 9. Abbreviations should be avoided and ditto marks should not be used in the table. 10. Total of rows should be normally placed in the extreme right column and that of columns should be placed at the bottom. Types of Tabulation: I. Simple and Complex tabulation: Broadly speaking, tabulation of data can be either simple or complex. Simple tabulation gives information about one or more groups of independent questions. Complex tabulation shows the division of data in two or more categories as such is meant to give more information about one or more sets of inter-related questions. One-Way Tables: Simple tabulation usually gives rise to single or one-way tables. One-way table supply answers to questions about one characteristics of data only. The following table will illustrate the point.Marks, Number of Students 30-40 4 40-50 26 50-60 30 60-70 20 70-80 10 Total 100 This table tells us about the number of students in each class-interval of marks obtained by them. We can know from the table that 30 students obtained marks between 50-60. This table also tells us that the minimum marks range from 30-40 and the maximum from 70-80. Thus this one-way table gives us information only about one characteristics of data, that is, marks of students in statistics. All the questions the questions that can be answered from this table would be independent of each other. Two: Table: As against the above type of table there double or two-way table. Two way tables give information about two inter-related characteristics of a particular phenomenon. If the numbers of students given in the above table are further divided sex-wise, the table would become a two-way table because it would give information about two characteristics, namely, marks obtained by students in statistics and the sex-wise distribution of students in various class- intervals of marks. The shape of the table will be as follows: Marks Obtained by 100 students in Statistics (Sex-wise) Number of Students Marks Males Females Total 30-40 8 6 14 40-50 16 10 26 50-60 14 16 30 60-70 12 8 20 70-80 6 4 10 Total 56 44 100 The above table is capable of supplying information about questions related to two inter-related phenomena. From the table nor only can we have find out that 30 students obtained marks between 50-60 but also the fact that out of them 14 were males and 16 females. Three-way Table: If three interrelated phenomena are to be studied, there would be treble or three-way table, A three-way table can answer questions relating to three inter-related problems. In the above example if we further find the number of students who were day scholar, a three- way table would be necessary. It would be as given in the Table 3Marks Obtained by 100 students in Statistics (Sex-wise and on the basis of Residence) Marks Number of Students Male Female Total Day Day Day Hostellers | Scholar | Total | Hostellers | Scholar | Total Hostellers | Scholar | Total 30-40 4 4 8 4 2 6 8 6 14 40-50 10 6 16 3 5 10 15 ll 26 30-60] 8 6 14 9 7 16 17 13 | 30 60-70 a 5 12 3 3 8 12 8 20 70-80 DI 1 6 2 2 4 i 3 10 Total 34 22 56 25 19 | 44 59 41 100 The table can supply us information about a-marks obtained by students b- the students of these students sex-wise and c-the distribution of students on the basis of residence. Higher Order table: The tables can also be the manifold or of higher order. Such table supply information about a large number of inter-related questions. If in the above table additional information is given about civil conditions (married or unmarried) of students it would become a four-way table and similarly tables can be of still higher order five-way. » Six-way and so on. All such tables are called manifold or higher order tables. General and Secial Purpos: Table: General purpose table are aiso cailed referencé tables or repository tables, and they provide information for general use and reference. According to Horse Secrist: “Reference tables contain ungroup data basic for particular report, usually containing a large amount of data and frequently related to a tabular append