12

Media and Information

Literacy 12
Quarter 1 – Module 7:
LEGAL, ETHICAL & SOCIETAL ISSUES
IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION

Prepared by

Mrs. Mary Grace B. Pacultad

MIL Teacher
Submitted to

Yolanda L. Manongsong, MaEd

School Principal
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the context of Media and Information Literacy. It contains varied activities
that can help you as a Senior High School student to not just be an information
literate individual, but a creative and critical thinker as well as responsible user and
competent producer of media and information.

The module contains lesson in Legal, Ethical, Societal Issues in Media and
Information.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Put into practice your understanding of the intellectual property,
copy right, and fair use guidelines,
2. Cite practical situation when to apply knowledge in intellectual
property, copy right, and fair use guidelines.

Charge up

Activity 1: Complete Me. The following terms are all associated with ethical use of media
and information, before you proceed, try to figure out what these terms.

1. C___R_G_

2. C_MM__S

3. P_TE__

4. _A_R U_ _

5. F_AM_ _G

6. __BE_ __LL___G

7. __AG__R__M

8. _E__QU___ E
 Knowledge
Bank

What is copyright?
Copyright is mainly the protection of one’s expressions which only becomes
tangible and concepts when objects are created as manifestation of these expression.
Copyright could be a variety of protection provided by the laws to the authors of
“original works of authorship,” together with literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and
bound different intellectual works. This protection is obtainable to each revealed and
unpublished works.
• Set of rights granted the author
• Creator of a piece, to limit others ability to repeat
• Redistribute and reshape the content.

Related Issues
A copyright protects solely original works of “authorship”
enclosed within the following seven categories:
• Literary works (including pc programs),
• Musical works, together with any incidental words,
• Dramatic works, together with any incidental music,
• Pantomimes and dance works,
• Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works,
• Motion photos and different audiovisual works,
• Sound recordings.

Registering Copyright
Majority of the state signatories of WIPO adhere to the Berne convention that
provides automatic copyright protection. This means that a registration or any other
formality is not required. As for most countries, including the Philippine, there is a
system for voluntary registration of works. Such system “help solve disputes over
ownership or creation, as well as facilitate financial transactions, sales, and the
assignment and/or transfer of rights.”

Fair Use
Fair Use is the limitation and to the prerogative granted by copyright law to
the author of an ingenious work. samples of use embrace statement, search engines,
criticism, news coverage, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship.

Plagiarism
The plagiarism is copying or closely imitating the work of another author,
composer, etc., while no permission and with the intention of passing the results of
as original.
What is netiquette?
Netiquette refers to a collection of rules that governs what conduct is socially
acceptable in a web or digital scenario. It’s a social code of network communication.
Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly on-line. It represents the importance
of correct manners and behavior on-line. In general, netiquette is that the set of
skilled and social etiquettes practiced and advocated in transmission over any
electronic network. Common pointers embody being courteous and precise, and
avoiding cyber-bullying.
Netiquette additionally dictates that users ought to adapt copyright laws and
avoid over victimization emoticons. It could be a short type of network rule or net
rule. The word netiquette could be a combination of ‘net’ (from internet) and
‘etiquette’. It suggests that respecting alternative users’ views and displaying
common courtesy once posting your views to on-line discussion teams.

10 Basic Rules of Netiquette or Internet Etiquette

Know your manners when using Technology. The rules of etiquette are just as
important in cyberspace as they are in the evidence of poor netiquette can stick
around to haunt you for much longer. Follow these basic rules of netiquette to avoid
damaging your online and offline relationships.

DO DON’T
- Respect other people’s privacy - Name-call or express offensive
- Verify facts before reposting opinions
- Check messages and respond - Post private or embarrassing images
promptly or comments
- Exclude people or talk behind their
backs.

1. Remember That Real People Take Priority

If some is in the room with you, stop what you are doing and look at
them. And don’t answer your cellphone unless it is to tell the person other end
that you will call them right back. If you are expecting an important call or email,
let the person with you know upfront, and apologize for taking the call. This is
also true of public places, such as restaurants, public transit, stores, and
libraries. Avoid taking phone calls and having conversations in these shared
spaces.

2. If You Wouldn’t Say It to Someone’s Face, Don’t Say It Online.

Name-calling, cursing, expressing deliberately offensive opinions –if you
wouldn’t do it to the face of anyone who might conceivably see what you write,
don’t write it. This goes for any social media site, forum, chat room, or email
message, even if you think it can’t be traced back to you.

3. If You Wouldn’t Show it in Public, Don’t Share It Online

Naked sex pictures drunk pictures, drug use pictures, unedited home
video-if you would have a problem with your boss, your parents, or your kids
seeing it now, or at any point in the future, don’t post is online.
4. Don’t Exclude Your Audience
If you have an in-joke to share with one other person, or a small number
of people in a larger online group, send them a private message. Don’t make
everyone else feel left out by posting an obscure comment to your Facebook
status, forum, or Instagram story.

5. Don’t “Friend” Then “Unfriend” People

NO one believes you have 1,000 friends, but it is insulting to be dropped
from someone’s friend list. Think about it before adding them or accepting their
invitation. If you don’t want to be in touch with them, don’t add them in the first
place. If you want to stay touch for professional reasons, tell them you only use
Facebook for close personal friendships, and join LinkedIn or another
professional networking site for more distant contacts.

6. Don’t Overload System Resources With Enormous Files

You might think that sequence of nature pictures with inspirational
statements is wonderfully moving. It might even give you a sense of serenity. But
that is the last thing it will give the person you email it to if it crashes their sever,
depletes their inbox quota so their emails get bounced for a week before they
realize, or uses up the last bit of space they needed to complete an important
assignment. So post it to your own space and send people a link. Don’t attached
it to an email.

7. Respect People’s Privacy

Don’t forward information sent to you without checking with the
original sender first. Use BCC (blind carbon copy) rather than CC (Carbon Copy)
if you are sending something out to more than one person. You might think that
we are sending online, but your friends may not want their names and or email
addresses publicized to people they do not even know.

8. Don’t Repost Without Checking the Facts

That cure for cancer might sound pretty impressive, but it will cause
upset if it is a hoax. And urban myths add to the noise of the internet and waste
people’s time. If you aren’t sure of the facts, email it to someone who does know
or can find out. Or do a search on Google or snopes.com

9. Check and Respond to Email Promptly

By all means, ignore and delete spam, unsolicited messages, and crazy
stuff. But if you have given someone you email address or if you are in a position
where people could reasonably be expected to contact you by email and your email
address is public, have the courtesy to reply to their message within a few days.
If it is going to take longer to reply, email them and tell them that.

10. Update Online Information That People Depend Upon

Don’t leave inaccurate information online just because you can’t be
bothered to update your website. If you are going to be unavailable, for example,
don’t leave your hours of operation online indicating you will be available. If you
can’t keep your website up to date, take it down.
Digital Divide, Addiction, Bullying

Digital Divide

Digital divide could be a term that refers to the gap between demographics
and regions that have access to trendy info and technology, and people that do not
or have restricted access. Before the late twentieth century, digital divide referred
principally to the division between those with and without phone access.

The digital divide generally exists between those in cities and people in rural
areas; between the educated and the uneducated; between socioeconomic groups;
and, globally, between the more and less industrially developed nations. Even among
populations with some access to technology, the digital divide can be evident in the
form of lower-performance computers, lower-speed wireless connections, lower-
priced connections such as dial-up, and limited access to subscription-based content
(Rouse, 2014)

Computer Addiction
A disorder in which the individual turns to the Internet or plays computer
games to change moods, overcome anxiety, deal with depression, reduce isolation or
loneliness, or distract themselves from overwhelming problems. The elderly, as well
as children and adolescents, are particularly vulnerable because they may not realize
the extent of their dependency. In many instances, individuals with computer
addiction may seek help for another condition, such as depression, phobias or other
addictions (Shiel, 2018).

Bullying
Stopbullying.org (2019) defines bullying as unwanted, aggressive behavior
among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The
behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Both kids who
are bullied and who bully others may have serious, lasting problems.

In order to be considered bullying, the behavior must be aggressive and include:

• An Imbalance of Power: Kids who bully use their power—such as physical
strength, access to embarrassing information, or popularity—to control or
harm others. Power imbalances can change over time and in different
situations, even if they involve the same people.
• Repetition: Bullying behaviors happen more than once or have the potential
to happen more than once.

Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors,

attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on
purpose.
Three Types of Bullying

Verbal bullying is saying or writing means things. Verbal bullying includes:

Example: Teasing, Name-calling, Inappropriate sexual comments, Taunting,
Threatening to cause harm.
Social bullying, sometimes referred to as relational bullying, involves hurting
someone’s reputation or relationships. Social bullying includes:
Examples:
- Leaving someone out on purpose
- Telling other children not to be friends with someone
- Spreading rumors about someone
- Embarrassing someone in public

Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions.

Physical bullying includes:
- Hitting/kicking/pinching
- Spitting
- Tripping/pushing
- Taking or breaking someone’s things
- Making mean or rude hand gestures

Intellectual Property in International and Local Context

Intellectual property, or IP, as defined by the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO), is the “creation of the mind, such as inventions, literary and
artistic works, designs and symbols, names and images used in commerce.” Since
the products of human intellect have a direct influence on human civilization and
on the development of societies, there should be safeguards on intellectual
property.

Laws are enacted to enforce and recognition toward the fruits of other
people’s ingenuity. Inventions or creations serve some benefits to user, thus in the
logic of commerce of business, inventions and creators should properly have
compensated for their contribution. If their intellectual property right is protected,
people will be motivated to contribute more by continuously inventing and creating
for the public good on the spirit of fair play.

The WIPO is the “global forum for intellectual property service, policy,
information, and cooperation.” In the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual
Property Organization signed at Stockholm on 14 July 1967 and amended on 28
September 1979, it has been agreed among the state signatories that the WIPO will
be “responsible for the promotion and protection of intellectual property throughout
the world through cooperation among state and, where appropriate, in collaboration
with other international organizations, and for the administration of various treaties
dealing with intellectual property rights,” WIPO has classified the forms of IP .
Table 1. Types of Intellectual Property
Terms Description Coverage

 Legal terms used to describe the rights  Books , Music,

Copyright that creators have over their literary and Paintings, Sculpture,
artistic works Films, Computer
program, Databases,
Advertisement, Maps,
Technical drawings

 Provides the patent owner with the right  Exclusive right

Patent to diced how, or whether, the invention granted for an
can be used by others in exchange for invention
this right. The patent owner makes
technical information about the
invention publicly available in the
published patent document
Trademark  A sign capable of distinguishing goods or  Products sold or
services of one enterprise from those of services offered by a
other enterprises business entity
 Dates back to ancient times when
craftsmen used to put their signature or
“mark” on their products
Industrial  Constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic  Design of an object
Design aspect of an article/object (shape or surface,
patterns, lines, or
colors)
Geographical  Sign used on goods that have specific  The name of the place
Indication and geographical origin and possess of origin of the
Appellation of qualities, a reputation or characteristics goods/products
Origin that are essentially attributable to that
place of origin

The Intellectual Property Law of the Philippines

The Philippines, as a State signatory in the Convention Establishing the

World Intellectual Property Organization, is duty-bound to pass a law on
intellectual property protection. Thus, the enactment of Republic Act 8293,
otherwise known as “The Intellectual Property Code of 1997”

According to this piece of legislation, intellectual property rights consist of

1. Copyright and related rights;

2. Trademarks and service marks;
3. Geographic indication;
4. Industrial designs;
5. Patents;
6. Layout-designs {Topographies) of
integrated circuits; and
7. Protection of understanding information.
Copyright Protected Works

Under Philippine copyright, both original works and derivative works are
protected.

Original works are those that are literary or artistic in natures which include
the following:
 Books, pamphlets, article, and other writings
 Periodicals and newspapers
 Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertation prepared for oral delivery,
whether or not reduced in writing or other material form
 Letters
 Dramatic or dramatic-musical compositions; choreographic works or
entertainment in dumb show
 Musical compositions, with or without words
 Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving, lithography
or other works of art; models or designs for works of art
 Original ornamental designs or models for articles of manufacture, whether
or not registrable as an industrial design, and other works of applied art
 Illustration, maps, plans, sketches, chart and three-dimensional works
relative to geography, topography, architecture or science
 Drawings or plastic works of scientific or technical character
 Photographic works including work produced by a process analogous to
photography; lantern sides
 Audiovisual works and cinematographic works and works produced by a
process analogous to cinematography or any process of making audio-visual
recordings;
 Pictorial illustrations and advertisements
 Computer programs
 Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works

Works Not Protected

There are also works that are not covered by copyright due to insufficient
authorship or due to the work being of importance to public interest.

2. Unprotected Subject Matter

 Any idea, produce, system, method or operation, concept, principle,
discovery or mere data as such, even if they are expressed, explained,
illustrated or embodied in a mark
 News of the day and other miscellaneous facts having the character of
mere items of press information
  Any official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, as well
as any official translation.

2. Works of the Government

 Any purpose of statutes, rules and regulations, and speeches, lectures,

sermons, addresses, and dissertations, pronounced, read or rendered
in courts of justice, before administrative agencies, in deliberative
assembles and in meeting of public character. (Sec. 9, first par., P.D.
No. 49)

Skill Exploration

Activity 2:

a. In 100 words or more, explain the value of intellectual property especially in

the case of media content or products.

b. What is the main difference between copyright and patent?

c. Do you think technology and internet have made plagiarism easier? Do you
think technology has made people more or less creative? Explain your
answer with examples.
 Your Turn to Shine

1. Cite one example in your school or community of teenagers who have experienced
computer addiction. What happen them? Have they recovered from their
addiction?

2. Give one suggestion to avoid cyber bullying. Give one suggestion to avoid being a
cyberbully.
 Check What you know
A. Matching Type: Match column A with column B, write only the letter of your
correct answer in your notebook or notebook.
Column A Column B

1. Copying or closely imitating the work of another A. Copyright

author, composer, etc., while no permission and with
the intention of passing the results off as original. B. Laptop Addiction

2. A legal device that provides the creator of a C. Cyber Bullying

literary, artistic, musical, or different inventive work
the only real right to publish and sell that job. D. Fair Use

3.A type of bullying that takes place on-line, or E. Plagiarism

victimization electronic technology like cell phones,
computers, and tablets over communication tools F. Bullying

4. The excessive use of computers to the extent that it G. Netiquette

interferes with standard of living, particularly in using
technological device. H. Physical Bullying

5. Refers to the limitation and to the prerogative granted I. Patent

by copyright law to the author of an ingenious work.
J. Digital Divide
6. A term referring to the gap between demographics
and regions that have access to trendy info and K. Cybercrime
technology, and people that do not or have restricted
access.

7. A type of bullying that involves hurting a person’s

body or possessions.

8. A set of rules for behaving properly on-line.

9. Exclusive right granted for an invention.

10. The unwanted, aggressive behavior among school

aged children that involves a real or perceived power
imbalance.
B. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct, otherwise False on your
notebook or answer sheet.

1. A copyright protects solely original works of “authorship” like literacy

works and sound recording.

2. Algorithm is a collection of rules that governs what conduct is socially

acceptable in a web or digital scenario.

3. In the internet always remember that real people take priority.

4. Never post private or embarrassing images or comments in social

media.

5. Computer addiction is a disorder in which individual turns to the

Internet or plays computer games to change moods, overcome anxiety, deal with
depression, reduce isolation or loneliness, or distract themselves from
overwhelming problems.

MIDTERM EXAM

1. Create 1 to 2 minute vlog of how you protect yourself online.

2. Upload your video in YouTube as UNLISTED

3. Copy the link of your video and submit in our GClassroom

4. Submit on or before November 10, 2021

Grading Rubric