Sustainable Development
Jaiprakash Nayak
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering
ISO 14000
Environmental Management
Systems (ISO 14000) and
associated topics
Outline of lecture
• Sustainability
• Environmental Management Systems (ISO
14000)
• Environmental Protection Act (EPA)
• Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)
• Precautionary Principle
• Life Cycle Assessment
MATS326-5 environment
Sustainability
"Meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."
World Commission on
Environment and Development
(Brundtland Commission Report 1987)
MATS326-5 environment
Sustainability
• A balance of:
– Economic
– Environmental
– Equity (social factors)
– Governance
• the latter factor rarely features in analyses
• thus often referred to as “triple E”
MATS326-5 environment
Equity
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Motivation and Personality (1954)
– physiological needs
– safety or security needs
– belongingness and love needs
– esteem needs
– self-actualisation
MATS326-5 environment
Twelve Guiding Principles of
Engineering for Sustainable Development
• Look beyond your own locality and immediate future
• Innovate and be creative
• Seek a balanced solution
• Seek engagement from all stakeholders
• Make sure you know the needs and wants
• Plan and manage effectively
• Give sustainability the benefit of the doubt
• If polluters must pollute ... then they must pay as well
• Adopt an holistic 'cradle-to-grave' approach
• Do things right, having decided on the right things to do
• Beware cost reductions that masquerade as value engineering
• Practice what you preach
Sustainable Development Education Working Group
of the Royal Academy of Engineering
ISO 14001: the compliance standard
• Five elements:
– Environmental policy
– Planning
– Implementation and operation
– Checking and corrective action
– Management review
ISO 14001: the compliance standard
• Environmental policy
• Planning
– Environmental aspects
– Legal and other requirements
– Objectives and targets
– Environmental management program(s)
ISO 14001: the compliance standard
• Implementation and operation
– Structure and responsibility
– Training, awareness and competence
– Communication
– Environmental management system
documentation
– Document control
– Operational control
– Emergency preparedness and response
ISO 14001: the compliance standard
• Checking and corrective action
– Monitoring and measurement
– Non-conformance and corrective and preventive
action
– Records
– Environmental management system audit
• Management review
ISO 14000 - summary
ISO 14001 Environmental Management System Elements:
1 Environmental policy
2 Planning
2.1 Environmental aspects
2.2 Legal and other requirements
2.3 Objectives and targets
2.4 Environmental management program(s)
3 Implementation and operation
3.1 Structure and responsibility
3.2 Training, awareness and competence
3.3 Communication
3.4 Environmental management system documentation
3.5 Document control
3.6 Operational control
3.7 Emergency preparedness and response
4 Checking and corrective action
4.1 Monitoring and measurement
4.2 Non-conformance and corrective and preventive action
4.3 Records
4.4 Environmental management system audit
5 Management review
ISO 14000 guidelines
• Standard Title / Description
• 14000 Guide to Environmental Management Principles,
- systems and Supporting Techniques
14001 Environmental Management Systems
- specification with Guidance for Use
14004 Environmental Management Systems
• - general guidelines on principles,
systems and supporting techniques
• 14006 Environmental Management Systems
– guidelines for incorporating ecodesign
14010 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing
- General Principles of Environmental Auditing
14011 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing
- Audit Procedures 1: Environmental Management Systems
14012 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing
- Qualification Criteria for Environmental Auditors
14013 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing
- Audit Programmes, Reviews & Assessments
ISO 14000 implementation
Standard Title / Description
14015 Environmental Management
- environmental assessment of sites and organisations
14020/23 Environmental Labeling
14024 Environmental Labeling - Practitioner Programs -
Guiding Principles, Practices and Certification Procedures of Multiple Criteria Programs
14031/32 Guidelines on Environmental Performance Evaluation
14040/43 Life Cycle Assessment General Principles and Practices
14050 Glossary
14060 Guide for the Inclusion of Environmental Aspects in Product Standards
Environmental Protection Act 1990
I. Integrated Pollution Control
and Air Pollution Control by Local Authorities
II. Waste on Land
III. Statutory Nuisances and Clean Air
IV. Litter, etc.
V. Radioactive Substances
VI. Genetically Modified Organisms
VII. Nature Conservation and Countryside Matters
VIII. Miscellaneous
IX. General
Life Cycle Assessment (Brady, 2005)
• Brady (2005) identifies four stages:
– Goal and scope definition
– Inventory analysis
– Impact assessment
– Interpretation
Life Cycle Assessment (Brady, 2005)
• Goal and scope definition:
– goal and scope of the study are defined
in the context of the intended application.
• Inventory analysis
– collection of data, calculation procedures,
resulting in a table that quantifies
the relevant inputs and outputs of the analysed system.
• Impact assessment
– translates the results of the inventory analysis into
environmental impacts to evaluate significance
• Interpretation:
– conclusions and recommendations for decision makers are
drawn from the inventory analysis and impact assessment.
ISO 14040 series standards
ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management -
Life Cycle Assessment - principles and
frameworks
– "provides an overview of the practice,
applications and limitations of
Life Cycle Assessment to a broad range of
potential users and stakeholders,
including those with a
limited knowledge of life cycle assessment"
environmental impact classification
factors
• Non-Renewable/Abiotic Resource Depletion
• Global Warming Potential
• Ozone Depletion Potential
• Acidification Potential
• Eutrophication Potential
• Photochemical Oxidants Creation Potential
• Human Toxicity Potential
• Aquatic Toxicity Potential
Azapagic et al, 2003/2004.
Where,
PEC: Predicted Environmental Concentration
PNEC: Predicted No-Effect Concentration
INTRODUCTION TO RISK ASSESSMENT
What is Risk? Conceptual Site Model Risk Characterization
Risk = Exposure X Toxicity What is a What is the value of a The risk characterization integrates the exposure and toxicity
The magnitude of risk is proportional to both the potency conceptual site model? assessments into quantitative and qualitative expressions of risk.
PRIMARY SECONDARY EXPOSURE RECEPTOR conceptual site model?
of the chemical and the extent of exposure (e.g., duration A graphical illustration of SOURCE SOURCE PATHWAY ROUTE RESIDENT REC (Risk = exposure x toxicity)
and frequency). INGESTION * • Allows user to see which
where the contamination GROUND
WATER
INHALATION
*
* *
Exposure must first occur for the chemical to present a risk. originates, how it moves
DERMAL
* * pathways are important and Risks are estimated for non-cancer and/ or cancer effects.
through the environment, and which are not
“The dose makes the poison”
how humans come into INGESTION ** **
(amount of chemical at the target site determines toxicity).
INHALATION
* * • Allows user to see which
contact with the contaminated SEDIMENT DERMAL
media. The conceptual site
** **
pathways are complete and Noncancer Risk Characterization
What is Risk Assessment? model includes: which are not Comparison of estimated daily intake over a specific time period with RfD
An objective and quantitative approach to analyzing and FACTORY PLANTS INGESTION ** **
RELEASE
• Guides and focuses the site- Hazard
interpreting environmental data for the purpose of predicting • Primary and secondary Quotient (HQ) = Daily Intake /
INGESTION
the potential for adverse health effects. The risk assessment sources of contamination FISH
** **
specific data collection RfD
process includes: • Transport pathways • Allows user to see where Concentration x Intake Rate x Exposure Frequency x Exposure
• Contaminated media
INGESTION
➢ Planning and scoping (site conceptual model) GAME ** **
remediation efforts will be
H Duration
➢ Exposure Assessment • Exposure media INGESTION ** **
Q Body Weight x Averaging Time x RfD
• Exposure route SURFACE INHALATION most effective =
➢ Toxicity Assessment WATER DERMAL * *
➢ If HQ < 1.0, no appreciable risk
• Exposed populations ** **
➢ Risk Characterization ➢ If HQ > 1.0, possibility of non-cancer effects
➢ For multiple chemical exposures:
Exposure Assessment Toxicity Assessment Hazard Index (HI) = Sum of HQ values
An evaluation of Quantification of Exposure The toxicity assessment includes a qualitative Reference Dose (RfD)
• Environmental exposure pathways
hazard identification and a quantitative dose- Cancer Risk Characterization
• Routes of exposure Daily Intake (mg/kg-d) = (C x IR x FI x EF x ED) / (BW x AT) RfD = an estimate of a daily exposure level
response assessment. (mg/kg-day) for the human population that is
• Magnitude (“how much?”) Defined as the probability of developing cancer over a lifetime as a
C = concentration of chemical (mg/kg, mg/L, mg/m 3) likely to be without an appreciable risk of
• Frequency (“how often?”) The hazard identification weighs available result of chronic exposure to a contaminant
• Duration (“how long?”) IR = intake rate (mg soil/day, L H20/day) deleterious effects during a lifetime
evidence regarding the potential for particular
FI = bioavailable fraction (unitless) contaminant to cause adverse health effects in • Oral RfD Risk = Daily Intake x Slope Factor
Consists of EF = exposure frequency (days) exposed individuals. • Inhalation RfC
• Identification of Chemicals of ED = exposure duration (years) Sources of toxicity data include: • Noncarcinogenic effects only Concentration x Intake Rate x Exposure Frequency x Exposure Duration x
Potential Concern (COPC) BW = body weight (kg) Ri
• Epidemiologic studies • Accounts for sensitive subpopulations, sk
SF
• Quantification of exposure AT = period over which exposure is averaged (days) – Occupational exposures interspecies variability, variable exposure durations, other =
Body Weight x Averaging Time
uncertainties
– Environmental exposures
Cumulative carcinogenic risk is the summation of cancer risk for all
EXPOSURE ROUTES – Poisonings chemicals of concern
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS EXPOSURE PARAMETERS
• Sources • Intake Rates • Laboratory animal (in vivo) studies
Slope Factor (SF)
• Inhalation
• Release & Transport • Exposure Frequency • In vitro studies SF = a quantitative definition of the May be expressed as
• Ingestion
• Affected media • Exposure Duration relationship between dose and response ➢ A “one in a million” chance of cancer
• Dermal – Metabolism
• Receptors • Bioavailability • Generally based on data ➢ A 0.000001 chance of cancer
• Body Weight – Genotoxicity
• Route of Exposure from high dose lab animal studies ➢ 1 x 10-6 or 1E-06
• Relationship between soil and The dose response assessment estimates the • Derived using mathematical
dust concentrations dose-extrapolation models
relationship between the dose of an agent and
• Reasonable Maximum Exposure the increased likelihood and/or severity of an • Upper bound estimate of the probability of a response
(RME) vs. Central Tendency per unit intake of a chemical over a lifetime
Exposure (CTE) adverse health effect in the exposed population.
• Represents risk per unit dose (risk per mg/kg-day)
