Design and Analysis of Half Wave DipoleAntenna

for SAR Measurement

Report for Designer Tools Laboratory

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

Deevela Ravi Teja (21X41A0415)

SRK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Approved by AICTE and permanently affiliated to JNTUK)

An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NBA & NAAC with 'A' Grade

ENIKEPADU, VIJAYAWADA, KRISHNA-521108.

DECEMBER-2023

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Report titled “Design and Analysis of Half Wave Dipole Antenna for SAR
Measurement” is a bonafide record of work done by Mr. Deevela Ravi Teja (21X41A0415), in partial
fulfillment of the requirement of the degree for Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering, JNTUK during the academic year 2024–25.

Lab In-charge HoD External Examiner

2
 DECLARATION

I, Deevela Ravi Teja(21X41A0415) , with Project entitled “Design and Analysis of Half Wave Dipole
Antenna for SAR Measurement ” done by me in Department of ECE is submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering.

Date :

Place : Enikepadu Signature of Candidate

3
 ABSTRACT

Antenna invention may be the boon for telecommunication field whereas the dipole antenna finds most
commonly and wildly used transducer in wireless communication devices. In recent years, the rapid change
in technology, antenna performance parameters get precisely improved. This paper explains stepwise
design procedure of half wave dipole antenna with standard calculations so that one can be easily followed
for their new inventions as well intention to design proposed antenna for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
measurement in human head. The antenna performance parameters such as radiation pattern, VSWR, return
loss been evaluated. HFSS simulation software used to design and analyze half wave dipole antenna at
1800 MHz. It proves that the proposed model is efficient version of dipole antenna at given frequency

Key Words: :Half Wave Dipole Antenna, HFSS, Specific Absorption Rate, Return Loss, VSWR,
Radiation Pattern

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic Page No.

1. Half Wave Dipole Antenna 06

2. Half Wave Dipole Antenna Design Parameters 10

3. HFSS Design of Half Wave Dipole Antenna Procedure 12

4. Analysis and Results 15

5. Conclusion 20

5
 CHAPTER -1
DIPOLE WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA

1. Introduction
Dipole antenna plays an important role in wireless communications. Half wave dipole
antenna length is approximately one half of the wavelength but practically 0.45 times of the
wavelength which commonly used in practical RF antenna with various applications.
Dipole antenna is center fed driven element which can be made by simple wire to act
as a radio antenna. The dipole antenna is constructed by two quarter wavelengths
conducting elements to form total wavelength λ/2 as shown in fig 1.

Fig.1. Half Wave dipole center feed.

1.1 Introduction to Half Wave Dipole Antennas and its parameters

Basically dipole antenna exhibits two terminals or poles through which RF current flows in
association with voltage which causes radiation of electromagnetic signal from dipole antenna
as shown in fig 2.

Fig. 2. Voltage and Current distribution in dipole.

The performance of dipole antenna can be measure with the parameters such as radiation
pattern, Impedance, gain, VSWR, return loss etc. when dipole antenna installed vertically, it
acts as an Omni- directional whereas it acts as a weekly directional when installed
horizontally.[2]
6
The constructional details of the proposed half wave dipole antenna [3] has been shown in fig 3.

Fig.3. Construction of Half Wave dipole.

Here letter ‘g’ indicates feeding gap which is gap between two arms for center feed purpose,
letter ‘D’ indicates thickness and letter ‘L’ shows the total length of the half wave dipole
antenna. The standard value of the radiation resistance can be considered for proposed half wave
dipole antenna i.e. 73 Ω which matches the line impedance [4].
In this paper, the half wave dipole antenna is designed at operating frequency 1800 MHz to
examine the performance parameters radiation pattern, gain, VSWR and return loss. The
proposed half wave dipole antenna can be further used to investigate SAR in human head by
measuring the amount of radiation penetrated by EM waves originated from antenna which acts
as a mobile phone.
Dipole Antennas:
A dipole antenna is an antenna with a center-fed driven element for transmitting or receiving
radio frequency energy. From a physics viewpoint, this type of antenna is the simplest practical
antenna. It consists of a straight electric conductor, made of conducting metal such as copper,
interrupted at the center, therefore making two poles. As shown in below the category of dipole
antennas can be further subdivided as into the following:

➢ Half-wavelength dipole The total length of this antenna is half the wavelength
corresponding to the frequency to be used. It optimizes the transfer of power between the
tag and the reader.
➢ Quarter-wavelength dipole The total length of this antenna is a quarter the wavelength
corresponding to the frequency to be used. It uses the reflective ground plane that
provides an image of the antenna to complete the dipole.
➢ Dual dipole antenna As the name suggests, a dual dipole antenna consists of two
dipoles. It covers more area and therefore reduces the sensitivity of a tag's orientation.
➢ Folded dipole antenna This antenna consists of two or more straight electric conductors
that are connected in parallel, and each electric conductor is half the wavelength
corresponding to the frequency to be used.
7
HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA:
In conductors which are placed end to end to get a length and with
the combined two quarter-wavelength diploes are roughly equal to half wavelength which
forms the half-wave dipole antenna. The current whose magnitude in a standing wave along
the dipole and the electric field of half-wave dipole transmitting antenna.

Standing Wave - magnitude of current waveform

The resonance for a kind of a thin linear conductor will be occurring at a frequency whose wire
length will be equal to half of wavelength. These kind of dipole antennas are used around that
particular frequency and hence it is called as half-wave dipole antennas . Dipoles with half-
wavelengths in length and odd number values are used to have Low driving point impedances.
Due to half-wavelength in length with even number values, the diploes are having huge driving
point impedances.
A half-wave dipole, also known as a doublet, or the Hertz antenna, is the most commonly used
type of dipole antenna. The length of its conductive elements is approximately half of the
maximum wavelength (λ/2, the distance between two consecutive maximum or minimum points)
in free space at the frequency of operation.

Half wave dipole having electric field in transmitting antenna

The half-wave dipole antenna is convenient to use because it is easy to match a

transmitter or receiver to its radiation resistance. It has high efficiency, since wire ohmic losses
are only a small fraction of the radiation resistance.
The electric dipole and the half-wave antenna are omnidirectional in the
equatorial plane: at a given distance, the amplitude of the field is the same in all directions in that
plane. Omnidirectional antennas have their uses, but for most applications the radiation field of
an antenna should be maximum in a given direction. This is achieved with arrays of half-wave
antennas that are properly spaced and properly phased.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF DIPOLE ANTENNA:
➢ IMPEDENCE OF VARIOUS LENGTH:
The impedance of feed point of a dipole antenna is sensitive to both of its
electrical length and feed point position. Hence, a dipole will perform over rather narrow
bandwidth [8,9]. When it exceeds beyond this bandwidth the impedance will match
poorly to the transmitter or receiver. The smaller dipole with small wavelength of the
signal is called as short dipole. These diploes are having low level of radiation resistance
which insist them to be as ineffective antennas [10]. The Transmitter current is mostly
dissipated owing to the resistance of the conductor which is greater than the Heat -
radiation resistance [11].
➢ RADIATION PATTERN AND GAIN:
A dipole with the radiation falls to zero on the axis is perpendicular to the wire
axis. The radiation pattern of 3D dipole is plotted approximately as a toroid symmetric
about the conductor in the half wave dipole. If the antenna is mounted vertically it will
result in maximum radiation in horizontal directions [12].

Directivity of Dipole Antenna

There are many kinds of dipoles, but in this post, we will only describe two variations. A half-
wave dipole, also known as a doublet, or the Hertz antenna, is the most commonly used type of
dipole antenna. The length of its conductive elements is approximately half of the maximum
wavelength (λ/2, the distance between two consecutive maximum or minimum points) in free
space at the frequency of operation. A half-wave dipole’s current distribution is that of a standing
wave, approximately sinusoidal (having the form of a mathematical sine curve) along its length.

9
 CHAPTER -2
1. DESIGN PARAMETERS
The Important design parameter of half wave dipole antenna is resonant frequency, on
which dimensions of an antenna mainly depends and changes accordingly. The design proposed
frequency 1.8 GHz , based on this total length (L) of the antenna, Wavelength (λ), radius of
the dipole or thickness
(D) and feeding gap (g) can be calculated.[5]
Resonant frequency (fr),
fr = 1.8 GHz.

Wavelength (λ) of half wave dipole antenna,

λ= c/f
λ= (3 ˟ 108 ) / ( 1.8 ˟ 109)
λ= 167 mm (1)
Dipole Length (L) of half wave dipole antenna,
L = 143/f
L = 79.44 mm (2)
Arm Length of half wave dipole antenna,
L arm = L/2
L arm = 79.44/2
L arm = 39.72 mm (3) Dipole
Radius (R) of half wave dipole antenna,
R = λ/1000
R = 167/1000
R = 0.167 mm (4)
Feeding Gap (g) of half wave dipole antenna,
g = L/200
g = 79.44/200
g = 0.3972 mm (5)
Theoretically, Gain (G) of half wave dipole antenna, can be calculated by following
formula as in [] i.e.

G = 602/30R (6)

First equation shows the value of wavelength, second equation shows the value of length of the
half wave dipole antenna. The value of radius and feeding gap found from equation number 4
and 5 respectively. The summery of all dimensions of proposed half wave dipole antenna is
given in Table 1.

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 TABLE 1 DESIGN PARAMETERS OF HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA
A short dipole is a dipole formed by two conductors with a total length that is
significantly shorter than a half wavelength. For applications where a full half-wave dipole
would be too large, short dipoles are more suitable. In a short dipole antenna, the
feed impedance increases and its response is less dependent upon the frequency changes. The
current distribution in the short dipole antenna is almost triangular. The radiation pattern of the
short dipole antenna is circular, whereas the current distribution of a half-wave dipole is more
oval in comparison.
The dipole is the simplest type of antenna from a theoretical point of view. Most
commonly it consists of two conductors of equal length oriented end-to-end with the feedline
connected between them. Dipoles are frequently used as resonant antennas. If the feedpoint of
such an antenna is shorted, then it will be able to resonate at a particular frequency, just like a
guitar string that is plucked. Using the antenna at around that frequency is advantageous in
terms of feedpoint impedance (and thus standing wave ratio), so its length is determined by the
intended wavelength (or frequency) of operation. The most commonly used is the center-
fed half-wave dipole which is just under a half-wavelength long. The radiation pattern of the
half-wave dipole is maximum perpendicular to the conductor, falling to zero in the axial
direction, thus implementing an omnidirectional antenna if installed vertically, or (more
commonly) a weakly directional if horizontal.

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 CHAPTER -3
HFSS Design of Half Wave Dipole Antenna Procedure
2.ANTENNA SIMULATION METHODOLOGY:
According to the design parameters shown in Table 1, a half-wave dipole antenna has
been designed using simulation software. There is many simulation software are available, one
can use HFSS or CST MWS for investigation of performance parameters of half wave dipole
antenna.
The fig. 4 shows flow chart useful for getting simulation of proposed antenna using HFSS
software.

The half wave dipole antenna can be simulated using steps given in flowchart with calculated
geometric dimensions as per Table 1, the proposed dipole antenna simulated using HFSS as
shown in Fig.5.
Once GUI of HFSS completely opened, select for “Insert HFSS design” for half wave dipole
antenna design, the reason is whenever design belongs to electric and magnetic field, it must be
with HFSS design but design is only with electrical field choose “Insert HFSS IE Design”. After
selecting new project, user can see change in modular window as shown if Fig. 5.

Fig.5. GUI of HFSS software

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Firstly select cylinder shape for dipole arm, assign calculated values in property window
accordingly pole1 of dipole appeared as shown in Fig.6.

Fig.6. Pole1 of HW Dipole

As per the fourth step shown in flow chart Fig. 4, duplicate pole1 so that two poles can be
observed in design as shown in Fig.7. the main advantage of duplicating pole is, whenever we
make changes in pole1, pole2 automatically changes with equal dimensions.

Fig.7. Pole1 and Pole2 of HW Dipole.

Now there is need to form feeding port between pole1 and pole2, also excitation must be done
for feeding port or lumped port as shown in Fig. 8.

Fig.8. Feeding port or Lumped port

The antenna can be look complete half wave dipole in modular window as shown in
Fig. 9

Fig.9. Designed Half Wave Dipole Antenna

13
Now it’s time to assign boundary with box for designed half wave dipole antenna and form
radiation boundary as shown in Fig. 10, then create analysis setup to assign center frequency and
frequency sweep.

Fig.10. Radiation Boundary

To verify weather proposed antenna correctly and completely designed, validate our design with
validate tab in toolbar of HFSS. Validate window popup will appear so that one can correct error
as if otherwise following window popup appears to confirmed that all is well designed as shown
in Fig. 11.

Fig.11. Validate Proposed Design

The radius of the dipole does not affect its input impedance in this half wave dipole, because the
length of this dipole is half wave and it is the first resonant length. An antenna works effectively
at its resonant frequency, which occurs at its resonant length.

14
 CHAPTER -4
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The proposed half wave dipole antenna designed with copper material at 1800 MHz frequency.To
examine the performance parameters, simulation results must be observed.
A. Return Loss/ S11 parameters (dB):
Return loss indicates the proportion of radio waves arrives at the input port of an antenna which
are rejected from output port with a ratio against those radio waves are accepted. Return loss is
an important characteristic which shows performance of antenna which can be written as follow;
R = 10 log10
Where R indicates return loss, Pi indicates input power and Pr shows return power from output
port. After the simulation, the return loss plot of proposed half wave dipole antenna been shown
in Fig. 12.

Fig.12. Return Loss curve and Bandwidth for designed half wave dipole antenna.
From the Fig.12, it may be observed that return loss for proposed half wave dipole antenna is -
20.7710 dB shown by marker m1 at sharp deep curve. The bandwidth of proposed design found
as 424.3 MHz, calculated by difference between higher and lower cut off frequencies at -10 dB
shown by marker m3 and m2 are 2066.7 MHz and 1642.4 MHz respectively as mentioned in
Fig.12. In the result window of return loss, one can see single deep curve which shows proposed
designed half wave dipole antenna being single band antenna, whereas if it could show two deep
curve then its dual band antenna.
B. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR in dB):
The voltage standing wave ratio is important characteristics of proposed design as it is a function
of the reflection coefficient (Г), which describes the power reflected from the antenna. The
formula of VSWR can be written as follows:

15
 After simulation of proposed half wave antenna design for VSWR parameter, author found the
value of VSWR 1.5901 dB shown in Fig.13.

Fig.13. VSWR Plot for designed half wave dipole antenna.

VSWR is positive figure, lesser value of VSWR shows better impedance matching so that
maximum power can be delivered. The minimum value of VSWR must be 1 and it possible when
reflection coefficient becomes zero.
C.Radiation Pattern and Gain:
The radiation pattern is the graphical representation of power radiated by an antenna
which is function of angular direction away from the antenna. It can be shown by 2D/3D pattern.
The 2D plot of proposed half wave dipole antenna shown by Fig.14 and 3D radiation pattern plot
for the same antenna is shown by Fig.15.
The radiation pattern in Fig.16, red color indicates higher gain while green color shows lower
gain of an half wave dipole antenna. Higher gain may obtained far from an antenna circularly but
upper side and lower side of an antenna provides lower gain.

Fig.14. 2D Radiation Pattern for designed half wave dipole antenna.

The direction of maximum radiation shown in 2D radiation pattern by Fig.14 at +90 degree and
-90 degree theta, consequently the minimum radiation at 0 and -180 degree.

Fig.15. 3D Radiation Pattern for designed half wave dipole antenna.

16
The directivity obtained with proposed half wave dipole antenna is almost identical to the
theoretical ones. [7]

Fig.16. 3D Radiation Pattern shows gain variation

The 3D radiation pattern of speaks more about detailing of gain in all direction as compare
to 2D radiation pattern.
The summery of all performance parameters author have examine such as return loss, voltage
standing wave ratio, gain, bandwidth of designed half wave dipole antenna tabulated in Table II.
TABLE II. SIMULATED RESULTS OF DESIGNED HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA

Parameter Value Unit

Return Loss -20.7710 DB
VSWR 1.5901 DB
Gain 2.5237 DB
Bandwidth 424.3 MHz

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Few more important parameters of proposed antenna tabulated in Table III, which may used as
per the requirement for the analysis.

The proposed antenna designed and analyzed for specific absorption rate (SAR)
measurement in human head at 1800 MHz frequency.
At present, still the debate about the higher absorption of EM energy by children is not
resolve. No significant evidences are came in our survey which can bring out mankind from
dilemma of weather
human child absorbs less or more energy than adults.[10] It is always helpful to measure SAR
in human head to avoid confusion and save mankind if harmful.
Therefore, SAR is the measure of the rate at which RF energy is absorbed by body when exposed
to electromagnetic field [10]. It can be defined as power absorbed by tissue per unit mass of the
tissue. Its unit is watt per kilogram (W/kg).
SAR = σ|E|²/2ρ (9)

18
In equation no 1, the sigma (σ) indicates the electrical conductivity in Siemens per meter, where
E is an electric field strength measured in volt per meter and the rho (ρ) is the mass density
measured in kilogram per cubic meter. Some researchers [11] reported some standard values of
SAR limit time to time through ICNIRP [7], FCC [9] and IEEE [8] standards.
Again, these approximations become quite accurate for ℓ ≪ ⁠1/ 2 ⁠λ . Setting ℓ = ⁠1/ 2 ⁠λ despite its
use not quite being valid for so large a fraction of the wavelength, the formula would predict a
radiation resistance of 49 Ω, instead of the actual value of 73 Ω produced by a half-wave dipole
when more correct quarter-wave sinusoidal currents are used.

19
 CHAPTER -5
CONCLUSIONS

A half-wave dipole antenna has been designed and simulated using HFSS software. A popular
practical antenna half-wave dipole was selected to obtained target frequency 1.8 GHz for mobile
phone specifically to measure SAR in human head.
After simulation of proposed half wave antenna design for VSWR parameter, author found the
value of VSWR 1.5901 dB which shows less than two, Return loss obtained as -20.7710 dB which
shows the characteristic of reflection coefficient. It provides appreciable bandwidth
approximately 21% of resonant frequency. The high gain obtained at 2.5237 dB. The directivity
obtained with proposed half wave dipole antenna is almost identical to the theoretical ones. Still
there may be scope to improve result by working on few parameters. Proposed study may also
helpful to new researchers those willing to work in wireless communication field.
In future, work can be carried out to justify EM radiations from wireless devices specifically
mobile phones may or may not harmful to human being. Still there may be scope to investigate
the SAR in human head. In many studies, SAR calculated superficially, so consideration of
detailed electrical properties of skin, ear, nose, bone and skull are needed while SAR analysis
held. Development of resistive sheet for mobile handset will be the better safety measure in
future.

20
 Feed Methods
There are mainly four basic methods for the feeding to these antennas
Probe Coupling Method

Microstrip Line Feeding Method

Aperture Coupled Microstrip Feed Method

Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Feeding Methods

Advantages Disadvantages
Proximity • No direct contact between • Multilayer
Coupled feed and patch fabrication required

21
 • Can have large effective
thickness for patch
substrate and much thinner
feed substrate
Microstrip Line • Monolithic • Spurious radiation
from feed line,
• Easy to fabricate
especially for thick
• Easy to match by substrate when line
controlling width is significant

• Insert position Easy to

match
• Low spurious radiation
Aperture Coupled • Use of two substrates • Multilayer
avoids deleterious effect of fabrication required
a highdielectric constant
• Higher back lobe
substrate on the bandwidth
radiation
and efficiency
• No direct contract between
feed and patch avoiding
large probe reactance or
width microstrip line

22
 CHAPTER- 2
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY WITH PROXIMITY
COUPLED FEED TECHNIQUE
2. Introduction
This method can be employed, where two or multilayer substrate configuration is
considered. Generally in this configuration, microstrip line will be placed on lowersubstrate
and the patch element will be placed on the upper substrate. Other name for this feeding is
electromagnetically coupled feed. Capacitive nature will appear between feed line and patch in
this case. By choosing thin lower substrate layer and placing patch on top layer will improve
the bandwidth and reduce the spurious radiation. Fabrication of this feeding is slightly difficult
because of alignment problems in feed and patch at proper location. Peaceful thing is soldering
and related problems can be eliminated.

2.1 Review of feed methods for linear arrays

The methods are common to all linear arrays and it is necessary to survey them to grasp the
significance and limitations of the feeds adopted for microstrip arrays. It should be noted that
the methods discussed can be applied to both feed systems located behind the array and those
formed on the same substrate. Thus in this section no distinction is made. However, comments
on the space usage are made primarily from an integral feed array viewpoint; the problem of
space availability may be considerably eased in rear mounted feed systems.

2.1.1 Series Feeding

The simplest form of feed system for linear arrays is series feeding in which the radiating
elements are attached periodically to a transmission line; the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.
5.1. The complex loading Gr + jBr is determined by the radiating element used. The spacing
between the radiating elements, L, is chosen to

L = element spacing, Gr + jBr = radiating element admittance,

V, YL = feed line and load admittance, respectively

23
to produce the required phase distribution across the aperture. In order to taper the aperture
distribution, the value of Gr will change down the array, which is usually accompanied by a
change in Br which must be compensated for in the element spacing.

Equivalent circuit of series fed linear array

2.1.2 Parallel Feeding

The corporate or parallel feed system is simply a device that splits power between n output
ports with a prescribed distribution while maintaining equal path lengths from the input to
output ports. This may take the form of M-way power splitter or a combination of m-way power
splitters where m < n. For linear array feeding the /i-way power splitter poses problems in
maintaining equal phase lengths but this can be relieved by introducing some m-way splitters.
A choice of m = 2 appears to be reasonably optimum and minimises the ratio of maximum to
minimum impedance required in the feed structure. Fig. 4.3 shows two examples of corporate
feeds suitable for linear arrays for different amplitude distributions.

Equivalent circuit of parallel fed linear array

24
2.3Design of Microstrip Patch Array(1x2) Antenna with Proximity
Coupled Feed Technique

W=35.90, L=58.94, Wf=3.058, h=1.6.

Design Of Microstrip Patch Antenna Array(1x2) with Proximity Coupled Feed

Technique

The extension of the project is mainly to improve the gain and directivity by forming an
array(1x2). The same patch with dimensions of Wp =17.555mm, Lp =12.56mm will be copied
and paste on the same substrate. The length of the feedline is extended as Lf=30.

25
 CHAPTER-3
HFSS DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY
WITH PROXIMITY COUPLED FEED TECHNIQUE

3. SOLUTION TYPE
Open ANSYS electronic simulator to design required antenna in HFSS. Create new
file and select solution type as driven terminal.

3.1 DESIGN STEPS

• To design a ground plane, we need to take a rectangle of X-size: , Y-size: at the origin.
• To create bottom substrate over the ground plane, take FR4 epoxy material at X-size: ,
Y-size:, Z-size: h, at position (2,0,0).
• To create upper substrate over the ground plane, take FR4 epoxy material at X-size: ,
Y-size:, Z-size: h, at position (2,0,h).
• To design the patch, take the rectangle of X-size:, Y-size: , axis: Z, at position (2mm,
21mm,2xhmm).
• To design the feedline, take the rectangle of X-size:, Y-size: , axis: Z, at position
(2mm,0mm,h).

3.2 ASSIGNING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

• Select ground, feedline
• Patch and right click go to assign boundary.
• Assign perfect E as the boundary.
• The below figures, shows the screenshots of perfect E boundary condition in HFSS and
perfect E boundary.

26
 Figure: perfect E boundary

3.3 ASSIGNING EXCITATION CONDITION

• Select port and right click go to assign excitation.
• Assign Lumped port as the excitation.

3.4 ANALYSIS SETUP

• Right click on analysis and select setup. Solution frequency is 5.2 GHz and passes are 25.
• Select maximum delta S and give the value as 0.02.
• Right click on the setup and go to add frequency sweep, give the sweep type as fast.
• Select frequency sweep distribution as linear step, start is 2GHz and stop is 8GHz.
• Select step size as 0.02GHz.

3.5 FAR FIELD RADIATION SETUP AND RADIATION BOX

.
• For radiation box, create radiating surface box for vacuum and go to HFSS and
click on boundary, select assign and select radiation.
• Here frequency of box will be the solution frequency.

27
 Figure: Radiation box

• Save the entire program and validate the design.

• Analyze the design.

3.6 DESIGN PROCEDURE TO FORM AN (1X2)ARRAY

• Copy and paste the patch and change the position as (2,25.148,2xh).
• Go to HFSS and then select design properties change the value of as 30mm.
• Create the boundary and select perfectE as boundary.
• Save the entire program and validate the design.

• Analyze the design

28
 Figure:Radiation of an Array(1x2)

29
 CHAPTER -4

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4. ANALYSIS

In our project, the results are mainly deals with Return Loss (RL), VSWR (Voltage Standing
Wave Ratio) and Radiation Pattern. By using this result, we decide that weather the antenna
is good for mobile communication are not. This analysis is very simple can compared other
software analysis.

4.1 Return Loss

The lesser return loss the more properly antenna radiating. -10dB value can be considered as
the acceptable return loss. In this return loss, we are getting 7 maximum power radiated. But in
our antenna, design we are considering -6dB as return loss. By considering return loss as - 6dB
we can reduce radiation toward human body.

4.1.1 Radiation Pattern

A radiation pattern defines the variation of the power radiated by an antenna as a function of
the direction away from the antenna. This power variation as a function of the arrival angle is
observed in the antenna’s far field. The radiation pattern of the PIFA is the relative distribution
of radiated power as a function of direction in space.

4.2 Results obtained for Microstrip patch antenna array(1x2) with Proximity
coupled feed technique

4.2.1 Procedure to Obtain Return Loss Plots

For obtaining Return Loss (RL) plots, the following is the procedure

• Go to results on project manager.

• Create Terminal Solution Data Report
• Rectangular Plot is created.
• New window will open select on Terminal S Parameter as category.

30
 • Select Function as dB.
• Now the required graph is obtained.
4.2.2 Results for Return Loss

Specifications for below figure.

• Solution frequency 5.2GHz.

Figure : Return loss of Microstrip patch antenna array(1x2) with proximity coupled
technique

4.2.3 Procedure to obtain Radiation Pattern

4.2.3.1 To obtain Gain, the following is the procedure.

• Go to project manager.
• Go to results and right click on it.
• Go to Create Far Felid Reports and right click on it.
• Go to Radiation Pattern.
• New window will open then select gain.

31
 • Select function as dB.
• Go to families in that window.
• Select theta as all.
• Go to phi and select 0 degree and 90 degrees.
4.2.3.2 Radiation Pattern Plots

Specifications for below figure.

• Solution frequency 5.2 GHz.

Figure : 2D Polar plot of Gain for Microstrip patch antenna array(1x2) with Proximity
coupled feed technique

32
 Figure: 3D Polar plot of Gain for Microstrip patch antenna array(1x2) with Proximity
coupled feed technique

4.2.3.3 To obtain Directivity, the following is the procedure.

• Go to project manager.
• Go to results and right click on it.
• Go to Create Far Felid Reports and right click on it.
• Go to Radiation Pattern.
• New window will open then select gain.
• Select function as dB.
• Go to families in that window.
• Select theta as all.
• Go to phi and select 0 degree and 90 degrees.
Radiation Pattern Plots

Specifications for below figure.

• Solution frequency 5.2 GHz.

33
Figure: 2D Polar plot of Directivity for Microstrip patch antenna array(1x2) with
Proximity coupled feed technique

Figure: 3D Polar plot of Directivity for Microstrip patch antenna array(1x2) with
Proximity coupled feed technique

34
 CHAPTER -5

CONCLUSION

The Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with proximity coupled feed technique is designed
for WLAN Applications. Bandwidth of microstrip patch antenna can be improved by
using Proximity coupled feed technique than other feed techniques. Directivity and gain
is increased by forming an array of 1x2 microstrip patches and resonate at operating
frequency of 5.2GHz which is suitable for WLAN applications.

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