3
1 GRAMMAR
EXPLORING NEW CITIES
LESSON A Popular destinations
Underline the relative clauses in the postcard. Then add commas where necessary.
July 15
Dear Mom and Dad,
Greetings from Maine where the water
is too cold for us to go swimming, but the
scenery is beautiful. We’re having a great
time, and we’ve enjoyed every place that
we’ve visited. This week we’re in Bar Harbor
which is a lovely island town. The place is
absolutely full of tourists! Tonight we’re
going for a ride on a boat that will take us to
one of the nearby islands. Our friend James
who lives here has already taken us hiking
and to the Bar Harbor Music Festival. It’s
been fun! That’s it for now. We miss you.
Love, Sara and Eric
2 GRAMMAR
Join the following sentences using non-defining relative clauses.
1. Many tourists enjoy seeing the Kuala Lumpur skyline in Malaysia. It includes some of the
tallest skyscrapers in the world.
Many tourists enjoy seeing the Kuala Lumpur skyline in Malaysia,
which includes some of the tallest skyscrapers in the world.
2. People visit Washington, D.C., in the spring. They can see the cherry trees in bloom then.
3. The cherry trees in Washington, D.C., were a gift from the Japanese government to the
U.S. They are admired by everyone.
4. Thousands of years ago, people in Mexico began to grow corn. Corn continues to be a
very important food in Mexico today.
5. The tortilla is typically eaten in Mexico. It is a thin, flat bread.
LESSON A Popular destinations 13
3 VOCABULARY
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
1. When preparing to host the 2012 Olympics, London updated its hotels /
climate / transportation system with improvements to its subway.
2. New York City has hundreds of restaurants offering a wide variety of
climates / cuisines / green spaces, including Italian, Chinese, and Indian.
3. Many people are moving from bigger cities to smaller towns because
the cost of living / landmark / climate is more affordable.
4. If you enjoy neighborhoods / shopping / nightlife, you’ll love the music
and live shows in Rio de Janeiro.
5. Some people think Reykjavik, Iceland, is cold in the wintertime, but
surprisingly, it has a very mild climate / cuisine / transportation system
during the winter months.
6. Some famous green spaces / neighborhoods / landmarks in Paris
include the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre Museum.
7. Many cities are preserving green spaces / hotels / cuisines in their
downtown areas for people to have picnics, walk their dogs, and
enjoy outdoor concerts.
4 GRAMMAR
Use defining or non-defining relative clauses to write sentences about these topics.
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r BUPXOXJUINBOZIJTUPSJDBMBUUSBDUJPOT
r BQMBDFXJUIBHPPEDMJNBUF
r BOFYDFMMFOUDJUZGPSTIPQQJOH
1. Tourists in Rome like to visit the famous
squares, which have many beautiful
statues and fountains.
2.
3.
4.
14 UNIT 3 Exploring new cities
5 WRITING
A Look at the words and phrases in the box about Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Choose the main idea and write it in the center of the mind map. Then
write the supporting details in the mind map.
reasonable prices clothing
fruits and spices handicrafts
a wonderful night market jewelry
B Now read the paragraph about Chiang Mai. Answer the questions.
Chiang Mai is a city in northern Thailand that has a wonderful night market. In the evening,
the main street is lined with small stands and shops that sell almost anything you can
imagine. Some stands sell jewelry or clothing, others sell traditional Thai handicrafts, and still
others sell fresh fruit and spices. I love spicy Thai food. It’s easy to spend an entire evening
just looking at everything. If you decide to buy something, you won’t be disappointed. The
prices are very reasonable. There are a lot of wonderful attractions in Chiang Mai, but the
night market is a favorite for many people.
1. What is this paragraph about?
2. What is the topic sentence of the paragraph?
3. Which sentence does not support the main idea? Cross it out.
C Write a paragraph about one of the places you mentioned in Exercise 4 on page 14.
Include a topic sentence with the main idea and several supporting ideas.
LESSON A Popular destinations 15
LESSON B My kind of town
1 GRAMMAR
Unscramble the words to complete the sentences about these cities.
1. a / with fascinating buildings / city / coastal / charming
Salvador is a charming coastal city with
fascinating buildings.
2. a / European / city / quaint / old / with a lovely castle
Prague is
3. a / lively / city / with huge skyscrapers / modern
Taipei is
4. a / dynamic / port / with trendy shopping malls / city
Singapore is
5. a / industrial / modern / large / city / with a beautiful lakeshore
Chicago is
6. an / with world-famous theme parks / tourist / exciting / destination
Orlando is
2 VOCABULARY
Choose the word that best completes each sentence.
border coastal college mountain port rural tourist
1. Ana lives in a rural town. The nearest big city is more than two hours away.
2. The local university employs most of the people living in this town.
3. towns are near an ocean, a lake, or a river where ships unload cargo.
4. People traveling from the U.S. to Mexico through towns must stop and
show their passports or other identification.
5. I work in a small town with great beaches and seafood places.
6. We stopped in a crowded town full of overpriced souvenir shops.
7. Nick lives in a town that is nearly 3,000 meters above sea level.
16 UNIT 3 Exploring new cities
3 GRAMMAR
Rewrite the sentences using the words in parentheses.
1. The streets are well lit, but it’s best to be careful at night. (in spite of)
In spite of the well-lit streets, it’s best to be careful at night.
2. There is a crime problem, but it’s still a wonderful place to visit. (despite)
3. The shopping malls are crowded, but people aren’t buying much. (although)
4. It snows a lot, but I still like living here. (even though)
5. My city is on the ocean, but the water here is too polluted for people to go
swimming. (however)
6. The city center is very picturesque, but there’s not much to do. (nevertheless)
7. There’s a lot to do here at night, but it’s a very noisy neighborhood. (on the other hand)
4 GRAMMAR
Complete the sentences with your own opinions about cities you know.
1. The worst thing about Los Angeles is the heavy traffic .
In spite of that, it is an ideal place to live .
2. The worst thing about is .
Nevertheless, .
3. The best thing about is .
However, .
4. Even though has a lot of ,
.
5. The weather in is .
On the other hand, .
6. would be a great place to live. However,
.
7. Although is a favorite tourist destination for many, it also has its
problems. For example, .
LESSON B My kind of town 17
5 READING
A Match the words in the box with the photos. Then read two articles about megacities.
auto emissions carpooling a landfill public transportation
1. carpooling 2. 3. 4.
MEGACITIES: TWO VIEWS
The world’s population is not only growing, it is It’s true that megacities have problems, but
1 also becoming more urbanized. An increasing
number of people are moving to cities in the hope
of having a better life. The cities promise steady work
2 these have been exaggerated. The truth of
the matter is that people move to cities to
escape their hard life in the country. Urban areas,
and higher salaries. With more money, people think even with their problems, offer people a better life
they can provide for their families more easily. than rural areas. The old ways of life in rural areas
As the population becomes more urbanized, have broken down, and it is now very difficult to
megacities are created. Yes, there are more jobs in make a living as a farmer.
urban areas, but is the quality of life better in People live longer in the cities.
these megacities? A quick survey of several megacity Medical care is better. And, of course,
major cities reveals some of their problems: employment opportunities can be
Pollution from auto emissions is poisoning
a city with found more easily in the city. We
the air; landfills are overflowing with garbage. a population should continue to develop city
With declining resources and growing of 10 million services so that people can enjoy their
competition, sometimes there is not enough or more lives in the world’s urban centers.
food. These are all very serious problems. Rather than limiting development,
We cannot get rid of megacities – they are here we should encourage it. Public transportation
to stay. What we should concentrate on, however, is systems need to be developed so that people
building “villages” inside the cities. These “urban can travel to and from work and school easily.
villages” could be self-sufficient and grow their Carpooling should be encouraged to cut down
own food. The members of these villages on pollution. The more we clean up and
would recycle more and do less damage develop our megacities, the more life will
to the environment. The villages would improve for the residents.
serve the needs of the local people, not
big business. We need to limit large-
scale development, not encourage it.
B Match the statements with the articles that support them.
1 2 1&2
1. “Megacities have problems.”
2. “Life in rural areas is hard.”
3. “We should recreate village life in the cities.”
4. “There are more chances to work in the cities.”
5. “Continued development will hurt the quality of life.”
6. “Continued development can improve the quality of life.”
18 UNIT 3 Exploring new cities
4
1 GRAMMAR
EARLY BIRDS AND NIGHT OWLS
LESSON A It’s about time!
Combine the sentences using the words in parentheses. Use reduced time clauses
wherever possible.
1. Classes are over for the day. I often go out with my friends. (after)
After classes are over for the day, I often go out with my friends.
2. I lost my watch. I’ve been late for all my appointments. (ever since)
3. You should relax and count to 10. You start to feel stressed. (as soon as)
4. I go for a run. I stretch for at least 15 minutes. (right before)
5. She shouldn’t listen to music. She is studying for a big test. (while)
6. I watch TV. I fall asleep. (until)
7. I get to the office. I start planning what I need to do that day. (from the moment)
2 GRAMMAR
Read the statements. Are they true for you? Choose true or false. Then rewrite the
false statements to make them true.
True False
1. Whenever I get stressed out, I take a walk and try to relax. ✓
I usually eat a lot of snacks whenever I get stressed out.
2. As soon as I wake up, I check my email and phone messages.
3. Ever since I started studying English, I’ve spoken more confidently.
4. I like to read the news while I’m eating lunch.
5. After I fall asleep, nothing can wake me up.
LESSON A It’s about time! 19
3 VOCABULARY
Use the phrasal verbs from the box to complete the conversations.
burn out
calm down
chill out
doze off
perk up
turn in
1. A: I lost my car keys! I’m going to be late for my doctor’s appointment!
B: You need to calm down . Relax. Maybe you can reschedule.
2. A: You look tired. You need to before our meeting.
B: Yeah, you’re right. Maybe I should have a cup of coffee.
3. A: Poor Jenny. She has two papers to write and a final exam to study for.
B: That’s a lot of work. I hope she doesn’t before graduation.
4. A: My flight leaves tomorrow morning at six o’clock.
B: You should early tonight so you’ll wake up on time.
5. A: What a day! I had three meetings and a business lunch. I’m so tired.
B: Let’s have some dinner. Then let’s and watch TV.
6. A: Oh, sorry! I guess I fell asleep.
B: You should go to bed earlier. Then you wouldn’t in class.
4 GRAMMAR
Use time clauses to complete the sentences so they are true for you.
1. As soon as I get home from work, I change into some comfortable clothes
and make dinner.
2. I have the chance to chill out, I
3. I met my best friend, we
4. I started riding a bike, I
5. eating a large meal, I
20 UNIT 4 Early birds and night owls
5 WRITING
A Read the paragraph and choose the best topic sentence. Is each topic
sentence too general, too specific, or just right? Choose the correct answer.
1.
We experience a gradual rise of energy in the morning, peaking around noon. There is
a slow decline in energy in the midafternoon with a second peak early in the evening.
This is followed by a steady decline in energy until bedtime. Everyone experiences
these energy patterns. They are a part of daily life.
Too general Too specific Just right
a. People need energy to get through the day.
b. People’s energy patterns change according
to the time of day.
c. Everyone’s energy peaks around noon.
2.
Newborn babies sleep an average of 15 to 18 hours a day, but as children grow older,
they sleep less. However, as teenagers, they seem to need a lot of sleep again. It
is not unusual for teens to sleep until noon on weekends if their parents let them.
As people age beyond their thirties, they tend to sleep less and less and for shorter
periods of time.
Too general Too specific Just right
a. People’s sleep needs change as they go
through life.
b. Babies sleep more than elderly people.
c. Everyone needs sleep.
3.
In fact, Americans now spend close to $30 billion a year on vitamins and food
supplements. Vitamin companies supply an almost endless variety of vitamins.
There are multivitamins for adults, special vitamins for women, flavored vitamins for
children, and even vitamins to help students study better. New types of vitamins
come out regularly, and at least one store in every shopping mall sells vitamins.
Too general Too specific Just right
a. Vitamins supplement a healthy diet.
b. Vitamins are popular with women.
c. In the U.S., vitamins are big business.
B Write a topic sentence about how to keep your energy up or sleep well.
Then write a paragraph that supports your main idea.
LESSON A It’s about time! 21
LESSON B Tossing and turning
1 VOCABULARY
Rewrite the sentences by replacing the underlined words with phrases from the box.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
be fast asleep
be sound asleep
be wide awake
drift off
feel drowsy
have a sleepless night
nod off
sleep like a log
take a power nap
toss and turn
1. If Elisa is worried when she goes to bed, she is unable to sleep.
If Elisa is worried when she goes to bed, she tosses and turns.
If Elisa is worried when she goes to bed, she has a sleepless night.
2. My father always falls asleep after eating a heavy meal.
3. Simon often sleeps for a few minutes to boost his creativity at work.
4. The loud music didn’t wake Sue. She must be in a deep sleep.
5. Liz is lucky she sleeps heavily because her roommate snores so loudly!
6. Marina isn’t tired at all. In fact, she is completely alert!
7. Kenji often begins to feel sleepy when he reads on the train or in a car.
2 GRAMMAR
Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
1. Considering that / Just in case / Unless I’m really worried, I usually sleep well.
2. Even if / Just in case / Only if I have bad dreams, I don’t recall the details later.
3. Even if / As long as / Unless I sleep well, I wake up feeling rested.
4. Considering that / Only if / Unless I didn’t sleep last night, I feel pretty good.
5. Bring an umbrella with you only if / as long as / just in case it rains later.
22 UNIT 4 Early birds and night owls
3 GRAMMAR
Use the information in the box and the expressions in parentheses to write new sentences.
I drink too much caffeine during the day.
I forget to set my alarm clock.
I get thirsty in the middle of the night.
I sleep deeply.
I’m completely exhausted.
I’ve slept well the night before.
1. I always feel great in the morning. (as long as)
I always feel great in the morning as long as I’ve slept well the night before.
2. Sometimes I have trouble drifting off. (even if)
3. My neighbors listen to loud music every night. (considering that)
4. I never oversleep in the morning. (unless)
5. I keep a glass of water by my bed. (just in case)
6. I have trouble falling asleep. (only . . . if)
4 GRAMMAR
Answer these questions using clauses with as long as, considering that, even if,
(just) in case, only . . . if, or unless.
1. Do you stay awake thinking, or do you fall asleep as soon as you lie down?
I only stay awake thinking if I’m having a problem at work.
2. Are you usually alert or still sleepy when you first get up in the morning?
3. Do you ever take naps during the day, or do you wait until bedtime to sleep?
4. Do you sleep like a log all night, or do you toss and turn?
5. Do you always need eight hours of sleep a night, or can you survive on less?
LESSON B Tossing and turning 23
5 READING
A Read the article quickly. Which three sleep theories are mentioned?
Why
Sleep?
and certain repair functions
can only happen during sleep.
One of the most
fascinating discoveries about
sleep is that it is not a period
F or some people, sleep is a great
pleasure that they look forward
to after a long day. For others, sleep
of total inactivity, as scientists
previously believed. While we
sleep, things are happening in
is just a necessity, almost a waste the brain that researchers are
of time. Regardless of where you only beginning to understand.
stand, there’s no denying that, at The brain plasticity theory states
some point, everyone needs sleep. that sleep is necessary to allow
Without it, you’ll find yourself irritable, confused, the brain to adjust to new experiences and
and lacking in energy. And the fact is that humans information, and that a reorganization of the
can survive longer without food than they can information in the brain takes place during
without sleep. But why is sleep necessary? sleep. Experts say that plenty of sleep the first
There are several theories that try to explain night after learning a new skill or a new set
why sleep is so important. One of them, the energy of facts is crucial for improving memory and
conservation theory, suggests that a period of performance.
inactivity gives the body a chance to save energy. Dr. Robert Stickgold, a cognitive
Basically, most mammals sleep through the night neuroscientist, says, “There’s an old joke that
because instinct tells them it is less practical and the function of sleep is to cure sleepiness.”
more dangerous to hunt for or gather food in the Since there is no real agreement on a single
dark. Another possible explanation is the restorative reason for sleep, that may be the best
theory. According to this theory, the body needs time explanation we have. Not to mention the fact
to repair itself after the physical efforts of the day, that, after an exhausting day, it just feels good.
B Are the statements true or false? Choose the correct answer. Then rewrite the
false statements to make them true.
True False
1. Humans need food more than they need sleep.
2. The conservation and restorative theories are concerned more
with physical than mental processes.
3. Scientists have always believed there is brain activity during sleep.
4. Scientists have a complete understanding of what happens in
the brain during sleep.
5. According to the brain plasticity theory, sleeping well after
learning something new will help you remember it.
24 UNIT 4 Early birds and night owls
