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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM

Introduction

This research is about formulating a natural insecticide formulated from garlic,

pomelo, vinegar and lemongrass to effectively repel insects. This study aims to

investigate the efficacy of the natural insecticide in deterring a specific insect species,

analyzing its impact on insect behavior and exploring the underlying mechanisms

responsible for its repellent properties. By examining the effectiveness of this natural

insecticide, the research seeks to provide insights into environmentally friendly

alternatives to synthetic pesticides, contributing to sustainable pest management

practices.

Guetebier (2022) sate that using a natural insecticide had a lot of benefits using

ingredients you can find a home, sometimes kill off beneficial insects and can be harmful

to pets and children.

Smith (2024) state that not only are bugs and insects unpleasant to look at, but

they can introduce germs and disease, cause damage to your home and create havoc on

your garden and landscaping, you know you want to get rid of these pesty creatures, but

you don’t want to use harsh chemicals that could put your health at risk.

Rhoades (2021) state that organic garden pest control is on the minds of many

gardeners this day’s Natural home pesticides are not only easy to make, they are cheaper

and safer than many products you can buy on stores shelves. Let’s take a look at some

natural insects’ repellents you can make for the garden.

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Natural pesticides can be an excellent tool in your arsenal against insect pests,

which have the potential to turn your lush garden into their own all you can eat buffet.

Fortunately, making them yourselves doesn’t have to be super complicated. It’s

important to note that because these are “natural” or homemade insecticides, that doesn’t

imply that they can your soil, your garden, or your person. An insecticide (which is

pesticides) is defined by EPA as “any chemical used to prevent, destroy, repel, or

mitigate pests” and as such, they have potential to be “harmful to people, animals, or the

environment”. Applying insecticides indiscriminately, especially harsh pesticides that

affect even the beneficial insects, can have detrimental effect on your local garden

ecosystem (Markham,2024).

Natural insecticides contain chemical, mineral, and biological material and some

products are available commercially, e.g., pyrenthrum, neem, Spinosad, rotenone

abamectin, bacillus thuringiensis (BT), garlic, cinnamon, pepper, and essential oil

products. Practically, the major categories of natural insecticides are botanical, soaps, and

oils, minerals and microbial. The selectivity and safety of natural insecticides are not

absolute and some natural compounds are toxic; for example, arsenic and nicotine are

used historically as natural pesticides. Currently, these natural compounds are not

considered as safe and not used as pesticides (Mossa, et.al, 2018).

The research absorption about the topic with the statistical data is that natural

insecticides gonna use some natural fragments in order to make an insect repellent. the

impact of this substance on pests’ population and crop yields. The researchers should use

evidence base decision making and understanding ecosystem interaction hence that the
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researchers can/will improve the study and it will help the farmers on their crop yields

and farms.

The gap in knowledge of the study is to create a natural insecticide that can repel

insects. This can help farmers to grow more food, improve the quality of crops, protect

crops from pests, disease, and weeds, as well as raise productivity by giving potential for

improving living standards. Insecticide is very important in farming because it can

protect the plant from insects. The first reason why natural insecticide are significant in

farming is that farmers have been using insecticides to control weeds and insects; these

are remarkable in agricultural products that increase population in food products; without

the use of insecticides, there would be damage in foods, vegetables, and cereals

production. Second, natural insecticide offer numerous advantages over synthetic

alternatives, including biodegrability, minimal soil residue, and reduced harm to humans

and reduced harm to humans and animals, making them cost- effective and

environmentally friendly. Third, insect repellents help keep irritating or disease- carrying

insect away. Therefore, insecticides play a critical role in reducing disease and increasing

crop yields worldwide.

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The

Fundamental Theory of Natural and

Biological Control

W.R Thompson

Ecological Theory
Tasoff and Larsen

Natural Insecticide

Number of insects repelled The effectiveness of Natural

Insecticide

Output of the Study

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Figure 1.1 Schematic Diagram of the study

Statement of the Problem

This study is to assess the natural insecticide repellent in Barangay Concepcion

Pangantucan Bukidnon for the SY 2024-2025.

It sought to answer the following question.

1. What is the efficacy rate of natural insecticide in repelling insects among

farms?

2. Is there are a significant difference between trial 1 and trial 2 in applying

natural insecticide?

3. Based from the findings of the study what possible output could be developed?

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses only in repelling insects that aims to reduce the risk of local

cutaneous reaction from insect bites, this will be made of natural chemicals that won’t

harm people’s health. This study will determine the effectiveness of natural insecticides

in repelling insects. The respondent of this study is one of the residences in United

Village Poblacion, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. Other variables are the significant difference
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of other repellent, what type of insect are repelled and what is the effect of this product to

people’s health.

Significance of the Study

This study has the following beneficiaries and benefits:

Farmers. The farmers will be given guidance to produce safe vegetables that

provide an abundance of nutritious, all-year-round foods, which are necessary for human

health.

Environment. The environment will encourage the growth of harmful insects’

population to control agricultural pests and vectors of plant disease.

Department of Agriculture (DOA). This well help agriculture to increased crop

yields by protecting crops from insect pest preventing damage, and ensuring higher

yields. This will be crucial for food production and agricultural profits.

Health Care. This will help public health by controlling insect-borne disease,

leading to a fewer case of illness this also contribute to improved public health and

overall well-being.

Future Researcher. The future researcher get a new knowledge that can support

in their chosen research pertaining to this experiment.

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Definition of Terms

To better come up with a good understanding of the study, the following terms

defined.

Repel- refers to drive back insects away from the vegetable’s plants.

Insect- refers to the one who kill vegetables plants.

Natural Insecticides- refers to the natural ingredients to make the product that

has no chemicals or containing artifacts.

Ginger- refers to strongly flavored root that use to make the natural insecticides.

Pomelo- refers to fruit that contain acid that can kill the insects in vegetables

plants.

Garlic- refers to the strong aroma that can move away the insects or kill the

insects.

Lemongrass- refers to grass that belong to Cymbopogon citratus that has a strong

aroma just like the garlic that can also kill the insects. The key ingredients to make the

natural insecticide.
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the review of related literature and related studies of
Natural Insect Repellant: Extract of Citratus, Maxima, Sativum and Zingiber

Derek Markham (2024), he stated that natural pesticide can excellent tool in your

arsenal against insects’ pests, which have the potential to turn your leech garden into

their own insects, its important because this “natural” or homemade insecticide, that they

can’t harm your soil, your garden or your own person an insecticide is define by the EPA

as “any chemical used to prevent, destroy, repel on mitigate pests”.

Robin Sweetser (2024) it stated that strong plants don’t attract as many insects

and can with-stand their assault better than weak ones if using fertilizer, it must be not

over-fertilizer and it comes with labeling that attracts pest to eat their lush new growth,

don’t reach for harsh chemicals they will do harm than good by polluting the watershed

killing good and bad bugs, eventually the insects you are trying to kill may really grow

resistant.
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George Ware (2023), he stated that insecticide in agents of chemical or biological

origin that control insects, controlling may results from killing the insects on otherwise

preventing it from engaging in behaviors deemed destructive, insecticide may be natural

or manmade and are applied to target pests in a myriad of formulations and delivery

systems (spray, baits, slow, release diffusion, etc.) for insecticide proteins into various

crop plants that deal death to unsuspecting pests that feed on them.

Jamie Mcintosh (2022) he stated in this article that organic gardening has

changed from a novelty to a common place way to grow ornamental plants, manufactures

have already responded to a gardener’s demand for effective but a natural pest-control

products, this may discourage flower gardeners from using natural pets, deterrents-after

all people usually don’t eat flowers so why does it matter.

Abdel-Tawab Mossa (2018) stated that using some synthetic insecticides have

resulted in accumulating their residues in food, milk, water, and soil and cause adverse

health effects to human and ecosystem therefore application of natural insecticide in

agriculture and public health sectors has been increased as alternative to synthetic

insecticide, it review presented here focused on the safety of natural insecticide.

As stated by, Ansari, M. et al (2014), Insecticides have saved millions of human

and animal lives since the date of their synthesis and use. They have played an important

role that brought evolution in the field of agriculture and human health on control of

insect pests of crops and vector-borne disease. More than 80,000 chemical substances are

now commercially available in agriculture and industry. About 4.6 million of pesticides

are applied into the environment and insecticides accounted for the largest proportion of

total use in the world to increase the productivity of food and fiber as well as to prevent
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the incidence of vector-borne disease. Insects are the most successful group of animals

existing in every segment of environment. They are polyphagous and migratory in

nature, with high fecundity and short life span and diapausing (over-wintering) under

adverse conditions.

According to (Gupta et al., 2010) says that insecticide are of chemical and

biological origins and are used in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, gardens, homes, and

offices. They are used to control vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks which are

involved in spreading human and animal disease. Insecticides constitute a large number

of chemical classes and exert toxify in insects and non-target mammalian (including

humans) and avian species through different mechanism of action. In non-target species

insecticides can provide anything from minion pain to severe paralysis and death. The

insecticides can bind to different enzymes, receptors, and other proteins, and the binding

sites, and adults, along with residue of insecticides and their metabolites. Detection of an

early exposure to the insecticides will not only help in avoiding any further exposure but

also provide the opportunity for a timely treatment.

Meanwhile, according to Murray, T. et al (2013) the natural insecticides can be

chemical, mineral, or biological. The common goal of all three is to kill, repel, or

otherwise interfere with the damaging behavior of insect pests. Because this purpose

corresponds with the legal definition of a pesticide, all natural insecticide products must

comply with federal and state regulations for registration, sales, transport, use, storage,

and disposal. Some natural insecticides are allowed for use in certifies organic system if

additional organic federal standards are met. This publication provides general
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information on the categories of natural insecticides that are effective for home

gardening.

As indicated by Dev, S (2017), Nature has often provided valuable molecules

either as lead compounds or for use in the fight against pests. Through a number of

conference proceedings deal with the control of insects using natural products, there is no

comprehensive account of what materials have been studied and what result have been

obtained. Cantrell, C. et al (2012) said that natural products as pesticides have been

reviewed from several perspective in the past, but no prior treatment has examined the

impacts of natural products and natural product-based pesticides. Also, as remarked by

Mann & Kaufman (2012), Natural chemical has considerable potential for vector

management because these chemicals are safer than conventional insecticides on account

of their rapid environmental biodegradation and low toxify to natural enemies, humans

and other mammals and they suffer less from problems of registration difficulties.

Kaur, R. et al (2024), concluded that pesticide are chemical substances of nature

or synthetic origin that are said to eradicate pest and insects. These are indispensable in

the agricultural processes for better crop production. Pesticide use aims to promote crop

yields and protect the crops from disease, and damage. Recent research of Asghar, U. et

al (2016), In modern agriculture, use of chemicals increase productivity of crops fertilizer

used to increase the growth and pesticide used to protect against pests, due to increase in

concentration of these chemical environment, millions of cases of pesticide poisoning

recorded each year. It is also confirmed by Rajak, P. et al (2023), that pesticide are

integral components of modern agricultural practices. The primary benefit of pesticide

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application includes immediate gain in terms of quality and quantity of food production.

It further enhance the economic wealth and well-being of any nation.1

Pesticides are playing important role in agriculture and public health. They make

an important role by increasing the production of food and fiber and improving human

health by reducing the rate of vector-borne diseases. In addition to crop damage induced

by pests, these pests that cause adverse effects on human health and domestic animals

produce the toxic metabolites. There are two types of insecticide, the one of its types is

natural insecticide such as azadirachtin, rotenone, Spinosad, and abamectin. The

application of natural insecticide in agriculture and public health sectors has been

increased as alternative to synthetic insecticides. The natural insecticides content is

botanical insecticides. Natural insecticides contain chemical, mineral, and biological

materials and some products are available commercially (Mossa A, 2018).

Natural pesticides are pesticides that are made from things found in nature. They

may be from minerals plants, or microorganisms. Experts have found that these natural

pesticides don’t remain in the environment as long as synthetic pesticides. They’re

considered less toxic and more environmentally safe than many synthetic pesticides.

There are several different methods of natural pest control. The types of natural

insecticide are botanical pesticides these are pesticides use naturally occurring chemicals

that are derived or extracted from plants or minerals, biochemical pesticides it have

substances like plant hormones that may interfere with mating and other behaviors. Some

may produce plant extracts that attract insects to traps, and microbial pesticides this type

of natural pesticide has a micro-organism as its active ingredient. It can control different

types of pests (Tan S, 2022).

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Agricultural crops are under constant assault by insect pest, making insecticides

essential to reduces losses. Many farmers will not use synthetic pesticides, and some

consumers will only buy organic produce. Also, many plant species produce substances

that protect them by killing or repelling the insects that feed on them. For example, is the

douglas fir and neem trees. It is possible to create effective, natural insecticides from

these substances to protect crops that, unlike wild plants, may have lost their capability

through cultivation to cope with pests. Natural pesticides have many advantages over

synthetic ones and may be more cost-effective as a whole, considering the environmental

cost of chemical alternatives. Natural pesticides are biodegradable, barely leave residues

in the soil and are less likely to harm humans’ animals. In addition, they are cheaper and

more accessible in less developed countries (Kalia, 2011).

Pesticides may be defined as any compound or mixture of components intended

for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. Additionally, herbicides or

weed-killers may also be considered as pesticides, and are used to kill unwanted plants in

order to leave the desired crop relatively unharmed and well provided with nutrients,

leading to a more profitable harvest. Biopesticides may meet those required standards

and become the key to solve pest problems and promote sustainable production, once

they are cheap, target specific, less hazardous to human health, bio-degradable and

therefore environmentally friendly. Biopesticides are pest management agents based on

biochemicals derived from living microorganisms, insects and plants. Plant-derived

pesticides can be processed in various ways: as crude plant material in the form of dust or

powder; as extracts or as pure plant natural products, formulated into solutions or

suspensions (Souto A. et al. 2021).

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Natural chemicals have considerable potential for vector management because

these chemicals are safer than conventional insecticides on account of their rapid

environmental biodegradation and low toxicity to natural enemies, humans and other

mammals and they suffer less from problems of registration difficulties. However,

isolation and chemical characterization of the active compounds from plants with strong

biological activities can be a tedious process compared to synthesizing new synthetic

compounds because natural compounds are generally isolated in small amounts. In

addition, the purity of natural product is highly variable and is dependent upon the

extraction’s method, plant part, plant age, geographic origin and location, climate and the

overall growth and health of the plant from which the chemical is extracted. Furthermore,

the research and development of natural pesticides against insect vectors control and also

due to the difficulties in registration. Despite these difficulties, research in plant-derived

pesticides has increased considerably (Mann R.S & Kaufman P.E ,2012).

Natural pesticides are pesticides that are made from things found in nature. They

may be made from minerals, plants, minerals, or microorganisms. Experts have found

that these natural pesticides don’t remain in the environment as long as synthetic

pesticides. They’re considered less toxic and more environmentally safe than many

synthetic pesticides (Sachdev, 2022).

Assadpour, E. et al (2024) stated. There is an urgent need for the development of

sustainable and eco-friendly pesticide formulations since common synthetic pesticides

result in many adverse effects on human health and the environment. Essential oil (Eos)

are a mixture of volatile oils produced as a secondary metabolite in medicinal plants, and

show activities against pests, insects, and pathogenic fungi. Their chemical composition
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is affected by several factors such as plant species or cultivar, geographical origin,

environmental conditions, agricultural practices, and extraction method. The growing

number of studies related to the herbicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, nematocidal, and

antimicrobial effects of Eos demonstrate their effectiveness and sustainability as

sustainable and environment-friendly biopesticides. Eos can biodegrade into nontoxic

compounds; at the same time their harmful and detrimental effects on non-target

organisms are low. However, few biopesticide formulations based on EOs have been

turned into commercial practice up to day. Several challenges including the reduced

stability and efficiency of EOs under environmental conditions need to be addressed

before EOs are widely applied as commercial biopesticides.

Botanical pesticides or natural insecticides are organic and Botanicals are derived

from fresh or dried plants, or plant’s isolated or extracted in water, ethanol, or other

organic solvents used for flavoring, fragrance, functional health benefits, medicine or

other biological and technical activities. These are naturally occurring plant products are

extracted from various plants parts viz, leaves, stems, seeds, roots, bulbs, rhizomes,

unripe fruits, and flower heads etc.) Of different plant species. Plants extracts are also

called Green pesticides, Botanical Pesticides, Plant Pesticides, Botanicals, Ecological

pesticides and the method which utilizes botanicals in insect’s pest management is called

as Indigenous Integrated Pest Management or Ethno-Botanical Crop Protection.

Hundreds of botanical crop pesticidal compounds have been discovered from many

plants, including wild plants and herbal medicines. These have broad spectrum activity

are less expensive and easily available because of their natural occurrence, have high

specificity to target pests, and no or little adverse effect on beneficial insects, resistance
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development to them is slow or less common, poses least or no health hazards and

environmental pollution, have less residual activity and are effective against insecticide

resistance species of insects, and have no adverse effect on plant growth parameters.

Botanical pesticide are effective in controlling a variety of mechanisms of action, are

readily available in their sources, and are not hazardous to non-target organisms. 1649-

Rotenone used to paralyze fish in South America. 1690-Tobacco extracts used as contact

insecticide. 1848-Derris (Rotenone) being used in insect control in Asia (Yahya, 2024).

Shelly, M. (2021) stated. High use of pest chemicals has been linked to reduced

health and wellness in human. Long term use may injure native plants and animals,

including pollinators like bee. Worst of all, pesticides could lead to acute or chronic

health effects related to residue on fruits, leaves or roots. A little pesticide use in common

for most home gardeners, but overreliance could lead to problems down to road. That’s

why so many plant parents are jumping back to natural pesticides. In a recent study

completed in 2018, researchers discovered that common plants with known pesticide

properties worked just as effectively as synthetic chemicals. The best part? The resulting

bean yield was almost entirely chemical-free.

Gomes, E., et.al (2024). Plants are sources of natural products that reflect the

ecological interactions that shaped their secondary metabolism. Among those,

phytochemicals with insect repellent activity have shown potential to be part of

integrated pest management programs. In this study, we performed an initial screening of

the repellent activities of five commercially available essential oils, as well as the

essential oil of lemon catnip (Nepta cataña var. citriodora Doumolin ex Lej.) and related

natural products against the common bed bug (climex lextularlus L.). Additionally, we
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studied the effects of two different growing locations (Upper Deerfield and Pittstown,

state of New Jersey, United States) on the chemical composition of three lemon catnip

lines (commercial lemon catnips’ line CN5).

The incidence of dengue, zika, chikungunya, yellow fever and malaria cases has

increased significantly in the world. To avoid mosquito bites, one of the best strategies in

the use of repellents. The interest in using plants as mosquito repellants has increased

significantly. In the review, has been performed in bibliographic survey of the plants with

repellent activity, evaluate the feuds of natural repellent formulations in the scientific

literature, those described in patents and commercially available products. Limonene, 1,

8-cineole, eugenol and citronellal are the active (Mattos da Silva & Ricci-Junior, 2020).

Female mosquitoes can carry a number of a deadly infectious agents transmitted

to humans via a bite. In 2017, approximately 70,000 deaths occurred as a result of

mosquito bites from three divergent species of mosquitos (Anopheles, Aedes and Culex).

Mosquitoes use their sense of smell to seek out and distinguish a vertebrate host for a

blood meal. Disturbing a mosquito’s, sense of smell can reduce host- seeking behaviors.

The use of insect repellents, which can alter olfactory responses in mosquitos. (Afify &

Potter, 2020).

Dangerous parasites and viruses and transmitted to humans through the bites of

infected mosquitoes causing fatal disease such as malaria, dengue fever, zika,

chikungunya, west nile virus, and other vector-borne afflictions. In 2020, malaria caused

an estimated 24 million chemical cases and approximately 627,000 deaths globally, of

which nearly 96% (602.00 deaths) were in the African region a 77% were of children

aged under fire. Today malaria prevention mainly relies on personal protection measures
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against mosquito bites, as no effective vaccines or prophylactic drugs are currently

available. Insect repellents are considered the most reliable means of human defuse

against mosquitoes and other blood-sucking arthropods. Although these agents provide

excellent and long-term protection, they raise safety concerns regarding their potential

mammalian toxify and carcinogenicity, as well as the development of resistance in

mosquitoes. (Liggri, Tsitsanou, Stamati, Saitta, Orakou, Leonidas, Fossas, Zograohos,

2023).

Mosquito bites can potentially result in the transmission of several infectious

diseases and remain as one of the main causes of worldwide human health concern. The

most effective way of tackling the mosquito menance is through personal protective

measures, including the use of mosquito repellent. Pyrethroids, well known insecticides,

are the main stay of vector-borne disease eradication programs. However, growing

resistance to the commonly used pesticides, particularly pyrenthrins, is resulting in the

need to increase concentrations of the active ingredients to improve efficacy, thereby

surging the pesticides load in the environment. Earlier efforts led to the identification of

N-N-dialkylamids and diol class of compounds as two promising leads towards the

development of mosquito repellents. (Handore, Kalmode, Sayyad, Seethramsinghl,

Gathalhar, Padok, Pawar, Joseph, Sen and Reddy, 2019).

Carbon dioxide, lactic acid, skin temperature, and moisture are among the most

important mosquito attraction. Insect use warm and humid contraction rising from the

human body as a guide for approaching humans. The action of mosquito repellents can

be broadly divided into two categories-action on their olfactory sense and action on their

tactile senses. The repellents’ function is called transcription repelling. It stops the insects
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from reaching a surface treated with the repellent. The repellent molecule block the

humidity sensory holes of the insects, making humans inaccesable to insects by inhibiting

the function of sensing moisture. (Elsayed & Hassabo 2022).

As presented, behavioral and electrophysiological studies have shown the DEET,

which acts as a sensory stimulus, can be detected by insect antennate and can interact

with olfactory as well as gustratory receptors neurons. These interactions are probably

the psychological basis of the repellency of DEET. However, the toxity of DEET in

insects has not been extensively studied particularly on other physiological functions.

Based on behavioral observations, it has been reported a phenomenon (Legeay, et al.

2018).

Pyrethrum from dry of chrysanthemum is a well-known botanical insecticide and

repellent. its insecticidal activity attributes to its six insecticidal esters, collectively

known as phyrethrins. Phyrethrins and its synthetic analogs phyrethroids exert their toxic

action by modifying the function of voltage-gated sodium channels. Aside from

insecticidal activity, phyrethrum has also been used to repel mosquitoes for centuries.

Today, phyrethrum continues to be used as an active ingredient in mosquito coils and

other mosquito-repellent devices globally. However, the mechanism of phyrenthrum

repellency remains largely unknown (Yan, et.al. 2021).

Push-pull with semiochemicals in pest management uses repellent to reduce

response of pests to food-mate resources (push) and attractive traps to reduce populations

(pull). Simulation models of push-pull can aid understanding of plant insect interactions

in nature and suggest hypotheses for field tests that improve management. A previous

model indicated advantages of push-pull for controlling ambrosia beetle, Euwallecea

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fornicates, pest of avocado trees. However, the stimulated behavior of repellency was

inconsistent with field observations (Byers & Zada, 2022).

In recent years, interest in plant based repellents has been revived, as they contain

a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals that are safe and biodegradable into non-toxic

by-products, which could be screened for insecticidal activities and mosquito repellent.

Many studies have reported evidence of repellent activities of plant extracts or essential

oils against malaria vectors around the world. The present systematic review was

performed to reveal which plant-based repellent can relied on to provide a prolonged and

predictable protection from species of anopheles mosquitoes without causing side effects

on human health (Asadollahi, et.al. 2019).

Many recent studies have been found on plant-based products that present how

toxicity and reduce the accumulations of toxic chemicals in the environment. Among

these natural products, essential oils have been shown to be potential alternatives to

synthetic chemicals because they are effective, eco-friendly and available to many parts

in the world affected by mosquito vector-borne disease. For example, common

ingredients used in mosquito repellents are citronella oil, lemongrass oil, and

paramenthane 3, 8-dio(PMD) found in waste didtillates after extraction of the eucalyptus

citriodora oil (Manh, & Tuyet, 2020).

Rhodnius prolixus is one of the most important vectors of chagas diseasein

central and South America for which repellent and attractants are solely needed.

Repellents like DEET, picandin, and IR3535 are widely use as the first line detense

against mosquitoes and others vectors by they are inettective against R. Prolixus genome

odorant receptors sensitive putative sex pheromones. We compared gene expression of

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21 ORs in the R. polixus genome, identified 4ORs enriched in male (compared with

female) antennae. Attempts to de-orphanize these ORs using the Xenopus oocyte

recording system showed that none of them responded to putative sex pheromone

constituents. One of the them, RproOR80, was sensitive to 4compounds in our panel of

109 odorants, namely 2-heptanone, y-octalactone, acetophenone, and 4-

methylcyhcohexanol. Interestingly these compounds, particularly 4-methylcyclohexanol,

showed strong repellency activity as indicated not only by a significant decrease in

residence time close to a host, but also by a remarkable reduction in blood intake. 4-

methlycyclohexanol-elicited repellency activity was abolished in RNAi-treated insects.

In summary, our search for pheromone receptors led to the discovery of repellents for R.

prolixus (Franco, 2019).

Repellent are an effective way to reduce the spread of vector-borne disease by

minimizing contact between human and disease-carrying insects. DEET (N.N-diethyl-

meta-touamide) is a well-established and safe repellent, but concern about potential side

effects have led to a growing market for natural DEET-free alternatives. This study

published in the journal of insect science in 2015, compared the efficacy of eight

commercially available insect repellents, including DEET-based products, DEET-

containing repellent provided the strongest and longest-lasting protection against both

aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. While some DEET-free product, like

those containing p-menthane-3, 8-diol, and showed comparable efficacy but for shorter

durations, others had little to no repellent effect. The study highlights the importance of

choosing effective repellent for personal protection against mosquito-borne disease

(Rodriguez, 2015).
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Insect repellent may help prevent insect bites and the transmission of insect borne

disease. Many insect-repelling product are available, and some chemicals are naturally

occurring. Natural insect repellent may work well for some people. A person should seek

medical attention as soon as possible if they experience as severe allergic reaction to an

insect bite or a form of repellent (Wilson, 2023).

Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a

personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. Knowledge on traditional

repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the

development of new natural products. Recently commercial repellent products containing

plant-based ingredients have gained increasing popularity among consumes, as there are

commonly perceived as “safe” in comparison to long-established synthetic repellents

although this is sometimes a misconception. To date insufficient studies have followed

standard WHO pesticide evaluation scheme guidelines for repellent testing. There is a

need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and

develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. This

paper present a summary of recent information on testing, efficacy and safety of plant-

based repellent as well as promising new development in the field (Moore, 2011).

The applications of essential oils (EOs) as insect repellents mainly focus on the

protection against mosquito bites and food revages by stored products pests. EOs are

praised for their reduced environmental impact and assortment, but such assets often

become liabilities. In this review, are underlined the most critical aspects related to use of

EOs as insect repellents, including their instability, composition variability, hormotic

effect, olfactory impact, health risks, and economic challenges. Furthermore, we explored
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some possible solutions experimented in the last ten years to overcome the different

limitations and provided an overview of the future challenges we must face to ensure the

desirable diffusion of such products of vegetal origin in effective insects pests’s control

(Farina, 2024).

Chapter 3
Research Methodology

This chapter present the research design, research environment, research

respondents, research instrument, sampling technique, data gathering procedure, data

analysis

Research Design

This study will be use quantitative research design. Quantitative research design

is information about quantities and therefore numbers and analyzes it using statistical

methods it aim to produce objective empirical data that can be measured and expressed
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numerically of quantitative research that is often used to test hypothesis, identify

patterns, and make predictions. (Saul Mcleod, 2023). This study is also employed quasi-

experimental study design often described as non-randomized, pre-post intervention

studies, are most common in the benefits and limitation of the quasi-experimental

approach as applied to information studies, much like an actual experiment it tries to

demonstrate a cause and effect link between a dependent and independent variable and it

does not depend on a random assignment unlike an actual experiment.

Research Environment

The environment of this study is located in United Village, Poblacion,

Pangantucan, Bukidnon, Philippines. United Village, Poblacion, Pangantucan Bukidnon

is located near Pangantucan National High School. It is one of the Barangay

Municipality of Pangantucan that has integral part of the region. In terms of agriculture,

(United Village is one of the producers of various vegetation and plantation such as red

bell pepper, eggplant bitter melon (ampalaya), green beans, sugar cane, rice fields, coffee

cornfields etc.

Research Respondents

The research respondents of this study is one of the residences in Pangantucan,

Bukidnon specifically, in United Village, which is the locality of the following

researchers. The researchers selected the study’s respondents, who is farmers in United

Village, Poblacion, Pangantucan, Bukidnon, because they can provide knowledge about

the effectiveness of natural insecticide in repelling insects and because they are suitable

and applicable to the study to ensure its success.

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Research Instrument

Date: Day Time Amount of Particular Name of Day

insecticide used insect repelled the plant covered

(ml)

This research will use the tally sheet table that has contents such as the date, time,

amount of insecticide used (mL), particular insect repelled, name of the plant and day

covered. This will use to gather data faster. The researches will observe for 4 weeks to

put the liquid substances on snow cabbage plant and to complete the tally sheet. The

researchers will compare the two snow cabbage, the first snow cabbage plant was

untreated, and second snow cabbage plant was treated. The researchers will continue to

conduct the experiment until it reach the efficacy rate of the product.

Sampling Technique

This research study will use purposive sampling method/technique, also known as

selective or subjective sampling. This technique relies on the judgments of the researcher
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when choosing who to ask to participate researchers may implicitly choose a

representative sample to suit their needs, or specially approach individuals with certain

characteristics. The researchers chose this sampling method/technique is ideal for the

study “Natural Insecticides” with a single respondent. This approach ensures that the

researchers’ chosen individual has deep understanding of natural insecticides, their

efficacy and their potential impact on the environment. Purposive sampling maximize the

depth and quality of the information gathered by the researchers, providing their valuable

insights into the effectiveness of the researchers’ natural insecticide.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will follow some procedures of the experiment in order to meet

the objectives of the study. Getting a permission from the teacher in charge to start and

conduct an observation to the respondent in the first stage in gathering a data. The

second, the researcher will send letter to the principal for the approval. The researcher

will prepare the appropriate materials that going to use as needed for the data gathering

collection, after the collection the researcher gather data by observing the composition of

the ingredients that will be use, the ginger, pomelo, lemongrass, and garlic, that will

make a natural insect repellent. This will only test the main ingredients that will be used

in making an insecticide property. After, the concentration of the solution will be used in

testing. Next, the natural contents of the extract will only be tested in pests. To gather

data, the researchers will do an experiment in United Village, Poblacion, Pangantucan,

Bukidnon. Getting the respondents consent, which is required to involve the respondent

confidential information. This also includes the consent form that the respondent in the
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study must be informed in advance of what we are going to do so that they can see what

happened every time we conduct an experiment in their crops.

The fourth step in gathering the data. After the consent, the researcher will do a

set-up for trial 1. The researcher will provide an estimate of the precise quantity for the

ingredients. Then, the researcher will make a table for the composition of the first

product, the composition will be tested by the researchers to observe that the first product

can repel insects. In trial 2, repeat the same process then improve the estimation.

Afterward, the research will gather the data from this research and prepare a summary of

the data. Based on the observation, the researcher comes up with a conclusion and

recommendation for the study.

Data analysis

The collected data can be used to analyze the insecticide’s effectiveness by

calculating the average number of insects repelled per day the percentage of insect

repelled, and growth rate of the plants. By comparing the results of the treated plants to

the untreated plants, the researchers can determine whether the insecticide effectively

repels insects. This analysis will involve dividing the total number of insects repelled by

the number of days in the experiment to find the average, dividing the number of insects

repelled by the total observed to determine the mean, and measuring plant heights at

various intervals to assess growth rate.

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