Eukaryotic Cells:
Ribosomes:
- Factories for protein synthesis
- rRna and proteins
- RNA is the catalytic component
- Assembled in the nucleus
- Catalytic subunit is RNA
- Proteins in this organelle make the rounded look (globular look), fills the
space
Endomembrane System:
- A group interrelated organelles
- The cell membrane
- The nuclear evnelope
- The endoplasmic reticulum
- The golgi apparatus
- The lysosomes
- The nucleus has interconnected channels that connect to the cell
membrane
- 40% of the membrane is proteins
- Some of the proteins go through and through the membrane
(transmembrane proteins or integral membrane proteins - they are
visible on both sides of the cell, outside & inside)
- Some are on external, some are on internal, peripheral proteins
Plasma Membrane:
- Very thin structure that forms the outer surace of every cells
- More or less the same thickness and molecular structure in all the cells.
- Membranes are selectively permeable
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER);
- Networks of interconnected membraned branching throughout the
cytoplasm, forming tubes and flattened sacs
- Lumen (insdie area) - 1/10th of cell volume - single membrane
- Surface area many time greater than plasma membrane
- Two Types:
- Rough ER: sites of proteins synthesis
- Smooth ER: sites of lipid synthesis and chemical modification of
proteins, stores calcium ions
Golgi Apparatus:
- Cisternae (cis,trans,medial) flattened membrane sacs or vesicles
- These vesicles fuse with the lysosomes
- Single membrane
- Received proteins from ER for further modification
- Concnetates and packages proteins to destinations within and outside
the cell.
- Cuts certain large precursor proteins transferred from the RER into
smaller, functional frgaments
ER → cis Golgi → medial Golgi → trans Golgi → cell membrane
→ lysosome
Lysosomes:
- 1 micrometer diameter; single membrane
- Contain digestive enzymes
- Primary lysosome is generated by golgi apparatus
- Primary Lysosome + phagosome → secondary lysosome
- Sites where macromolecules are broken down
- Process phagocytosed (i.e eaten) stuff
- Autophagy
- Acidic environment
- Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Mitochondria:
- Double membraned → means there are several spaces
between the outer membrane and inner membrane, as well as
a space enclosed in the inner membrane, which is where all
the contents of the mitochondria exist.
- Outer membrane is quite permeable to cytoplasm
- Inner membrane is very tightly enclosed, does not allow much to
pass through
- All energy producing processes occur in the outside and inside of the
inner membrane
- Circular genome
- Have their own ribosomes and DNA
- Energy reduction (cellular respiration)
- mtDNA is maternally inherited
- Cristae
Chloroplasts:
- Contain chlorophyll
- Site of photosynthesis
- Outer and inner membrane
- Extensive network of thylakoid membrane
- Thylakoid lipids:
- Only 10% are phospholipids
- The rest are galactose-substituted diglycerides and sylfolipids
- Most abundant lipids in the biosphere
Proxeisomes:
- Degrade hydrogen peroxide
Vacuoles:
- plants , fungi, and protsts
- Functions:
- Structure:
- Reproduction
- Digestion
- Storage: can store some toxic pigments (that tastes bitter? Tea
plant is an example)
Cytoskeleton:
- Maintains cell shape
- Holds organelled in place
- Framework for transport
- Interact with extracellular structures
- Cell division
- Composed of:
- Microfilaments:
- smallest diameter - actin
- Intermediate Filaments:
- Fibrous proteins - keratins
- Microtubules:
- Largest diameter - tubulin
Cell Communication:
- Multiple extracellular
