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Report Group 7 (Final) - Assignment

Integrated Water Resources Management (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)

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GROUP ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC NO 7: BEHAVIOURAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC WATER USE - 1

INTERGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (SKAA 4616)

PROF. DR. ZULKIFLI BIN YUSOP

PREPARED BY:

NOOR AINOON BINTI SYAHNAN (SX161674KAWF04)

NAJLA BINTI NASHRUDDIN (SX161940KAWF04)

MUHAMAD NUR LUQMAN BIN ZAMANEE (SX153104KAWF04)

NURUL SHAHIIRAH BINTI JUSOH (SX150329KAWS04)

NUR NATASHA BINTI ZULHALMI (SX150325KAWS04)

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Study 1

1.2 Objectives 2

1.3 Literature Reviews 2

CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY

2. Introduction 6

2.1 Methodology flow chat 7

CHAPTER 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3. Result and Discussion 8

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4. Conclusion 21

4.1 Recommendation 21

REFERENCES 23

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Study

Water is an important element in daily life. Water, which covers 70 percent of the
world's volume, plays a role as a source for various uses such as cooking, washing and so on.
Water also plays a role in one of the needs of the human body where the human body needs
at least 8 glasses of water every day to meet the needs of the body. The same is true of plants
and animals that need a lot of water to survive. Therefore, the function and role of water is
not only limited to humans, but also used by plants and animals. Providing water is never
free; the water needs to be collected, stored, treated and distributed. Providing too much
water is a waste of money. Taking too much water from a limited source may deprive people
elsewhere of water and have adverse environmental and health impacts.

The role and function of water is not limited to household use only. Government
departments, private agencies, corporate bodies, non-government departments (NGOs), and
even the whole community also need water in their daily lives. Water is also involved in
various functions today. Examples are the use of water for the purpose of building
construction, cleaning of urban areas, beautification of an area and so on.

Domestic use involves between 40 - 60 percent of the total water supply. Other
examples of domestic use include for cooking, bathing in house and car, sanitary, watering
the garden and washing clothes and dishes. (Nik Fuaad, 1990).In 1970s, a person in Malaysia
use only less than 200 litres of water per day, then the amount increase to 250 litres in 1980s
and now more than 300 litres (Chan,2004). As comparison, water use recommended by
United Nation for Malaysia is only 200 litres.

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With the growth of population, economic development, rapid urbanization and

climate change, countries of the world is facing to a condition of water scarcity. Malaysia is
blessed with abundant of rainfall that contributed to abundant of water resources, but
inefficient management and abuse of water usage have resulted in water crisis that caused
hardships (HASSAN, 2013).

Although the number of field experiments on how people's behaviour can be changed
with respect to their daily water consumption is growing, to date, most studies in this field
have focussed either on explanatory socio-economic factors (e.g. water pricing, income, or
family composition) or behavioural intentions and personal characteristics related to
behavioural change.

Therefore, in the context of environmental change it is necessary to know the trend of

domestic water consumption, the significant factors contributing the increment of
consumption rate and quantitative impacts of these factors on water consumption in different
states of Malaysia.

1.1 Objectives

The objective of this study is to discuss the behaviour of domestic water users by
urban, suburban and rural areas to see the relationship between residential areas and water
consumption attitudes by domestic water users.

1.2 Literature Reviews

Literature reviews are an important element in conducting a study. By reading about

the previous studies that have been conducted by researchers before, it will be able to provide
an idea of the concept of the study that is being conducted. Through reading about reviews of
previous works or studies can also provide important information to researchers in
conducting research. The library reviews made also take into account the study conducted
either in or a study conducted abroad to enable the researcher to make a comparison of the
results of the study conducted.

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Twort et al. (1985) explained that water consumption can be classified into 5
categories. First, domestic which includes home use such as food and beverage preparation,
cleaning, tree watering activities and vehicle washing. The second is business, commercial
and institutional purposes. All three are agricultural, dairy, horticultural, greenhouse, and
farm purposes. Fourth is the use of the public such as street and sidewalk cleaning, public
recreation parks, embankment cleaning and fire. The latter are activities related to waste that
occur such as leaks and waste for consumers.

Overseas Studies

Library reviews made on previous studies abroad regarding water supply management
show a very close relationship between water consumption rates and urbanization activities.
Savini & Krammer (1961) explain that the process of urbanization affects the rate of water
demand in the city. They also explained that urbanization has changed the flow of the river
regime which is the main source of water supply. This study shows that the urbanization
process that takes place around the world has highlighted the shortcomings especially in the
water supply needs in the city.

This argument is further strengthened by the study of Peixoto & Kettani which asserts
that water is essential for any form of development, but the expansion of an area has caused
the area to experience a shortage of water resources. This past study shows that the
interrelationships between the rate of water consumption and the way of life in an area are
very closely related. The process of urbanization that takes place in the JOURNAL OF THE
MASTER'S DISCOURSE 3 (1) March 2019: 1- 10 4 will indirectly encourage population
density in an area. When the population in an area increases then it will increase the rate of
water consumption per capita as a whole.

In addition, Lenoy (1960) has conducted a study that shows that the rate of water
consumption per capita is also influenced by population growth. According to him, the total
population of the city of Miami in 1960 was 1 million people with a water consumption rate
of 145 gallons each. And he estimates that the increase in the rate of water consumption will
increase by 4 times per person to 220 gallons of water in 1995.

Next McMohan (1973) who conducted his study on water supply in large Australian
cities has also proved that there is a relationship between climate factors and the amount of
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water supply and consumption. Water needs in hot and dry climates require more high water
consumption than cold climates and weather.

The issue of water crisis is an issue that is happening all over the world today. Water
is at an alarming level as a result of shortages, pollution, mismanagement and scrambles from
various quarters (Bougerra, 2006). Although many problems face the water sector including
wastewater treatment (Majlesi 2008). Thus, even if a country has inefficient water
governance, water resources are indeed difficult to manage sustainably (Alam et al, 2007).

Domestic Studies

Next, according to Mohd. Ismail and Wan Nor Azmin (1984) explained that the water
supply used for settlement, industrial, commercial and even recreational purposes has
increased dramatically. And these conditions have indirectly affected the hydrological and
climate regimes in the surrounding area. If we look at the use of water in Malaysia in 1980,
Malaysians use up to 8.70 billion m³ of water for irrigation, industrial and domestic use. This
amount increased to 11.6 billion m³ in 1990. Subsequently, in 1995 the amount of water used
by Malaysians increased to 13.5 billion m³. 72% of this amount is used for the purpose of
irrigating agricultural areas, especially paddy. While 15% of the total water is used for
industrial purposes and another 13% is for domestic needs.

According to the National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM),

Malaysia has about 63.5 billion cubic meters of groundwater or aquifers. This amount is a
huge amount until NAHRIM Director General, Dr Azuhan said that Malaysia should not face
the water supply crisis. (daily news 2017). The government can use a large amount of
groundwater storage in an effort to address the problem of clean water supply, especially
during the dry season or river pollution. Malaysia is also a country that receives 2030 mm to
5000 mm of rainwater throughout the year. This rainwater will go through the process of
water cycle which will partly be absorbed into the soil and become groundwater while the
rest will enter the basin area and become surface water. So this daily precipitation is also part
of the water resources in Malaysia for domestic use.

Noorazuan Hashim (2000) The expectation that the supply of clean water supply in
Malaysia will always exceed demand until 2020 is misplaced when the clean water supply
crisis began to hit several areas in the country in 1997. The Klang Valley is a critical area hit

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by this problem. This crisis occurred when the process of distributing clean water supply
could not be done in a balanced way and was further complicated when the El-Nino
phenomenon hit the country at that time.

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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2. Introduction

There is a growing research about domestic water the relevance of practice

approaches to understand resource consumption and here to highlight the way to save the
water and how to use wisely water. These practice approaches offer conceptualisation of
water demand and have been surveying by online. This is the best way methodology in
medical time situation (Covid 19).

Investigation and researching behavioural study on domestic water found that the next
process achieves the objective of the study in the right way which is to use water carefully
because the sources clean water supply is limited. Study data involved 64 respondents
through online surveys. This technique was created due to the "COVID 19" medical situation.
Why we give 3 days to correspondent to answer all the question because our time limited.
But through online survey got disadvantages which is we do not know who we are dealing
with, are they are willing to answer properly or just for fun. This data is used in studies
obtained through various ages and genders. Among the active age to answer this question are
between the ages of twenty-five to thirty-five years. In addition, there are also many who are
married to give ideas and support about the future of Malaysia.

The sources of our question are from newspaper, magazine, investigation impact bad
weather on earth which cause landslide, and many more. Most of the people who responded
to this survey were urban people. This is because their monthly bill status is more than RM
50. They also support newspaper clippings of low water status structures in Malaysia causing
consumers to use water extravagantly. Based on the survey conducted, the dosage of water
that they use every month.

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2.1 Methodology Flow Chart

Research what Take all related What, when,

happen. data and news where happen to
domestic water to domestic water.
be question

Make a Set day and Make online

methodology number of survey
. summary participants

Figure 2.1: Methodology flow chat

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CHAPTER 3

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3. Result and Discussion

In order to know the real behavior of people when using domestic water, one online
questionnaire has been done for 64 respondents at different places including out of Kuala
Lumpur and Selangor. Based on Figure 3.1, the pie chart shown 82.8% represents the age
range between 25 years and 35 years old and based on figure 3.2 represents that 68.8% are
from married people and the rest are from single people. From the data obtained, it can be
seen that the number of households might give an effect on the behavior of a person when
using domestic water. It is because of more than one person per house. For example, one
house has a big family live in it and it can affect the higher usage of water.

Figure 3.1: Ages Figure 3.2: Marital status

Besides, based on Figure 3.3 shows that 71.9% of respondents are living in urban
areas and 23.4% are in suburbs and the rest are from rural areas. The cost of living is quite

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higher if most respondents living in urban areas. As know, people who stay in urban place
live at the apartment, flat, condominium is using water pump tank. They sharing water using
water tanks and distribute them to the lowest level. While people who stay in suburban places
has other sources of water like the nearest river to get water.

Furthermore, referring to the Figure 3.4, the amount of bill tariff monthly that has
been paid by respondents. the pie chart represents that 28.1% of tariff bills are more than
RM50/monthly, 25% are between RM0 to RM15, 23.4% between RM30 to RM50, 20.3%
between RM15 to RM30 and the rest are they did not know how much bills per monthly.

Figure 3.3: Type of residence Figure 3.4: Monthly water bill tariff amount

Phrase taken from Bernama newspaper:

“Struktur tarif air yang rendah di Malaysia menyebabkan pengguna menggunakan

air dengan boros”.

Based on this phrase there are 34.4% agree while 35.9% disagree with the statement
(Figure 3.5). The difference between agree and disagree is just 1.5%. This is shown a lack of
awareness among people to reduce water usage.

There is the various answer from respondents such as consumer are usually not
involved in the design and setting of tariff structures and water use for different consumer
classes and how price changes would affect different categories of domestic and commercial
consumers, water bills are cheaper compare to other states especially in Selangor and etc.

In addition, based on Figure 3.6 shows that 79.7% are did not know how much
monthly average water consumption (cubic/meter/month) has been used in their house
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meanwhile the rest know about it. The collected data shows that the average consumption is
between 12m3/month to 200m3/month. Based on the data it can be seen that most
respondents do not know how much water usage has been used and do not check the bill
properly. In each bill has been stated how much water consumption used on a monthly basis
and it is not fixed according to daily or monthly usage. They only pay when they get the bill.

Figure 3.5: Phrase taken from Bernama Figure 3.6: average monthly water
newspaper consumption

Based on the collected data obtained in Figure 3.7, 84.4% respondents are disagreed if
the government will increase the water bill and only 15.6% are agree with this suggestion.
The main reasons they disagree are because of the living cost and electricity is expensive
more than water.

A few of respondents do not agree with the increase of water bill tariff is they realize
the water is need to supply by local authorities and the parties involved is supposed to
strengthen the recycling system in Malaysia. Besides that, for the residents of the city clean
water source can only be obtained from tap water source. If the water tariff is increased this
impact will affect the residents who have many households and in the B40 group.

Based on disagreed opinion by respondent, the water is an easily renewable source of

minerals compared to electricity which requires the cost to renew. With far different tariff
levels, waste of water consumption will continue if there is no awareness effort on the part of
consumers. In Malaysia, water tariffs rarely increase. Therefore, users do not focus on saving
water resources provided. The cost of maintenance work is quite expensive and if the main
water pipe leaks or broken, it will take a lot of time to repair and replace.
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Figure 3.7: Agree / disagree the water rate is raised.

The pie chart in Figure 3.8 shows that 59.4% of respondents check their water pipes
periodically, 15.6% of respondents check their water pipes frequently and 18.8% of
respondents do not check their water pipes and the rest check the pipes all the time. This
shows that there is awareness about water pipe care among consumers and know about the
operation of water pipe system at home.
Consumers are aware that in the event of a leak, it will be a big problem if they live in
flat, apartment and condominium housing areas. Especially if the water pipe leak occurs
without the user noticing such as underground pipe leakage or inside the house wall. The
situation will get worse if the water starts to enter the house from the cracks in the floor,
walls or ceiling of the house.
For those living in terraced or multi-storey houses, water pipe leaks will not only
affect the homeowners, but it will also affect the homeowners who live next door to the
owners. If not addressed immediately, it can affect the safety of homeowners, causing
damage to furniture, electrical connections, and impact on walls due to water infiltration and
in turn result in consumers bearing high water bills. This is an attitude to be commended for
saving water consumption.

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Figure 3.8 Frequency of Pipe Inspection

Based on the above data collection in Figure 3.9, respondents bathed twice a day
which is 50% and 46.9% of respondents bathed three times a day. The difference is only
3.1%. Usually a normal life routine, twice a bath is enough for someone. More than twice a
bath if the user works as a technician, site supervisor, car or motor mechanic who is exposed
to greasy, dust and foul odors. It can be said that employment factors also play a role in
measures to save water consumption.
While taking a bath, with 78.1% respondent likely to use shower faucet and 10.9 %
using a bucket bath and the rest is using the bath tab and others are shown in the pie chart in
Figure 3.10. By using a ‘shower’ head can avoid large water usage. Most old model ‘shower’
heads use 20 liters per minute or more. Newer models typically use nine liters per minute.
This can reduce the 45% energy-saving measure can save about 28,000 liters per year per
person compare to the old model ‘shower’ head which uses 20 liters per minute, if users take
a shower for seven minutes each time, it means consumption of 50,000 liters per year.
This is a part of how to reduce water consumption especially if you have many
children or large family members in a house. If the house is occupied by two adults and three
children four times a day, it requires a savings of 36,500 liters per year for each family.
Furthermore, children tend to use water activities such as bathing in the yard or balcony,
playing with water in a plastic water pool that needs a lot of water at one time, using a lot of
foam soap that needs a lot of water to clean it. By using shower faucet while taking shower, it
will slowly reduce water usage every day.
Next, Based on the data obtained in Figure 3.11 shows that 31.3% of respondents did
not turn off the pipes during bathing and 18.5% often turned off the pipes with the same
activity. As a result of these questionnaires, we found that consumers are not aware of not
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closing the water pipe valve is one of the behaviors that cause water waste. Although the
quantity of bathwater used is small, if this behavior is continuously practiced by each
individual, the probability of wastage water will increase gradually. The proper way is to turn
on the tap valve just too wet the body only. When you are rubbing your body with soap, the
tap valve should be closed temporarily to avoid wastage of water. Besides that, this can help
to save water by limiting the use of baths for personal cleaning only and shortage the time of
taking shower.

Figure 3.9: Total daily bath. Figure 3.10: Bath method

Figure 3.11: Total respondent turn off the water tap while bathing

Roughly can see these both behaviors are related which are from the Figure 3.12 the
first pie chart shows how many times respondent cooking in a week and what respondent do
with the excess water after washing the fruits/vegetable or plate. 71.9% are cooking
everyday while in Figure 3.13 shows that 89.1% represent throw away excess water after
washing the fruits/vegetables. Cooking activities will require water to boil water, make
soup and wash vegetables and fruits including washing dishes. A water tap can run between

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15 to 25 litres of water, every minute. The water that has been used to boil pasta water can
be used to prepare soups as it is a starchy solution. The water also left over from boiling
veggies can be used to make soup stock. Furthermore, instead of rinsing the veggies under
the running water, one can rinse them in a bowl of water.
Therefore, the activity of washing dishes by filling the sink with a quarter or half
full only. By using a washing time of about 3-5 minutes, it can save more than 33-48 litres.
Avoid using washing dishes using a dishwasher or dishwasher that requires 35 litres of
washing water.

Figure 3.12: Cooking times a week Figure 3.13: How to reuse water 1

Based on Figure 3.14, the pie chart shows how many times the respondent
wash clothes which are 45.3% represent two times a week, 28.1% represent every day and
18.8% represent one a week. Sometime it also depends on how many people or family
members at the house and the employment factors. More children more clothes need to wash
more than two times a week. The type of washing machine such as automatic washing
machine and manual washing machine also affected water usage.

For an example, manual washing machine can fill in water how much the users want.
When wash clothes, use up to 120 liters of water for the washing machine each time it is used
and do not use the washing machine if the amount of clothes is too small. Another way to
save water is to choose the type that saves on water use when to buy a washing machine. It
will be able to save water and money throughout the life of the washing machine.

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Figure 3.14: Total of washing clothes per week

Referring to the Figure 3.15, the results showed what the respondents do with the
excess water used after mopping the floor. 32.8% represent throw away the excess water
and 14.1% represent recycle the excess water to clean up the yard. From the behaviour, we
can see a lack of awareness among respondent to reduce water still need to be educated.
The water can be reuse to watering plant and to clean the yard, use a broom (instead of a
water hose). The excess water also can be reused by dumping it in the toilet bowl for
flushing. These can save water.

Figure 3.15: How to reuse water 2

Based on the data obtained in Figure 3.16, 59.4% represent respondents who use a
water pipe to wash the car and 12.5% represent using buckets while washing the car. Many
users use a water pipe when washing the car because it is easy and fast but this behavior
causes very high-water loss. When washing cars water buckets can be used instead of hose
pipes as through them water is wasted while it is run and with the buckets, water can be saved
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and not allowed to drain. Preparing or storing rainwater and using it to wash the car are one
of the ways to save water consumption. Minimize the usage of water by smaller the amount
of water use.

Figure 3.16: How to reuse water 3

The concepts of recycling reduce, and reuse (3R) is very important to be practiced in
daily life, especially in domestic water use. Based on the study conducted (Figure 3.17) found
that as many as 60.9% of respondents do not recycle water at home for other uses. While
39.1% recycle water at home. Referring to Figure 3.18, there are several different percentage
fractions where as many as 28.1% of respondents recycle water using the method of
collecting rainwater while 20.3% choose to use water from cleaning house to watering plant
or cleaning other household chores likes cleaning the sidewalk or driveway.
There are also respondents who use the method of reusing excess drinking water for
watering plant and the rest is excess water is discarded and not recycled. Through the
observations in this study conducted, it was found that most of the respondents were not
sensitive to this 3R concept and do not apply this concept in daily life.
Most recyclable water can be used to clean toilets, car washes, floor washes, watering
flowers, and so on. If this concept is applied in every household then saving domestic water
consumption can be achieved as well as minimizing water use accordingly.

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Figure 3.17: Recycle water. Figure 3.18: Method to recycle water

Water is one of the main sources of human life. As the population grows and the
water resources available on earth are very limited, then these resources face great demand
and competition from consumers. Based on the study conducted, most respondents agreed
that the importance of using water wisely because water is a mandatory requirement needed
to facilitate daily activities and even very important for plants and ecosystems on this earth.
Humans can live for a month without food but without water, it can only last between 5 to 7
days.
In addition, the importance of water used wisely is to avoid uncontrolled waste and
can help in ensuring that clean water supply sources are always preserved and not reduced
and can reduce pollution and conservation of water resources among the water industry in our
country. The practice of saving water in our daily activities will ensure a clean water supply
for future generations.
To ensure that consumers are sensitive to saving domestic water consumption, various
awareness campaigns have been conducted by relevant parties to increase awareness of
consumers. But did the campaign run successfully to get the attention of consumers.
Referring to Figure 3.19, it was found that 70.3% of respondents were sensitive to the
awareness campaign conducted. Meanwhile, 29.7% of respondents are not sensitive to the
campaign. Can be seen in Figure 3.20 shows four different percentage fractions where as
many as 45.3% of sensitive respondents are through platform from social media such as
Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Usually Facebook, Twitter easy to access and most of
young people less watching television because of work daily routine life. This is showing
the technology is a main medium to spread information and educate the people’s behaviour

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by advertisement. While 31.3% are through television and radio and 10.9% are from
websites such as Syabas, KeTTHA, SPAN and others. The rest are respondents who do not
know about the campaign conducted by the relevant parties. It can be seen that the percentage
of 70.3% respondents is from social media announcements. Related parties can use the
approach through this platform more widely as nowadays most users spend a lot of time with
mobile phones or computers.
In addition, relevant parties can also further diversify awareness campaigns to attract
consumers. For example, a campaign themed "Be a Water Conservation Warrior" was
conducted and it is one of the air Selangor initiatives to foster water saving attitude among
consumers. Various rewards are given to participating consumers. The approach used is
through Facebook and Instagram where this platform is mostly targeted by users at various
ages.

Figure 3.19: Awareness campaign. Figure 3.20: Sources of awareness campaigns

However, referring to Figure 3.21 shows that 64.1% of respondents think that the
campaign is not enough to give awareness to consumers. While 35.9% of respondents agreed
that the campaign carried out affects consumers. Although various campaigns have been
conducted on various platforms but it is still not enough to give awareness to users. There are
several opinions obtained from the respondents regarding this matter, one of which is that it is
not only focused on awareness campaigns but should be given focus on the method of
education about the correct and appropriate habits by consumers.
Apart from that, there are also respondents who think that the awareness campaign
conducted cannot give person awareness if the attitude of consumers is still unchanged and
the same notch. Furthermore, consumers will only be aware if the water supply is cut off but

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when the water supply returns to normal the consumer will not be frugal again and all the
saving methods described by the relevant parties are not used.
Sometimes awareness campaign that has been carried out on social media is
inconsistent where not all users are aware of this. Related parties also need to increase the
number of interesting advertisements and campaigns to attract consumers regardless of age
and society. It can be seen that in year 2020 there is a water supply disruption that occurs due
to irresponsible consumers. Relevant parties need to be more sensitive and aware of this
problem and need to tighten laws related to water resources and give punishment to the
offenders involved.

Figure 3.21: Effects of awareness campaigns

Based on the conducted survey, there are some suggestions received from respondents
for austerity measures that can be done to prevent excessive use of domestic water. Among
them is the need to limit the use of water according to the capacity of the user in each house.
In addition, the concept of 3R should be applied in every house to avoid and minimize water
wastage. In addition, consumers are encouraged to use buckets instead of pipe hoses when
washing the car or washing the yard and they are recommended to use rainwater filtration
system with low water pressure for daily use. Awareness campaigns need to be held more
frequently and regularly posted on relevant platforms for public reminders.
Furthermore, attractive graphic design for a campaign also affects users regardless of
age. For example, attractive graphic design can attract the interest of young children and be
more impressed. If this group sees the waste being done around them they are more likely to
reprimand because they are remembered by the advertisements or campaigns that they have
seen.

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Direct education to consumers should also be carried out as it can to some extent
influence them. But the most important thing is that consumers need to be educated and
responsible in the use of this domestic water. Self-importance should be discarded and
together be aware of this domestic water as it will affect future generations.

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CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4. Conclusion

As demand for water increases, water managers and planners will need to look widely
for ways to improve water management and augment water supplies. The response to the
growing demand for water has focused on compensating for natural variability and improving
the quality and quantity available.

It is important to distinguish quantities of water required for domestic purposes and

quantities of water required for other purposes such as agriculture, industry, commerce,
transport, energy and recreation. Overall, the requirements for domestic supply typically
constitute a very minor component of total water withdrawals.

4.1 Recommendation

While it’s easy to put the onus on households to reduce their own water use, it’s
actually most critical that companies and governments provide solutions to, investments in
and incentives for reducing water demand. Here are some steps that can slow the growth of
household water demands:

i. Innovate

When a large share of a product’s water use occurs in the household, rather than
during its production, inventing and refining products so they require less water from a
family’s tap can have a big impact. For instance, creating time-saving products like high-
performance dishwashing tablets designed to enable consumers to skip the pre-wash, saving
up to 15 gallons per dishwasher load. Dry shampoos and conditioners, waterless or dual-flush

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toilets, low-flow showerheads, and nozzles that automatically shut off water when not in use
are other water-saving innovations.

ii. Educate

Governments can help educate consumers on how to shift their water use habits to
save money and resources.

With that, competition for water will only increase as resources become scarcer and
populations and economies grow. Reducing the amount of household water used per-person
will play an important role in reducing water stress overall, and can help decouple
socioeconomic growth from demand for freshwater.

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5. References

Abdul Rahman Yusof (1980). Potensi Sumber Bekalan Air Untuk Tujuan Domestik
dan Industri Muar Utara dengan Tumpuan : Kajian Kawasan Tadahan Gunung
Ledang, Tangkak Johor. Latihan Ilmiah Bangi, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia. Tidak diterbitkan

Haryati Shafii. (1999). Krisis Bekalan Air di Selangor : Satu Kajian terhadap Persepsi
fizikal dan Pengurusan di Lembangan Langat. Latihan Ilmiah Jabatan
Geografi. Bangi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Irwan Zainal Abidin. (1997). Sumber Bekalan Air . Dewan Kosmik. Kuala Lumpur.
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Md Najib Md Rashid. (2005). Kadar penggunaan air terhadap perlakuan manusia.

Latihan Ilmiah. Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Muhammad Adam Nik Marazi@ Nik Zulkifli. (2010). Pengurusan Penyelengaraan

Bekalan Air Negeri ( Daerah Machang), Latihan Ilmiah. Fakulti Kejuruteraan
Awam. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Muhammad Ismail Yaziz. (1993). Sumber Air dan Pengurusannya di Malaysia, dalam
sham sham et. AL (pynt). Alam Sekitar dan pengurusannya di Malaysia.
Working Group on Urban Ecosystem Malaysia National MAB Committee and
MAB UNESCO.

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