QUESTION 1

Q1 EXPLAIN THE ARCHITECTURE OF IOT.

IoT is a network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to send and receive data.

The architecture mainly depends upon the functionality and application in different sectors.

The layers of IoT architecture are:

Physical Layer

Things or devices are present in this layer such as sensors, actuators etc.

The sensors collect the physical and environmental data, processes the data and emits that data
over the network.

Network Layer

This layer is responsible for connecting physical devices to the internet.

It uses many wired and wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. to enable
the devices to communicate with each other.

Data Processing Layer

This is the processing unit IoT ecosystem.

The data is analyzed and processed in this layer.

Application Layer

In this layer the users interact with the IoT system.

In includes various applications and interfaces that allow users to monitor, control and analyze the
collected data.

Security Layer

This layer is responsible for the security and privacy of the data transmitted between the devices.

Q2 EXPLAIN IOT FRAMEWORK.

IoT framework is a conceptual model that is used for understanding the different components and
technologies involved in IoT system.

It provides a high-level view of how various IoT devices interact with each other.

Key components of an IoT framework.

Devices

Devices are physical objects that are embedded with sensors and other components that enable
them to collect data and communicate with other devices.
Sensors

The sensors collect the physical and environmental data, processes the data and emits that data
over the network.

Networks

Networks are communication channels to transmit data between devices.

Cloud Computing

Cloud platforms are used to store and process vast amounts of data generated by IoT devices.

Applications

Applications are software programs that allow users to interact with the IoT system.

Security

It ensure that the data transmitted between the devices is secure and protected from unauthorized
access.

Q3 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES IN IOT.

Various enabling technologies in IoT are:

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

A WSN is a collection of devices with sensors which are used to monitor the environment and
physical conditions.

Each nodes have sensors attached to them and that data is passed to coordinator using routers

Example, Weather monitoring system, Indoor air quality monitoring system, Surveillance system,
Health monitoring system.

Cloud Computing

It provides a way to access applications over the internet.

Cloud means something which is present in remote location.

With cloud computing users can access applications, servers and databases from anywhere in the
world using the internet.

Big Data Analysis

It refers to study of massive volumes of data.

Collection of data whose volume is too much to store, control, manage and analyse using traditional
databases.

Example, Bank transactions, E-commerce, Health, and fitness data etc.

Communication protocols
Communication protocols are a set of rules that are used by devices to exchange data over the
internet.

They are used in Data Encoding and addressing schemes.

Embedded Systems

It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.

It includes micro controller, microprocessor memory, networking units and input output units and
storage units.

It collects data and sends it to the internet.

Examples, Digital camera, DVD player, music player, Industrial robots, Wireless Routers etc.

Q4 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN IOT AND M2M.

IOT M2M

IoT stands for Internet of Things. M2M stands for Machine to Machine
communication.
Intelligence is observed as objects conduct Limited amount of intelligence is observed.
decision making processes.
It uses internet protocols such as FPT, HTTP. It uses traditional protocols.

IoT uses network and various types of It follows point to point connection.
communications to establish connections.
The scope of IoT devices is large. The scope of M2M devices is limited.

It has B2B and B2C communications. It has only B2B communications.

The working of IoT depends upon the Internet. The working of M2M doesn’t depend upon
Internet.
Bid Data, Cloud , Smart devices etc. Data information, Sensors etc.

Q5 EXPLAIN PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT.

A physical design refers to physical devices and their protocols that are used in creating a functional
IoT ecosystem.

It consists of hardware components that make up the IoT system.

Physical design is critical to the functionality and performance of the IoT system.

Various components of Physical design are:

Sensors

They collect the physical and environmental data, processes the data and emits that data over the
network.

Actuators

They are devices that are used to control the physical environment.
Microcontrollers

They are small computers used to control the sensors and actuators.

Power supply

It provides a stable and reliable power supply to the above components of the physical design.

Q6 EXPLAIN DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT.

IoT is a network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to send and receive data.

Connectivity

Connectivity is an important aspect as all the devices should be connected to the IoT infrastructure.

Anyone, anytime, anyone must be able to connect.

Intelligence

The information is not useful if not extracted from the device.

For example, a sensor produces data which is not useful unless extracted and displayed as an output
over a computer.

Identity

All the devices in the IoT system must be able to be identified uniquely over the network.

This is done by using various addressing schemes.

Scalability

The number of IoT devices is increasing day by day thus an IoT system must be able to handle
expansion.

Self-Adapting

IoT devices should be able to adapt to work under different conditions and scenarios.

For example, a camera should be able to work under different light conditions.

Safety

As devices are always connected to the internet, there is a danger of leaking of sensitive information
of the user.

Q7 EXPLAIN M2M.

M2M stands for machine-to-machine communication.

It is a direct communication between the devices using wired or wireless communication channels
without any human interaction.

It is based on point-to-point connection.

It collects the data and shares it with other connected devices.

It is a technology that allows devices to communicate without the use of internet.

It follows Business to Business communications.

M2M is typically used in industrial and commercial applications where devices need to communicate
with each other.

Various applications of M2M are smart grid, healthcare, transportation, manufacturing etc.

Q8 EXPLAIN IDENTIFIERS IN IOT.

IoT is a network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to send and receive data.

It is based on the interaction between things and user by electronic means.

Both the things and the users need to be identified for an interaction to occur.

Thus in IoT identifiers are used to uniquely identify different objects and devices in the system.

They allow the system to reliably identify and track devices in real time.

It is a name or label assigned to a specific object to make it distinguishable from others.

Identifiers used in IoT are IP addresses, MAC address, URLs etc.

They are used to establish connections, manage resources and allow data transfer between the
devices.

For example in a home a smart bulb, a smart lock and thermostat all would have different identifiers.

Identifiers allow devices to interact with each other and share data seamlessly.