CHAPTER 6

COMPUTING COMPONENTS :
PROCESSORS, MEMORY, THE CLOUD AND MORE
Objectives Overview
Describe multi-core Identify characteristics
Describe the various processors the of various personal
computer and mobile components of a computer processors
device cases and the processor, and the four on the market today,
contents they protect steps in a machine and describe the ways
cycle processors are cooled

Explain the advantages Define a bit, and Describe what is meant

and services of cloud describe how a series by the Internet of
computing of bits represents data Things
 Objectives Overview
Explain how
program and Describe the
Differentiate among
application purpose of adapter
the various types of
instructions transfer cards and USB
memory
in and out of adapters
memory

Explain the purpose Describe how to

Explain the function
of a power supply care for computers
of a bus
and batteries and mobile devices
Inside the Case
• The case contains and
protects the electronics
of the computer or
mobile device from
damage
Inside the Case
Inside the Case
• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer
• A computer chip contains integrated circuits
Processors
• The processor, also called the central processing unit
(CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer
• Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
• A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more
separate processor cores
Processors
Processors
• The control unit is the component of the processor that directs
and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic,
comparison, and other operations
Processors
• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic
operations, which comprise a machine cycle
Processors

The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold

data and instructions

The system clock controls the timing of all computer

operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is
measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Processors
• The leading manufacturers
of personal computer
processor chips are Intel and
AMD
• A processor chip generates
heat that could cause the chip
to malfunction or fail
• Require additional cooling
• Heat sinks
• Liquid cooling technology
• Cooling mats
Internet of Things (IoT)
• The Internet of Things (IoT) describes a computing
environment where everyday objects, or things, are
connected to the Internet. Sensors connected to these
objects may gather, share, transmit, and receive data about
the objects with other devices or servers online. Users can
access the data or control individual objects using web or
mobile apps
• Analysts predict that the IoT will be a multitrillion-dollar
business as the number of “smart” devices and things
connected to the Internet continues to increase. As watches,
thermostats, fitness trackers, appliances, clothing, and other
“things” become equipped with sensors that can transmit
data to and from the Internet, keeping every “thing”
connected could become one of the world’s largest
industries.
Cloud Computing
• Home and business users choose cloud computing for a variety
of reasons

Accessibility Cost savings

Space savings Scalability

Data Representation

Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and

quality

Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off

• Most computers are digital

• The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
• Bits and bytes
 Data Representation
• The circuitry in a computer or • Eight bits grouped together as a
mobile device represents the on or unit are called a byte. A byte
the off states electronically by the
presence or absence of an represents a single character in
electronic charge the computer or mobile device
Data Representation
Memory
• Memory consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data
needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the
data
• Stores three basic categories of items:

Data being
The operating
processed and
system and other Applications
the resulting
programs
information
Memory
• Each location in memory has an address
• Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) or
terabytes (TB)
Memory
• The system unit contains two types of memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents

power is turned off when power is removed

Examples include ROM,

Example includes RAM flash memory, and
CMOS
Memory
Memory
• Two common types of RAM chips exist:

Dynamic RAM Static RAM

(DRAM) (SRAM)
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
vs
Static RAM (SRAM)
Memory
• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are
inserted into memory slots
Memory
• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because
it stores frequently used instructions and data
Memory

Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips

storing permanent data and instructions

These ROM chips called Firmware, contain

permanently written data instructions, or
information, such as a computer or mobile device’s
start-up instructions
Memory
• Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten
• Some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other memory chips
use CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)
technology because it provides high speeds and consumes little
power
Memory
• Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to
read from memory
• Measured in nanoseconds
Adapters
• An adapter card
enhances functions of a
component of a desktop
or server system unit
and/or provides
connections to
peripherals
• Sound card and graphics
card
• An expansion slot is a
socket on a desktop or
server motherboard that
can hold an adapter card
Adapters
• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can recognize
peripheral devices as you install them
Adapters
• Adapters for mobile computers are in the form of a removable
flash memory device
• USB adapter
Buses
• A computer processes and
stores data as a series of
electronic bits. These bits
transfer internally within the
circuitry of the computer along
electrical channels.
• Each channel, called a bus
allows the various devices both
inside and attached to the
system unit to communicate
with each other
• Data bus
• Address bus
• Word size is the number of bits
the processor can interpret and
execute at a given time
Buses
• Types of buses:
• A system bus, also called the front side bus (FSB), is part of the
motherboard and connects the processor to main memory. size
• A backside bus (BSB) connects the processor to cache.
• An expansion bus allows the processor to communicate with
peripheral devices.
Power Supply and Battery
• The power supply or laptop AC
adapter converts the wall outlet
AC power into DC power
Power Supply and Battery
• Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power
supply or batteries
• Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
 Summary
Types of
Various
processors, steps in Advantages and
components inside
a machine cycle, services of cloud
computers and
and processor computing
mobile devices
cooling methods

How memory stores

Adapters, buses, Ways to care for
data and described
power supplies and computers and
various types of
batteries mobile devices
memory