VIDISHA, (M.P.

)
SAMRAT ASHOKTECHNOLOGICALINSTITUTE,
(Engineering College)
Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering
EXPERIMENT NO.: 03
truth
and verify their
1. OBJECT: To design the basic logic gates using universal gates
table.

2. INSTRUMENT REQUIRED:

Sr. No. Instruments Range Qty.

+5V
1. Power Supply(DC)
2. Circuit Board 15
3. Connecting Leads

gate because we can Make other

THEORY: NAND and NOR gate are known universal less as
3.
minimum number these gates. Chip area of these gates is
gates by using
compared to other gates.
input gate is
(1) Truth table of NOR GATE operation for two
OUTPUT
INPUT
B Y
A 1

operation for two input gate is

(2) Truth table of NAND GATE
OUTPUT
INPUT
B Y
A

1
0 1
1

complement of input.
NOT GATE: Output of NOT gate is
(A) the
So looking at the NOR gates truth table it is clear that if we join all
1.
works as NOT gate.
input together and use itthen it
NAND gates truth table it is clear that if we join all the input together and
2
use it then it works as
NOT gate.
 A

1 Y=

OR GATE: OR GATE operation is just invert of the NOR operation. A

(B)
NOR gate followed by and inverter (i.e. NOT gate) is OR gate.

A A+B

(A+b)+(A+b)
A+B

(C) AND GATE: AND GATE operation can be shown as A.B. If A and B are
two inputs Using D-Morgan's theorem (A.B) can be shown to be equal to
A'+B'. So to realize AND gate using NAND gates we require is to
complement A and B inputs.

A.B
B

Y=

(A.B).(A.B)
A.B

(D)
EXCLUSIVE OR GATE: EX-OR operation can be expressed in terms of
Boolean expression as A.B'+A'B. To realize this we take
and NOR itwith A takes complement of A and complement of B
of these two are OR ed. NOR it with B and then output
aspecific type of
gate is not av: ilable, a
constructed from other available
circuit that implements the same fur ction can be
tíiyially constructed from an gates. A circuit implementing an XOR fun tion can thebe
expression A·B+ A.B we XNOR gate followed by a NOT gate. If we consider
ca construct an
and NOT gates. XOR gate circuit directly usirg AND, OR
However, this app oach requires five gates of three different kinc s.
 , ste eirCuit can be made from four NAND 9ates in the configuration shown below.
In fact, both
NAND and NOR are so-called "universal gates'" and any logical
gates lo function
wat be Constructed from either N ND looic or NOR logic alone. If the four AND 4
shown below are replaced by N R gates, this results in an XNOR gate,
w hich can be

everted to an XOR gate by inve ting the output or one of the inputs (e.g. with a fifth NOR
Stc. An alternative arrangement of five NOR gates is shown below, in atopology that
emphasizes the construction of the function from (4 + B):(A+ B (no ing from de
ogans Law that a NOR gate is in effect. an inverted-input AND gate) but this is cleariy
otas versatile a 5-gate constructic n of the XOR function as the one derived froi the XNOR
construction.
S an alternative, if different gates are available we can apply Boolean algebra to
transform AB+A-B= (A+ B)· ( A+ B) as stated above, and apply de Morgan's
Law to the last tern to get (4 + B)· (A· B) which can be implemented usi g only three
gates as shown below.
XOR gate circuit constructed using only NAND gate.
Pn No.- 14 = +Vcc (5 V)

Pin No.- 7= GND

12
A

13 11
2

10
X-OR GATE

XOR gate circuit using three mixed gates

 Boolean expression as
EX-OR operation can be expressed in terms of
and NOR it with A takes
AB'+A'B. To realize this we take complement of B
of these two are OR ed.
complement of A and NOR it with B and then output

EXCLUSIVE NOR GATE:

(E)

Pin Ne - 14 = +Vcc (3 V)

Pin No.- 7= GND

12
A
B 3 13

8
10

X-NOR GATE

XOR gate circuit constructed using only

NAND gates.
D
XOR gate circuit constructed using only NOR
gates.

PROCUDER:
1. Design the circuit for the
2. Findout the Boolean particular gate.
3. Draw the circuit equation for the circuit
on the board
4. Verify the truth
table for the particular gate.
Realize
a) NOT, OR AND
b) NOT, OR AND NAND, EX,-OR using NOR Gate.
NOR Ex-OR using NAND Gate
7. CALCULATION: Make the Boolean equation for the circuit and calculate for each gate
result

8. CONCLUSION: All gate designed are truly by NAND and NOR

9. RESULT: Verify the result according to the circuit truth table
10. PRECAUTIONS:

1. To check the proper connection of the circuit.

2. Verify the result otherwise again check the circuit.