THE MAPLE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
BHADRA ( HANUMANGARH )
NAME = VANSH
CLASS = 10th
ROLL NO. = 1020
SECTION = BONSAI
SUBJECT = MATHEMATICS
TEACHER = MR. RAJU KAMAT
INDEX
Sr.No TITLE REMARKS
1. PYTHAGORAS
2. ARCHIMEDES
3. 3D SHAPES AND
THEIR FORMULAS
PYTHAGORAS
Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570–495 BCE) was a Greek
mathematician and philosopher, widely regarded as
the "Father of Numbers" and one of the most
influential figures in the development of mathematics.
Born on the island of Samos, Pythagoras travelled
extensively in his youth, studying under various
scholars in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and possibly India.
These experiences profoundly shaped his thinking,
particularly in mathematics, philosophy, and religious
mysticism.
Pythagoras eventually settled in Croton (modern-day Italy), where he founded a
religious and philosophical school. His followers, known as Pythagoreans, adhered to
strict ethical, political, and mathematical principles. Central to their belief system was
the idea that numbers underpin the structure of the universe, a philosophy that merged
mathematics with mysticism.
Pythagoras is best known for the Pythagorean Theorem, which states that in a right
triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two
sides. Although this theorem was known to earlier civilizations, Pythagoras is credited
with providing one of its earliest proofs.
Beyond mathematics, Pythagoras explored music theory, discovering numerical
relationships in musical harmony, and astronomy, proposing that the Earth and
celestial bodies move in a harmonious order. However, much of his life and works remain
shrouded in legend, as he left no written records. His influence persisted through his
followers, profoundly impacting Plato, Aristotle, and later Western thought. Pythagoras’
legacy endures as a pioneer in linking mathematics with the natural world.
ARCHIMEDES
Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BCE–c. 212 BCE) was
a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor,
and astronomer, widely regarded as one of the greatest
minds of antiquity. Born in the Greek city of Syracuse
in present-day Sicily, Archimedes made profound
contributions to mathematics and science, laying the
groundwork for fields such as calculus, fluid mechanics,
and geometry.
Archimedes is best known for his principle of buoyancy,
which explains why objects float in water. According to
legend, he discovered this while bathing and exclaimed "Eureka!" upon realising how to
determine an object's volume by water displacement. His work in hydrostatics and fluid
mechanics established foundational principles still in use today.
In mathematics, Archimedes approximated the value of pi, developed methods to
calculate areas and volumes, and introduced the concept of infinitesimals, a precursor to
modern calculus. He also invented ingenious war machines, including catapults and the
Claw of Archimedes, to defend Syracuse against Roman sieges.
Archimedes' contributions extended to practical inventions such as the Archimedean
screw, used to raise water for irrigation. His inventive genius was matched by his
theoretical rigour, exemplified in works like On the Sphere and Cylinder and The Sand
Reckoner.
Archimedes was killed during the Roman conquest of Syracuse, despite orders from the
Roman general to spare his life. His legacy endures as a pioneer in applying
mathematical principles to solve real-world problems, profoundly influencing science and
engineering for millennia.
3D SHAPES AND FORMULAS
(CONE)
VOLUME = ⅓ πr²h
TSA = πr ( l+r )
CSA = πrl
(CUBE)
VOLUME = a³
TSA = 6a²
CSA = 4a²
(CUBE)
VOLUME = lxbxh
TSA = 2( lbxbhxhl )
CSA = 2h ( l + b )
(CYLINDER)
VOLUME= πr²h
TSA = 2π ( h + r )
CSA = 2πrh
(SPHERE)
VOLUME= (4/3) πr³
TSA = 4πr²
CSA = 4πr²
(HEMISPHERE)
VOLUME= (⅔) πr³
TSA = 3πr²
CSA = 2πr²
