EXPERIMENT-9
AIM: Design an OPAMP circuits for integration & differentiation amplifier and inverting & non-
inverting amplifier
I. DIFFERENTIATOR
THEORY:
The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation; that is,
the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform. The differentiator may be
constructed from a basic inverting amplifier if an input resistor R 1 is replaced by a capacitor C1 .
The expression for the output voltage is given as,
Vo = - Rf C1 (dVi/dt)
Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 0 out of phase with the input signal. A
resistor Rcomp= Rf is normally connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the op- amp to
compensate for the input bias current. A workable differentiator can be designed by implementing the
following steps:
1. Select fa equal to the highest frequency of the input signal to be differentiated. Then,
assuming a value of C1< 1 µF, calculate the value of Rf.
2. Choose fb= 20 fa and calculate the values of R1 and Cf so that R1C1 = Rf Cf.
The differentiator is most commonly used in wave shaping circuits to detect high frequency
components in an input signal and also as a rate–of–change detector in FM modulators.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. CRO
2. Dual RPS
3. Op-Amp
4. Bread Board
5. Resistors
6. Capacitors
7. Connecting wires and probes
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENTIATOR:
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the components as mentioned below:
L1-L7 or L1-L3, L3-L7, L4-L5, L11-L8, L12-L6, L8-L9, L4-L10
2 Click on 'Check Connection' button to check the connections.
If connected wrong click on 'Delete all connection' button to erase all the connections.
Set the resistance(R) and the capacitance (C) (Intially set R=1 kΩ and C=0.1 µF).
Click on 'ON' button to start th experiment.
Click on 'Square Wave' button to generate input waveform.
Click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the output waveform.
Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.
Click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveform.
Channel 1 shows the input square waveform, Channel 2 shows the output waveform.
Repeat the experiment by applying 'Sine wave' as input.
Click on 'Sine Wave' button to generate input waveform.
Click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the output waveform.
Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.
Click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveform.
Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the output waveform.
Note : Sometimes due to page load or cache, the graph may not come exact at one click. So it is better
to double click on the channel-1 function/ channel-2 function/ dual function/ ground function to get
the respective signals.
MODEL GRAPH:
DIFFERENTIATOR
The Integrator
It is a circuit designed with Op-Amp in such a way that it performs the mathametical Integration
operation, its output is proportional to the amplitude and time duration of the input applied. The
integrator circuit layout is same as a inverting amplifier but the feedback resistor is replaced by a
capacitor which make the circuit frequency dependent. In this case the circuit is derived by the time
duration of input applied which results in the charging and discharging of the capacitor. Initially
when the voltage is applied to integrator the uncharged capacitor allows maximum current to pass
through it and no current flows through the Op-Amp due to the presence of virtual ground, the
capacitor starts to charge at the rate of RC time constant and its impedence starts to increase with
time and a potential diffrence is develops accross the capacitor resulting in charging current to
decrease.This results in the ratio of capacitor's impedance and input resistance increasing causing a
linearly increasing ramp output voltage that continues to increase until the capacitor becomes fully
charged.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INTERGRATOR
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components as mentioned below:
L1-L7 or L1-L3, L3-L7, L4-L5, L11-L8, L12-L6, L8-L9, L4-L10.(For eg. click on 1 and then
drag to 3 and so on.)
2. Click on 'Check Connection' button to check the connections.
3. If connected wrong click on 'Delete all connection' button to erase all the connections.
4. Set the resistance(R) and the capacitance (C) (Intially set R=10 kΩ and C=0.1 µF).
5. Click on 'ON' button to start th experiment.
6. Click on 'Square Wave' button to generate input waveform.
7. Click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the output waveform.
8. Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.
9. Click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveform.
10. Channel 1 shows the input square waveform, Channel 2 shows the output waveform.
11. Repeat the experiment by applying 'Sine wave' as input.
12. Click on 'Sine Wave' button to generate input waveform.
13. Click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the output waveform.
14. Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.
15. Click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveform.
16. Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the output waveform.
17. Note : Sometimes due to page load or cache, the graph may not come exact at one click. So it
is better to double click on the channel-1 function/ channel-2 function/ dual function/ ground
function to get the respective signals.
Ask Question
Leading to the advent of the modern IC which is still used even today (1967 –
present
Fairchild μA741
Electrical Schematic of μA741
Inverting Op-Amp
• Amplifies and inverts the input voltage
• Closed loop op-amp
• Non-inverting input is determined by both voltage input and output
• The polarity of the output voltage is opposite to that of the input voltage
• Voltage input is connected to inverting input
• Voltage output is connected to inverting input through a feedback resistor
• Non-inverting input is grounded
• A closed loop op-amp has feedback from the output to the input, an open loop op-
amp does not
Open Loop
Closed Loop
inverting
Non inverting :
Thinkercad Screenshots:
Result:
